Aims. The goal of this paper is to present complete radial-velocity data for the spectroscopically selected McCormick sample of nearby K-M dwarfs and, based on these and supplementary data, to determine the space-velocity distributions of late-type stars in the solar neighborhood. Methods. We analyzed nearly 3300 measurements of radial velocities for 1049 K-M dwarfs, that we obtained during the past decade with a CORAVEL-type instrument, with a primary emphasis on detecting and eliminating from kinematic calculations the spectroscopic binaries and binary candidates. Combining radial-velocity data with HIPPARCOS/Tycho-2 astrometry we calculated the space-velocity components and parameters of the galactic orbits in a three-component model potential for the stars in the sample, that we use for kinematical analysis and for the identification of possible candidate members of nearby stellar kinematic groups. Results. We present the catalog of our observations of radial velocities for 959 stars which are not suspected of velocity variability, along with the catalog of U, V, W velocities and Galactic orbital parameters for a total of 1088 K-M stars which are used in the present kinematic analysis. Of these, 146 stars were identified as possible candidate members of the known nearby kinematic groups and suspected subgroups. The distributions of space-velocity components, orbital eccentricities, and maximum distances from the Galactic plane are consistent with the presence of young, intermediate-age and old populations of the thin disk and a small fraction (similar to 3%) of stars with the thick disk kinematics. The kinematic structure gives evidence that the bulk of K-M type stars in the immediate solar vicinity represents a dynamically relaxed stellar population. The star MCC 869 is found to be on a retrograde Galactic orbit (V = -262 km s(-1)) of low inclination (4 degrees) and can be a member of stellar stream of some dissolved structure. The Sun's velocity with respect to the Local Standard of Rest, derived from the distributions of space-velocity components, is (U-circle dot, V-circle dot, W-circle dot) = (9.0 +/- 1.4, 13.1 +/- 0.6, 7.2 +/- 0.8) km s(-1). The radial solar motion derived via the Stromberg's relation, V-circle dot = 14.2 +/- 0.8 km s(-1), agrees within the errors with the value obtained directly from the V distribution of stars on nearly circular orbits.

I report 1684 new proper motion systems in the southern sky (declinations -90 degrees to -47 degrees) with 0.50 arcsec/yr > mu >= 0.18 arcsec/yr. This effort is a continuation of the SuperCOSMOS-RECONS (SCR) proper motion search to lower proper motions than reported in Hambly et al. (2004); Henry et al. (2004); Subasavage et al. (2005a,b). Distance estimates are presented for the new systems, assuming that all stars are on the main sequence. I find that 34 systems are within 25 pc, including three systems --- SCR 0838-5855, SCR 1826-6542, and SCR 0630-7643AB --- anticipated to be within 10 pc. These mini-motion (MINIMO) discoveries constitute a more than ten-fold increase in new systems found in the same region of sky searched for systems with mu >= 0.50 arcsec/yr, suggesting a happy hunting ground for new nearby slower proper motion systems in the region just north (declinations -47 degrees to 0 degrees), much of which has not been rigorously searched during previous efforts.

This dissertation presents the results of a study to (1) determine the census of the nearby southern M dwarf stellar population via three types of distances and (2) determine the multiplicity rate of nearby M dwarfs using two different search methodologies. The first part of this work reports three types of distance calculations (photographic, photometric, and trigonometric) for 1748 southern M dwarfs. Distances were estimated for 500 red dwarfs using photographic plate BRI magnitudes from SuperCOSMOS, while estimates were made for 667 stars using CCD VRI magnitudes. Both BRI and VRI were combined with 2MASS infrared JHK magnitudes. Distances for an additional 581 red dwarfs were derived from trigonometric parallaxes, 124 of which were measured for the first time during this work. For the second portion of this thesis, an all-sky sample of 1122 M dwarfs, known via trigonometric parallaxes to lie within 25 pc of the Sun, was surveyed for stellar companions at separations of 2" to 600". I-band images using primarily the CTIO/SMARTS 0.9m and the Lowell 42in telescopes were obtained in order to search these systems for companions at separations of 2" to 180". A complementary reconnaissance of wider companions to 600" was also done via blinking SuperCOSMOS BRI images. We find a stellar multiplicity fraction of 27.4 $\pm$ 1.3% for M dwarfs. Using this new gauge of M dwarf multiplicity near the end of the stellar main sequence, we calculate a multiplicity fraction of 30.1% for stellar systems of all types, implying that most systems are single. We find a peak in the separation distribution of the companions at 26 AU, i.e., distances on the scale of our Solar System, with a weak trend of smaller projected separations for lower mass primaries. A hint that M dwarf multiplicity may be a function of age/composition was revealed, with faster moving (and generally older) systems being multiple slightly less often. We calculate that at least 16% of M dwarf mass is made up of the stellar companions of multiple systems. Finally, we show that the mass function for M dwarfs increases to the end of the main sequence.

abstract: The only elements that were made in significant quantity during the Big Bang were hydrogen and helium, and to a lesser extent lithium. Depending on the initial mass of a star, it may eject some or all of the unique, newly formed elements into the interstellar medium. The enriched gas later collapses into new stars, which are able to form heavier elements due to the presence of the new elements. When we observe the abundances in a stellar regions, we are able to glean the astrophysical phenomena that occurred prior to its formation. I compile spectroscopic abundance data from 49 literature sources for 46 elements across 2836 stars in the solar neighborhood, within 150 pc of the Sun, to produce the Hypatia Catalog. I analyze the variability of the spread in abundance measurements reported for the same star by different surveys, the corresponding stellar atmosphere parameters adopted by various abundance determination methods, and the effect of normalizing all abundances to the same solar scale. The resulting abundance ratios [X/Fe] as a function of [Fe/H] are consistent with stellar nucleosynthetic processes and known Galactic thin-disk trends. I analyze the element abundances for 204 known exoplanet host-stars. In general, I find that exoplanet host-stars are not enriched more than the surrounding population of stars, with the exception of iron. I examine the stellar abundances with respect to both stellar and planetary physical properties, such as orbital period, eccentricity, planetary mass, stellar mass, and stellar color. My data confirms that exoplanet hosts are enriched in [Fe/H] but not in the refractory elements, per the self-enrichment theory for stellar composition. Lastly, I apply the Hypatia Catalog to the Catalog of Potentially Habitable Stellar Systems in order to investigate the abundances in the 1224 overlapping stars. By looking at stars similar to the Sun with respect to six bio-essential elements, I created maps that have located two ``habitability windows'' on the sky: (20.6hr, -4.8deg) and (22.6hr, -48.5deg). These windows may be of use in future targeted or beamed searches. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Astrophysics 2012

I present the results of a comprehensive assessment of companions to 454 solar-type stars within 25 pc. New observational aspects of this work include surveys for (1) very close companions with long-baseline interferometry at the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array, (2) close companions with speckle interferometry, and (3) wide proper motion companions identified by blinking multi-epoch archival images. I have also obtained and included unpublished results from extensive radial velocity monitoring programs. The many sources utilized enable a thorough evaluation of stellar and brown dwarf companions. The results presented here include eight new companion discoveries, four of which are wide common proper motion pairs discovered by blinking archival images, and four more are from the spectroscopic data. The overall observed fractions of single, double, triple, and higher order systems are 57%±3%, 33%±2%, 8%±1%, and 3%±1%, respectively, counting all stellar and brown dwarf companions. The incompleteness analysis indicates that only a few undiscovered companions remain in this well-studied sample, showing that a majority of the solar-type stars are single. Bluer, more massive stars are more likely to have companions than redder, less massive ones. I confirm earlier expectations that more active stars are more likely to have companions. A preliminary, but important indication is that brown dwarfs, like planets, prefer stars with higher metallicity, tentatively suggesting that brown dwarfs may form like planets when they are companions to stars. The period distribution is unimodal and roughly Gaussian with peak and median values of about 300 years. The period-eccentricity relation shows a roughly flat distribution beyond the circularization limit of about 12 days. The mass-ratio distribution shows a clear discontinuity near a value of one, indicating a preference for twins, which are not confined to short orbital periods, suggesting that stars form by multiple formation mechanisms. The ratio of planet hosts among single, binary, and multiple systems are statistically indistinguishable, suggesting that planets are as likely to form around single stars as they are around components of binary or multiple systems at sufficiently wide separations.

Les étoiles naines blanches représentent la fin de l’évolution de 97% des étoiles de notre galaxie, dont notre Soleil. L’étude des propriétés globales de ces étoiles (distribution en température, distribution de masse, fonction de luminosité, etc.) requiert l’élaboration d’ensembles statistiquement complets et bien définis. Bien que plusieurs relevés d’étoiles naines blanches existent dans la littérature, la plupart de ceux-ci souffrent de biais statistiques importants pour ce genre d’analyse. L’échantillon le plus représentatif de la population d’étoiles naines blanches demeure à ce jour celui défini dans un volume complet, restreint à l’environnement immédiat du Soleil, soit à une distance de 20 pc (∼ 65 années-lumière) de celui-ci. Malheureusement, comme les naines blanches sont des étoiles intrinsèquement peu lumineuses, cet échantillon ne contient que ∼ 130 objets, compromettant ainsi toute étude statistique significative. Le but de notre étude est de recenser la population d’étoiles naines blanches dans le voisinage solaire a une distance de 40 pc, soit un volume huit fois plus grand. Nous avons ainsi entrepris de répertorier toutes les étoiles naines blanches à moins de 40 pc du Soleil à partir de SUPERBLINK, un vaste catalogue contenant le mouvement propre et les données photométriques de plus de 2 millions d’étoiles. Notre approche est basée sur la méthode des mouvements propres réduits qui permet d’isoler les étoiles naines blanches des autres populations stellaires. Les distances de toutes les candidates naines blanches sont estimées à l’aide de relations couleur-magnitude théoriques afin d’identifier les objets se situant à moins de 40 pc du Soleil, dans l’hémisphère nord. La confirmation spectroscopique du statut de naine blanche de nos ∼ 1100 candidates a ensuite requis 15 missions d’observations astronomiques sur trois grands télescopes à Kitt Peak en Arizona, ainsi qu’une soixantaine d’heures allouées sur les télescopes de 8 m des observatoires Gemini Nord et Sud. Nous avons ainsi découvert 322 nouvelles étoiles naines blanches de plusieurs types spectraux différents, dont 173 sont à moins de 40 pc, soit une augmentation de 40% du nombre de naines blanches connues à l’intérieur de ce volume. Parmi ces nouvelles naines blanches, 4 se trouvent probablement à moins de 20 pc du Soleil. De plus, nous démontrons que notre technique est très efficace pour identifier les étoiles naines blanches dans la région peuplée du plan de la Galaxie. Nous présentons ensuite une analyse spectroscopique et photométrique détaillée de notre échantillon à l’aide de modèles d’atmosphère afin de déterminer les propriétés physiques de ces étoiles, notamment la température, la gravité de surface et la composition chimique. Notre analyse statistique de ces propriétés, basée sur un échantillon presque trois fois plus grand que celui à 20 pc, révèle que nous avons identifié avec succès les étoiles les plus massives, et donc les moins lumineuses, de cette population qui sont souvent absentes de la plupart des relevés publiés. Nous avons également identifié plusieurs naines blanches très froides, et donc potentiellement très vieilles, qui nous permettent de mieux définir le côté froid de la fonction de luminosité, et éventuellement l’âge du disque de la Galaxie. Finalement, nous avons aussi découvert plusieurs objets d’intérêt astrophysique, dont deux nouvelles étoiles naines blanches variables de type ZZ Ceti, plusieurs naines blanches magnétiques, ainsi que de nombreux systèmes binaires non résolus. / White dwarf stars represent the endpoint of stellar evolution for 97% of stars in the Galaxy. Our own Sun, in particular, will lose its external gas layers in about 5 billion years, and end up as an Earth-sized white dwarf. The study of their global properties (temperature distribution, mass distribution, luminosity function, etc.) requires statistically complete samples, free from any selection bias, and thus the best strategy to adopt when surveying these low-luminosity objects is to restrict the search to a given volume such as the immediate vicinity of the Sun. However, the current census of white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood suffers from significant statistical biases, since the most representative sample of the local white dwarf population, i.e. the stars within a sphere with a radius of 20 pc from the Sun (~ 65 light-years), contains only ~ 130 objects, and is thus dominated by large uncertainties due to small-number statistics. In order to perform a statistical analysis of the local white dwarf population which is more statistically significant, we present a study aimed at obtaining a complete sample of white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood within 40 pc of the Sun, thus increasing the sampled volume by a factor of 8. To identify every white dwarf within 40 pc of the Sun, we rely on SUPERBLINK, a large catalog containing proper motions and photometric information for over 2 million stars. Our approach is based on reduced proper motion diagrams, which are efficient at separating white dwarfs from other stellar populations. The distances for all white dwarf candidates in the northern hemisphere are determined from theoretical color-magnitude relations, in order to identify the stars that lie within 40 pc of the Sun. The spectral confirmation of the resulting ~ 1100 candidates required 15 observing runs with 3 large telescopes at Kitt Peak, Arizona, as well as ~ 60 hours of allocated time on the 8-m telescopes of Gemini North and South Observatories. From these spectroscopic observations, we identified 322 new white dwarf stars, among which 173 lie within 40 pc the Sun, thus increasing the current census of white dwarfs in this volume of space by 40%. Among the new white dwarf identifications, 4 could even belong to the 20 pc sample. We also show that our method is efficient at recovering white dwarfs in the densely populated area of the Galactic plane. We then present a spectroscopic and photometric analysis of our sample with state-of-the-art model atmospheres in order to determine their physical properties, in particular the effective temperature, surface gravity, and chemical composition of each star. Our statistical analysis of these properties --- based on a sample almost three times larger than the 20 pc sample --- reveals that we are successfully uncovering the most massive, and thus less luminous stars of this population, which are often missing in most surveys reported in the literature. We also identify a significant number of very cool, and thus potentially old white dwarfs, which are useful to sample the cool end of the luminosity function used to constrain the age of the Galactic disk. Finally, we report the discovery of several objects of astrophysical interest, including two new ZZ Ceti variable stars, several magnetic white dwarfs, and a few unresolved double degenerate binaries.

Ce mémoire présente une exploitation additionnelle du catalogue LSPM comportant deux grandes parties, soit la poursuite du relevé des naines blanches à l'intérieur d'un rayon de 40 pc et l'étude de la contrepartie SDSS de ce catalogue. La première consiste à utiliser les critères basés sur des diagrammes de mouvements propres réduits établis dans des travaux antérieurs afin de dresser une liste de candidates naines blanches. Quelques modifications quant à l'ordre de priorité ainsi que le critère basé sur les magnitudes photographiques seront apportées. Une approche de moindres carrés non-linéaire appliquée aux magnitudes observées dans les systèmes photométriques disponibles permet ensuite de déterminer la distance des objets sélectionnés par comparaison avec les plus récents modèles de naines blanches disponibles. Un second critère est appliqué en se basant sur la qualité de l'ajustement résultant de la procédure. Ceci mènera à l'identification de 31 nouvelles naines blanches, dont 11 situées vraisemblablement à moins de 40 pc. Une nouvelle liste de candidates a aussi pu être établie pour la poursuite du relevé. La seconde partie consiste à utiliser tous les objets du 7e relevé du SDSS identifiés dans le catalogue LSPM pour l'étude statistique des naines blanches, essentiellement via la détermination de leur fonction de luminosité. Pour ce faire, un critère basé sur les diagrammes de mouvements propres réduits sera encore une fois utilisé. La distance des objets sélectionnés sera déterminée selon la même procédure, mais cette fois en ne se limitant pas à 40 pc. La méthode de pondération selon le volume observable (1/v_max) est utilisée afin de compenser pour le biais introduit par la sensibilité du catalogue à la magnitude. Cependant, d'autres facteurs viennent influencer la détermination de la fonction de luminosité et une analyse de ceux-ci est finalement présentée. / We present an additional exploitation of the Lépine \& Shara Proper Motion catalog (LSPM) divided in two main parts: a follow up and some improvements on the census or northern white dwarfs within 40 pc of the Sun and a study of the SDSS white dwarfs component in the LSPM survey. The former consists in the use of criteria previously established in order to create a list of white dwarf candidates with an associated priority. The priority order has been enriched and one of the criteria has been slightly modified. We then use a non-linear least square method to the observed magnitudes in each available photometric system simultaneously in order to determine the atmospheric parameters and, in particular, the distance of each white dwarf candidate. This approach allows a second criteria to be applied on our sample based on the goodness of the fit. This will lead us to the identification of 31 new white dwarfs, from which 11 are likely to remain within 40 pc of the Sun. A new list of 340 candidates has also been established for eventual observations. The latter consists in the use of all the objects from the 7th data release of the SDSS that have a counterpart in the LSPM catalog to elaborate a statistical study of white dwarfs, in this case by calculating the white dwarf luminosity function. To do so, one of the same criterion mentioned above will be used to make a first selection of presumed white dwarfs. Afterwards, the distance will be determined by the same least-square method, but without any restriction on the distance. To balance the effect due to the sensibility in magnitude of the survey, we used a ponderation method based on the maximum observable volume (1/v_max). However, other factors come to affect our results and the last part of this work concentrates on their identification.

Ce mémoire présente une analyse homogène et rigoureuse de l’échantillon d’étoiles naines blanches situées à moins de 20 pc du Soleil. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’obtenir un modèle statistiquement viable de l’échantillon le plus représentatif de la population des naines blanches. À partir de l’échantillon défini par Holberg et al. (2008), il a fallu dans un premier temps réunir le plus d’information possible sur toutes les candidates locales sous la forme de spectres visibles et de données photométriques. En utilisant les modèles d’atmosphère de naines blanches les plus récents de Tremblay & Bergeron (2009), ainsi que différentes techniques d’analyse, il a été permis d’obtenir, de façon homogène, les paramètres atmosphériques (Teff et log g) des naines blanches de cet échantillon. La technique spectroscopique, c.-à-d. la mesure de Teff et log g par l’ajustement des raies spectrales, fut appliquée à toutes les étoiles de notre échantillon pour lesquelles un spectre visible présentant des raies assez fortes était disponible. Pour les étoiles avec des données photométriques, la distribution d’énergie combinée à la parallaxe trigonométrique, lorsque mesurée, permettent de déterminer les paramètres atmosphériques ainsi que la composition chimique de l’étoile. Un catalogue révisé des naines blanches dans le voisinage solaire est présenté qui inclut tous les paramètres atmosphériques nouvellement determinés. L’analyse globale qui en découle est ensuite exposée, incluant une étude de la distribution de la composition chimique des naines blanches locales, de la distribution de masse et de la fonction luminosité. / We present improved atmospheric parameters of nearby white dwarfs lying within 20 pc of the Sun. The aim of the current study is to obtain the best statistical model of the least-biased sample of the white dwarf population. A homogeneous analysis of the local population is performed combining detailed spectroscopic and photometric analyses based on improved model atmosphere calculations for various spectral types including DA, DB, DQ, and DZ stars. The spectroscopic technique is applied to all stars in our sample for which optical spectra are available. Photometric energy distributions, when available, are also combined to trigonometric parallax measurements to derive effective temperatures, stellar radii, as well as atmospheric compositions. A revised catalog of white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood is presented. We provide for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the mass distribution and the chemical distribution of white dwarf stars in a volume-limited sample.

Ce mémoire présente une analyse homogène et rigoureuse de l’échantillon d’étoiles naines blanches situées à moins de 20 pc du Soleil. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’obtenir un modèle statistiquement viable de l’échantillon le plus représentatif de la population des naines blanches. À partir de l’échantillon défini par Holberg et al. (2008), il a fallu dans un premier temps réunir le plus d’information possible sur toutes les candidates locales sous la forme de spectres visibles et de données photométriques. En utilisant les modèles d’atmosphère de naines blanches les plus récents de Tremblay & Bergeron (2009), ainsi que différentes techniques d’analyse, il a été permis d’obtenir, de façon homogène, les paramètres atmosphériques (Teff et log g) des naines blanches de cet échantillon. La technique spectroscopique, c.-à-d. la mesure de Teff et log g par l’ajustement des raies spectrales, fut appliquée à toutes les étoiles de notre échantillon pour lesquelles un spectre visible présentant des raies assez fortes était disponible. Pour les étoiles avec des données photométriques, la distribution d’énergie combinée à la parallaxe trigonométrique, lorsque mesurée, permettent de déterminer les paramètres atmosphériques ainsi que la composition chimique de l’étoile. Un catalogue révisé des naines blanches dans le voisinage solaire est présenté qui inclut tous les paramètres atmosphériques nouvellement determinés. L’analyse globale qui en découle est ensuite exposée, incluant une étude de la distribution de la composition chimique des naines blanches locales, de la distribution de masse et de la fonction luminosité. / We present improved atmospheric parameters of nearby white dwarfs lying within 20 pc of the Sun. The aim of the current study is to obtain the best statistical model of the least-biased sample of the white dwarf population. A homogeneous analysis of the local population is performed combining detailed spectroscopic and photometric analyses based on improved model atmosphere calculations for various spectral types including DA, DB, DQ, and DZ stars. The spectroscopic technique is applied to all stars in our sample for which optical spectra are available. Photometric energy distributions, when available, are also combined to trigonometric parallax measurements to derive effective temperatures, stellar radii, as well as atmospheric compositions. A revised catalog of white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood is presented. We provide for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the mass distribution and the chemical distribution of white dwarf stars in a volume-limited sample.

No description available.