Master thesis deals with usage issues of autonomous, self-sufficient and decentralized systems. In the first part convectional and experimental sources for autonomous systems are disclosed. Second chapter deals with accumulation of electrical and thermal energy and possibilities of applications. 3rd part is focused on pilot project realized for autonomous and smart systems, which were built in last years. In the 4th chapter electrical and thermal energy consumption curves are made on daily and monthly basis for 4 type objects. In the fifth part issue of autonomy is explained, and for type buildings solutions are made with additional return on investment. The last chapter is focused on calculation of thermal accumulator and briefly discloses small district heating.

This master thesis aims to design the heating system and HDW preparation in an apartment building. The first variant deals with condensation gas boiler as the only energy source, while the second variant combines the gas boilers with the solar thermal system. The apartment building is located in Prag and has three above-ground floors and a basement. In the basement is the technical room. Convectors are being used for heat distribution. The theoretical part deals with the introduction to the solar thermal system.

The solar hot water storage tank is off great importance in the solar collector array. It allows transformed energy accumulation thus deals with the inconsistency between supply and demand. The suitable design of the storage tank can improve system efficiency. The storage capacity represents the balance between the amount of stored hot water and the tank's heat losses. The design of the storage capacity is based on three hypotheses. The coverage of hot water demand by solar energy, the ratio between storage capacity and solar thermal collector area and the prediction that the storage capacity corresponds to one- to twofold hot water demand. The purpose of this thesis is to share an understanding of the solar storage tanks design and to improve the design through numerical simulation, experimentations and general calculations. It also focuses on the confirmation of the used hypotheses and determination of the best way to design the solar storage tank for general practice and further potential discussions. The simulation model has three variables – the storage capacity, collector area and the number of occupants. The intent is to find the interdependence of these three variables. The purpose of the simulations is to modify the design of the solar tank based on the mutual influence of studied parameters. The modifications are performed based on the users' needs.

This work is oriented on study and evaluation of performance of real operating solar system. There was made analysis of actual technological unit and there was suggested mode of measuring of nodal parameters. There was made interconnection between the head operating unit of the solar system and the web server. And there was prepared software for grafical image of time and temperature dependence and for data transfer to ready web application. It primarily talks about increase of efficiency of real technological unit through regulating of parameter that is using up of accumulated energy.

The diploma thesis deals with elaboration of project solar thermal and photovoltaic solar systems for all-season service. The theoretical part focuses on the general description of the solar thermal and photovoltaic systems, legislation of renewable sources in the Czech Republic and the status of photovoltaics in the Czech Republic. The experimental part deals with the design of measures for energy saving by using solar energy systems. These measures are proposed for construction of houses in Podolí u Brna, especially on extra-family house. The aim of the work is to make a proportioning, choosing the right parts and calculating the economic and ecologic balance. Finally, thesis gives recommendations for further action in saving energy in houses in Podolí u Brna.

The aim of the master project is to design a building of an energy-efficient boarding house. It is a three-storey building made of sand-lime masonry with a combination of a saddle roof and a flat green roof. The capacity of the building is 20 visitors. The basement contains a small wellness centre, kitchen storage, general storage, and a utility room. The first floor contains main entrance, a canteen, staff premises, and an accessible guest room. The second floor contains 7 guest rooms and a cleaning room. The third floor contains a meeting room with a kitchenette and toilets, one guest room and entrance to the green roof terrace. Whole building is ventilated by four air conditioning units. The building is heated by floor heating and radiators supplied with a geothermal heat pump and solar thermal panels. Solar thermal panels were analysed.

Buildings account for up to 40% of the total energy use in the world. Directives from the European Union have pointed out the significance of increasing the energy efficiency in buildings. New regulation in countries like Sweden has established that new buildings should fulfil regulations of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), providing the opportunity for renewable energy technologies to achieve these goals. In this paper, the retrofitting potential of renewable energy technologies for a single-family home in Sweden was investigated.The present work studied the characteristics of several renewable energy technologies and their applications for a single-family home in Sweden, including biomass, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, heat pump, and small-scale wind turbine. Three renewable energy technologies (solar thermal, heat pump and small-scale wind turbine) and one renovation method (window) were selected to investigate. The analysis was made of the current energy use and the potential energy (and cost) savings from each retrofitting of these facilities by means of simulation models using IDA ICE software. The study results show that the proposed renewable energy technologies are technically feasible and economically viable as a source of alternative renewable energy in order to produce clean energy and reduce electricity bills for an electric-heated single-family home located in Sweden. Moreover, the combined retrofitting scheme consist of solar thermal system and window renovation was also proposed and explored. As a result the energy performance of the single-family home would satisfy the nearly-zero energy building requirements and thermal comfort could be maintained at an acceptable level.

Parabolrinnen-Kraftwerke sind zurzeit die am häufigsten zum Einsatz kommende und wirtschaftlichste Technologie solarthermisch konzentrierender Systeme (Concentrated Solar Power – CSP) und gehören zu den linienfokussierenden Systemen [1]. In Spanien stellen die solarthermischen Parabolrinnen-Kraftwerke Andasol 1–3 mit einer Kollektorfläche von ca. 150 Millionen m² bereits 150 MW zur Verfügung, mit denen ca. 200.000 Einwohner jährlich mit Strom versorgt werden können [2]–[4]. Das Solarfeld besteht aus ca. 150 m langen, in Reihe angeordneten Kollektoren, die aus einzelnen Parabolrinnen-Kollektormodulen zusammengefasst und im Tagesverlauf der Sonne nachgeführt werden. Die Lagerung erfolgt an den Modulrändern im Schwerpunkt des Kollektormoduls, der mit der Rotationsachse zusammenfällt. Bisher werden die Kollektoren überwiegend als filigranes Stahlfachwerk mit über die Aperturweite parabelförmig, uniaxial gekrümmten und punktuell gestützten Spiegelelementen ausgeführt. Bei der Assemblierung der Stahlfachwerke und der Spiegelelemente ist schon im Bauzustand durchgehend eine hohe Präzision gefordert, um eine maximale Solarstrahlenkonzentration der einfallenden direkten solaren Strahlung auf ein in der Fokallinie befindliches Absorberrohr sicherzustellen [5]. In diesem wird ein Wärmeträgermedium, zumeist Thermoöl, auf eine Prozesstemperatur von ca. 400 °C erhitzt. In einem nachgeschalteten konventionellen Kraftwerksblock wird mittels Dampfturbine Elektrizität erzeugt. Das bisher kommerziell meist genutzte Kollektormodul ist der EuroTrough mit einer Aperturweite von ca. 5,80 m und einer Modullänge von 12 m [6], [7] (Bild 1), welches als Benchmark für die erste Förderphase des Projekts diente. Zur Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit zielen bisherige Entwicklungen auf eine Vergrößerung der Spiegelfläche zur Steigerung des Wirkungsgrades über einen erhöhten geometrischen Konzentrationsgrad, definiert als das Verhältnis von Reflektor- zu Absorptionsfläche, ab. Module wie der UltimateTrough und der SpaceTube erreichen dies durch die Vergrößerung der Aperturweite auf 7,5 m bzw. 8 m [8], [9]. Ein alternatives Strukturkonzept aus stahlfaserverstärkten Betonfertigteilen der Schweizer Firma Airlight mit einer Aperturweite von 9,7 m besteht aus durch Luftdruck in parabolische Form gebrachten Spiegelfolien als Reflektorsystem und wurde bisher in einem Pilot-Kraftwerk in Ait-Baha, Marokko, umgesetzt [10]. Wesentliche Arbeiten der zweiten Förderphase sind daher – dem Trend zu größerer Apertur folgend – an der visionären Entwicklung von Parabolschalen mit Öffnungsweiten von bis zu 10 m ausgerichtet. [Aus: Einleitung] / Parabolic trough power plants are currently the most frequently used and most economical technology of solar thermal systems (Concentrated Solar Power – CSP) and belong to the linear focus collector types [1]. In Spain, the solar thermal parabolic trough power plants Andasol 1–3 with a collector area of approx. 150 million m² already provide 150 MW, which means that approx. 200,000 inhabitants can be annually supplied with electricity [2]–[4]. The solar field consists of approx. 150 m long collectors arranged in rows, which are combined from individual parabolic trough collector modules and track the sun during the course of the day. The bearings are located at the edges of the module in the centre of gravity of the collector module, which corresponds to the axis of rotation. Up to now, the collectors have mainly been designed as a steel framework with parabolic, uniaxially curved and pointwise supported mirror elements. During the assembly of the steel framework and the mirror elements, high precision is required throughout the manufacturing in order to ensure a maximum solar radiation concentration of the incident direct solar radiation on an absorber tube located in the focal line [5]. A heat transfer medium, usually thermal oil, is heated to a process temperature of approx. 400 °C in the absorber tube. Electricity is generated in a downstream conventional power plant unit by means of a steam turbine. The most commercially used collector module is the EuroTrough with an aperture width of approx. 5.80 m and a module length of 12 m [6], [7] (Fig. 1), which served as a benchmark for the first funding phase of the project. In order to improve economic efficiency, previous developments have aimed to increase the size of the mirror surface in order to increase efficiency by a higher geometric degree of concentration, defined as the ratio of reflector surface to absorption surface. Modules like the UltimateTrough and the SpaceTube achieve this by increasing the aperture width to 7.5 m or 8 m, respectively, [8], [9]. An alternative structural concept consisting of prefabricated steel fibre-reinforced concrete elements from the Swiss company Airlight with an aperture width of 9.7 m consists of parabolic mirror foils as a reflector brought into parabolic shape by air pressure and has already been implemented in a pilot power plant in Ait-Baha, Morocco [10]. Therefore, in line with the trend towards a larger aperture, major work in the second funding phase aims at the visionary development of parabolic shells with aperture widths of up to 10 m. [Off: Introduction]

The objective of this thesis was to investigate the potential for introducing a concentrating solar thermal (CST) central receiver plant system based on flexible heliostats - HelioPods - to provide high-temperature process heat in industrial applications. A CST plant system was designed in MATLAB, optically simulated for three design days in the ray-tracing software Tonatiuh and further analyzed in MATLAB by interpolating the results for each hour of the year. A case study was made on introducing a CST plant system based on HelioPods in a South African manganese sinter plant. The study included an investigation of the profitability of up- and downsizing the heliostat field annually with fluctuating heat demand. A circular heliostat field was modelled for the chosen location. The final field had a radius of 53 meters with the receiver located 60% from the field centre. The storage size was 16 demand hours and 17 plants were required. The results showed that 88% of the annual heat demand could be covered by solar heat in the design year. The marketing approach used for the following years was that the heat demand covered by solar heat should never be below the share at the first year, despite the predicted fluctuations in demand. Thus, a minimum solar share of 88% was used as a strategy for annual up- and downsizing of the fields throughout the investigated period of 25 years. That resulted in a field radius differing between 52 and 55 meters. The payback period of the final system was 4.35 years, the NPV was 54.33 MUSD over a period of 25 years and the LCOH was 35.39 USD/MWht. However, it was found that the profitability of the system was sensitive to the different scenarios for predicted future diesel prices, this since the pricing of the solar heat was set to 90% of the diesel price. The results in this thesis show that a CST plant system based on HelioPods is a suitable solution to supply high-temperature process heat to industrial applications. It also shows that the HelioPods can unlock potential for flexibility with changing production patterns in the industry of implementation. The results from the study can be used also for other industries with similar temperature range and heat demand. Thus, it could be argued that the implementation of a HelioPod based CST plant system also can be suitable for other industries located in high-DNI areas with dependency on conventional fuels and steady production throughout the whole day. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka potentialen för implementering av koncentrerad termisk solvärme (CST) från ett soltorn med ett heliostatfält baserat på flexibla heliostater - HelioPods – för att generera högtempererad processvärme för industriell tillämpning. Ett CST-system designades i MATLAB, simulerades för tre designdagar i det optiska ray-tracingprogrammet Tonatiuh och analyserades sedan åter i MATLAB genom att interpolera de genererade resultaten för årets alla timmar. En fallstudie av ett CST-system baserat på HelioPods i ett sydafrikanskt sinterverk för mangan genomfördes därefter. Studien innehöll en undersökning av lönsamheten av årlig ökning och minskning av heliostatfältet vid fluktuerande värmebehov. Ett cirkulärt heliostatfält modellerades för den valda platsen. Det slutgiltiga fältet hade en radie om 53 meter med mottagaren placerad 60% från fältets mittpunkt. Storleken på lagringsfaciliteten var 16 timmar av full tillförsel och antalet verk uppgick till 17. Resultaten visade att 88% av det årliga värmebehovet kunde förses med solvärme under designåret. Marknadsstrategin för de resterande åren var att den procentuella andelen solvärme aldrig skulle vara lägre än under designåret, oberoende av fluktuationer i värmebehovet på grund av ändrad produktion. Således sattes 88% solvärme som ett minimikrav och utgjorde strategin för den årliga ökningen och minskningen av fältet för den undersökta perioden av 25 år. Det resulterade i en fältradie mellan 52 och 55 meter. Återbetalningstiden för det slutgiltiga fältet var 4.35 år, nuvärdesberäkningen av det framtida kassaflödet var 54.22 miljoner USD över en 25-årsperiod och produktionskostnaden för värme (LCOH) var 35.39 USD/MWht. Dock var systemets lönsamhet känslig för de olika prognoser av framtida dieselpriser som undersöktes, detta eftersom priset för solvärme sattes till 90% av dieselpriset. Resultaten i denna uppsats visar att ett CST-system baserat på HelioPods är en lämplig lösning för att generera högtempererad processvärme för industriell tillämpning. De visar även att HelioPods kan öka potentialen för flexibilitet vid förändringar i produktionsmönstret i vederbörande industri. Resultaten kan även användas i andra industrier med likartade temperaturer och värmebehov. Hävdas kan således att implementation av ett CST-system kan vara lämpligt även för andra industrier belägna i områden med högt DNI som är beroende på konventionella energikällor och har jämn produktion dygnet runt.

Solar absorber coatings are one of the key components in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Currently operating at temperatures up to 565°C and suffering from emissive losses, their energy conversion efficiency could be improved by applying high-temperature stable materials with solar selective properties, i.e. high absorptivity and low emissivity. In this work, the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) SnO2:Ta is developed as a solar selective coating (SSC) for CSP absorbers. Starting with simulations covering basic requirements for SSCs, the deposition process of SnO2:Ta is optimized and extensive optical characterization and modelling are performed. It is shown that upon covering with a SiO2 antireflective layer, a calculated absorptivity of 95% and an emissivity of 30% are achieved for the model configuration of SnO2:Ta on top of a perfect black body (BB). High-temperature stability of the developed TCO up to 800 °C is shown in situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The universality of the concept is then demonstrated by transforming silicon and glassy carbon from non-selective into solar selective absorbers by depositing the TCO on top of them. Finally, the energy conversion efficiencies ηCSP of SnO2:Ta on top of a BB and an ideal non-selective BB absorber are compared as a function of solar concentration factor C and absorber temperature TH.