La responsabilité de notre activité dans les récentes et parfois brutales modifications climatiques est avérée. Maîtrise de la demande en énergie et énergies renouvelables apparaissent comme les deux solutions pour remédier à cette catastrophe. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à la cogénération appliquée aux bâtiments résidentiels. Deux zones géographiques sont concernées, l'Afrique de l'Ouest et la France. Il n'existe pas de système de cogénération solaire de très faible puissance (< 10 kWe). La solution envisagée dans ce travail consiste à produire de la chaleur à environ 150 °C et un rendement supérieur à 50 %, de l'utiliser ensuite dans un ORC pour produire électricité et chaleur à basse température. Le système complet doit être résistant et à bas coût. Or pour atteindre ces performances, la concentration solaire est obligatoire. Une partie de ce travail consiste donc au développement d'un panneau à concentration solaire qui répond à ces deux contraintes thermiques, mais aussi au fait d'être robuste, fiable et facilement intégrable à l'enveloppe d'un bâtiment. Dans ce cadre, la technologie cylindro-parabolique a été retenue, adaptée et miniaturisée. En ce qui concerne la partie thermodynamique, le verrou technologique se trouve principalement dans le groupe turboalternateur. L'objet de la seconde partie de cette thèse consiste ainsi à la conception d'un organe de détente également robuste, nécessitant qu'une maintenance simplifiée et réalisable par les équipes de SIREA. La turbine Tesla, brevetée en 1913 par Nikola Tesla, devrait satisfaire à ce cahier des charges. Sa particularité est qu'à l'opposée des autres turbines, son rotor ne possède pas d'aubage, mais seulement des disques parallèles. Son fonctionnement est basé sur l'adhésion du fluide aux surfaces des disques. / The responsibility of our activity in the recent and sometimes brutal climate changes is recognized. Energy demand management and renewable energies appear as two solutions to overcome this disaster. In this work, we focus on combined heat and power applied to residential buildings. Two geographical areas are concerned, West Africa and France. For the moment, no system of very low power (< 10 kWe) solar cogeneration exists. In this work, considered solution consists to produce heat at 150 °C and with an efficiency greater than 50 %, then to use it in an ORC for producing electricity and low temperature heat. The whole system has to be resistant and low-cost. But to reach those performances with solar radiation, concentration is necessary. The first part of this thesis is to elaborate a solar concentrating panel which answer to these two thermal constraints. The new solar panel must be robust, reliable and easily integrable on the building envelope. In this context, parabolic trough is adopted, adapted and miniaturised. Regarding the thermodynamic part, technological lock is found mainly in the turbogenerator. The purpose of the second part of this thesis consists of the design of a an expansion equipement, requiring simplified maintenance and achievable by the team of Sirea. The Tesla turbine, patented in 1913 by Nikola Tesla, should satisfy this specification. Its characteristic is that the opposite other conventional turbines, the rotor is not bladed or vaned, only parallel disks. Fluid exerts shear stress on the disk surfaces resulting in a torque at the shaft.

Submitted by JOSÉ APARECIDO SILVA DE QUEIROZ null (jqueiroz@unilins.edu.br) on 2016-06-28T17:33:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL JOSÉ QUEIROZ.pdf: 1990890 bytes, checksum: 8dbd46996efdf66f13c164f994bd6087 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-29T20:20:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_jas_dr_bot.pdf: 1990890 bytes, checksum: 8dbd46996efdf66f13c164f994bd6087 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T20:20:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_jas_dr_bot.pdf: 1990890 bytes, checksum: 8dbd46996efdf66f13c164f994bd6087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / O principal objetivo deste estudo é avaliar, com bases em resultados experimentais, um sistema de aquecimento solar constituído de mangueira de polietileno que permite a transferência do calor gerado pela radiação solar direta e/ou difusa (Energia Solar Térmica) para a água. O sistema foi dimensionado para atender a demanda de um Centro de Ressocialização com capacidade para 220 internos. Justifica-se a escolha do tema pelo fato de que consiste em um assunto atual de grande relevância, principalmente porque vive-se uma crise energética em nível mundial. O estudo comprova através de um experimento a viabilidade do aquecedor solar de baixo custo, considerando-se sua aplicabilidade em locais que demanda grande volume de água aquecida para banho. Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema alternativo proposto atendeu de forma eficiente e econômica a demanda solicitada, o que pode ser adotada pelo poder público em qualquer um de seus segmentos que necessite de água aquecida, com objetivo de reduzir custos e contribuir com o sistema energético brasileiro. O sistema foi analisado para atuar em fluxo continuo e fluxo intermitente, ambos objetivando aquecer a água a temperaturas superiores a 37 °C no inverno. Os resultados alcançados atenderam as expectativas coletando grandes volumes, com temperaturas médias acima de 42 °C. / The aim of this study is to evaluate, with bases on experimental results, a solar heating system consists of polyethylene hose that allows the transfer of heat generated by direct solar radiation and / or diffuse (Solar Thermal Energy) to the water. The system has been designed to meet the demand of a Rehabilitation Center with a capacity for 220 inmates. Justified the choice of the theme for the fact that consists of a current subject of great importance, especially because it lives in an energy crisis worldwide. The study proves through an experiment the viability of solar heater low cost, considering their applicability in places that demand large volume of heated water for bathing. The results showed that the alternative system proposed met efficiently and economically the requested demand, which can be adopted by the government in any of its segments that need heated water, in order to reduce costs and contribute to the Brazilian energy system. The system was analyzed to operate in continuous flow, intermittent flow, both aiming at heating the water to temperatures above 37 °C in winter. The results achieved met the expectations collecting large volumes, with average temperatures above 42 °C.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche des solutions d’économie d'énergie du bâtiment tout en utilisant des sources naturelles et renouvelables (Energie solaire pour le chauffage et la géothermie pour le rafraîchissement). Il est nul besoin de rappeler que l'Algérie dispose d'un potentiel énergétique hélio géothermique important. Dans ce travail de thèse on s'intéresse particulièrement à l'étude du confort thermique (hiver et été) dans l'habitat alimenté par un plancher hydraulique réversible. Pour mener à bien cette étude, nous disposons d'un gisement solaire important d'une part et d'autre part d'un dispositif expérimental à échelle réelle. Une pièce munie d'un plancher hydraulique réversible (chauffant ou rafraichissant) est instrumentée. Une citerne de stockage enfuie à quelques mètres de la surface du sol afin de bénéficier du rafraichissement géothermique. Un service d'asservissement permettant la régulation du système en fonctionnement mode chauffage ou mode rafraichissement. Plusieurs sondes de mesures reliées à une station d'acquisition qui est reliée à un ordinateur permettent le suivi des évolutions de températures. La modélisation de la structure de l'enveloppe de la cellule et l'évolution de la température de l'air intérieur et celle des parois sont réalisées sous le logiciel TRNSYS. A l'aide des résultats obtenus par TRNSYS, logiciel FLUENT nous a permis de modéliser la tache solaire et son influence sur le plancher chauffant sous les conditions climatiques de la ville d'Oran.Après validation, la simulation numérique est utilisée pour étudier le comportement thermique de la cellule, les performances énergétiques du plancher réversible et le calcul des économies d'énergie que l'on pourrait réaliser avec de tels systèmes. / This work is part of the search for energy saving solutions in the building industry while using natural and renewable sources, such as solar energy for heating and geothermal energy for refreshment. There is no need to recall that Algeria has a very large geothermal gravitational energy potential in view of its geographical position.In this thesis work, we are particularly interested in the study of thermal comfort in the case of a housing powered with a reversible hydraulic floor (heating and cooling).To carry out this study, as we can see Algeria have an important solar field and on the other hand we use an experimental system representing a real scale local. To do this, a room with a reversible hydraulic floor (heated or refreshing) is instrumented. A storage tank buried in the ground at few meters from the ground surface is used for thegeothermal refreshment during the warm periods. A service system allows us to regulate the system in heating or cooling mode. Several measuring probes used are connected to an acquisition station which is connected to a computer for monitoring of temperature évolutions.The modeling of the structure of the cell envelope is carried out under the TRNSYS software. With this, we have access to evolutions of the temperatures of the indoor air and to that of the walls. These results obtained by TRNSYS are used in a second step as input data for the FLUENT software. This allows us to model the solar spot and its influence on the heating floor under the climatic conditions of the city of Oran.After validation, numerical simulation is used to study the thermal behavior of the cell, the energy performance of the reversible floor and the calculation of the energy savings that could be achieved with such systems.

The food industry is a large consumer of industrial energy. A very large portion of this energy is needed in the form of thermal energy at medium to low temperatures. Fossil fuels remain the dominant sources of this energy. This combination provides various possibilities to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions with heat recovery, but also with the integration of solar process heat. Energy efficiency must provide the context, or background, of such considerations, and is therefore a very important aspect of them. It is a complex task to design an efficient heat supply with a variety of energy sources. An analysis of standards for energy audits, guides for energy efficiency and guides for solar process heat integration confirms that complexity. However, no available methodology considers all the necessary steps. These must range from analysis of the existing heat supply to the redesign of an efficient heat supply system. The focus must be on heat sources with waste heat and on solar process heat that might be used to complement the conventional sources. The design of a process heat system is mainly the task of design engineers in engineering offices. Specific tools and measures are needed to support these experts. However, the companies of the food industry sector employ their own energy engineers for energy issues. These people are actually the decision makers responsible for the configuration of the company energy supply systems, who also possess knowledge of the processes in their industry subsector. The expertise of the energy engineers varies within a broad range and is also connected to their area of responsibility. Therefore, it is important to consider these energy engineers when developing a methodology. The development of the methodology proposed herein consists first of the configuration of the tools and measures, which were assigned to four elements and functions. Second, the methodology so developed was applied at two companies in cooperation with their energy engineers, in detailed case studies. The feedback from the energy engineers is therefore a main objective and provides a background for evaluation of the usability of the methodology. It demonstrates the expertise required of the energy engineers, for the application of the tools and measures provided. Moreover, the development and application of the methodology involving real companies demonstrates the necessity of getting feedback from energy engineers. That finding is very important, and has been insufficiently considered in previous guides or methodologies. It is proposed that further work be aimed at providing additional case studies to extend the use of this methodology to other parts of the food industry.

A presente Dissertação é um estudo a respeito da problemática da utilização dos Sistemas de Aquecimento Solar Térmico para Aquecimento de Água com Coletores Planos em Circuito Direto, no crítico contexto da construção civil paulista para o ponto de vista da Arquitetura e do Urbanismo. Apesar do potencial solar do país e do padrão construtivo dos condomínios horizontais fechados da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), ainda não há regulamentação do uso do aquecimento solar térmico em alguns de seus municípios-sede. Atualmente tem havido a adesão espontânea ao sistema por parte de moradores das residências desses condomínios, decorrente da busca da redução dos gastos e da crescente conscientização ambiental e divulgação da tecnologia. Porém, ainda há necessidade de uma relação mais sistêmica dos coletores solares com a totalidade dos requisitos da edificação e do meio urbano, mesmo em se tratando da legislação específica. Buscando uma constribuição, aqui se propõe um modelo de estudo dos coletores baseado em escalas construtivas que, juntamente com a compreensão multidimensional do assunto, desafiam a atual dicotomia entre as ferramentas de qualidade e a sustentabilidade do ambiente construído. / The present work studies the problematic of using Solar Hot Water Systems by Direct Circuit, among the critics characteristics of civil construction in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The point of view is of Architecture and Urban Planning. In spite of the high Brazilian levels of solar irradiation and the constructive pattern of horizontal closed condominiums of the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil), which possess a large concentration of high incoming households, use of solar water heating is still not regulated in some of its comprising municipalities. Nowadays, the search for savings, diffusion of related technologies and raising environmental awareness have led to voluntary uptaking of such systems. Yet, regulation of solar collectors still lacks relating to certification of sustainable building practices, which does not relate to architectonic factors, in particular to main urbanistic features present in each given installation site. This work proposes an architectonic scale based model of studying it in order to pursuit the end of dichotomy between quality and sustainability.

This thesis's main objective is to conduct a comparison study between measured values and simulated results of a demonstrator, of the intelligent home energy management (iHEM) project. The comparison helps to validate the simulation. TRNSYS software is used for the design. In this study, only the thermal energy side of the project is considered. In which system-level (both domestic hot water (DHW), space heating (SH)) and component level (solar collector, gas boiler) are considered as the parameters to compare. An attempt is made to optimize both system-level and component-level simulation outputs with measured values by adopting measured boundary conditions as simulation inputs.During the comparison, the DHW loop simulation design is modified. The measured data were given as input files for simulation, replacing the estimated values used before. This is done to optimize the simulation output with measured data. In the space heating loop (SH), the simulated building model’s parameters were changed to optimize the SH demand. After the system-level validation and optimization, the component level comparison is carried out. For this, the simulation output of solar thermal collectors and gas boiler are compared with measured values. The solar collector loop in the simulation is modified to optimize the simulated results. The seasonal and yearly efficiencies of the collector have been calculated. Solar supply fraction and gas boiler supply fraction is also determined. For the comparison, graphs are plotted for three different weeks, representing the spring, summer, and winter months of 2018.The final optimized simulation output of DHW demand is 7% less than the measured value. Even after optimizing the Space heating loop (SH), the simulated building demand is 17% more heat than the demonstrator building. The simulation's solar collector output is optimized close to the measured values. The simulated gas boiler produces 19% more than the demonstrator system to meet excess SH demand in the simulation (including losses). The overall yearly collector efficiency calculated for measured and simulated values are 58% and 50%, respectively. The estimated solar collector supply fraction and gas boiler supply fraction is 26%, 76% for measured, and 23%, 81% for simulation, respectively.

This thesis's main objective is to conduct a comparison study between measured values and simulated results of a demonstrator, of the intelligent home energy management (iHEM) project. The comparison helps to validate the simulation. TRNSYS software is used for the design. In this study, only the thermal energy side of the project is considered. In which system-level (both domestic hot water (DHW), space heating (SH)) and component level (solar collector, gas boiler) are considered as the parameters to compare. An attempt is made to optimize both system-level and component-level simulation outputs with measured values by adopting measured boundary conditions as simulation inputs.During the comparison, the DHW loop simulation design is modified. The measured data were given as input files for simulation, replacing the estimated values used before. This is done to optimize the simulation output with measured data. In the space heating loop (SH), the simulated building model’s parameters were changed to optimize the SH demand. After the system-level validation and optimization, the component level comparison is carried out. For this, the simulation output of solar thermal collectors and gas boiler are compared with measured values. The solar collector loop in the simulation is modified to optimize the simulated results. The seasonal and yearly efficiencies of the collector have been calculated. Solar supply fraction and gas boiler supply fraction is also determined. For the comparison, graphs are plotted for three different weeks, representing the spring, summer, and winter months of 2018.The final optimized simulation output of DHW demand is 7% less than the measured value. Even after optimizing the Space heating loop (SH), the simulated building demand is 17% more heat than the demonstrator building. The simulation's solar collector output is optimized close to the measured values. The simulated gas boiler produces 19% more than the demonstrator system to meet excess SH demand in the simulation (including losses). The overall yearly collector efficiency calculated for measured and simulated values are 58% and 50%, respectively. The estimated solar collector supply fraction and gas bo

As energy prices keep increasing, energy efficiency measures have come to the spotlight, especially in the residential sector. In this context, energy audits appear as powerful tools in order to assess the energy use and cost of energy of a dwelling, and identify possible energy saving measures that increase the energy efficiency and reduce costs. This work performs an energy audit of a single-family house (SFH) built in the 1970s which uses district heating, located in Gävle, Sweden. An empirical and quantitavive approach is followed, where energy data from the bills of 2022 together with on-site ventilation measurements is combined as a way to determine the energy inflows and outflows of the dwelling. Results concluded that the ventilation needs to be improved as a way to meet the Swedish building regulations. In addition, the energetic situation could be improved by means of the installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules to cover part of the electricity demand and solar thermal collectors to cover part of the domestic hot water demand. These measures would decrease the costs of the energy bills 4689 SEK/year at the time they would provide a source of renewable energy. The replacement of windows was also studied, concluding the payoff time to be excessively long to be accepted.

The thesis work was done as a part of the company's proposal writing work for the Horizon Europe projects, which is the European Union's key funding program for research and innovation with a budget of €95.5 billion. The budget for this project call was €5 million and aimed towards demonstrating the possibilities of Photovoltaic thermal technologies (PVT), which will produce heat and electricity at the same time on agricultural land to combat climate change. The initial stage of the project, which the thesis work corresponds to, consists of the concept of implementing the objectives of the call and demonstrating how it could be achieved by forming a consortium of different companies, allocating the sites, possible applications of the PVT technology, understanding the plants which can grow in the relevant climate conditions under the shading of the panels. There are different companies who participate in the project call and, if they succeed, are liable to demonstrate the objectives of the call under the allocated budget and share the results with the European Union. The thesis work tried to focus on the company's objective for the call, which was to find out the suitable crops to be planted under the integrated PVT greenhouses, details on the weather conditions and applications of heat and electricity on the demonstration sites, i.e., Greece and Portugal. The emphasis was also given to creating a business canvas model and doing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis to make a business plan for this project. In this project, an Absolicon X10 PVT collector has been proposed with thermal heat up to 75 ºC and electricity at 230V. The outcomes also showed that each PVT collector integrated into the greenhouse could produce 4.73 MWh/year of thermal energy and can supply 2.2 MWh/year of electrical energy, which can save up to 0.48 tons/year of oil equivalent and avoid 37.6 tons of CO2 emissions during its lifetime of 25 years compared to burning oil. Considering the weather conditions in Greece and Portugal and to make sure the plants do not need much shading, tomatoes, barley and cacao seeds were identified as the potential crops to be planted in the PVT-integrated greenhouses.

The global market share of renewable electricity generation increased at an average compound rate of 15% between 2015 and 2020 and 348 GW in 2022 alone, which could result in a renewable share of 45% in energy generation by 2030 if the current trend continues. Therefore, action is required to reduce the number of suboptimal solutions resulting from the accelerated adoption rate, while ensuring the continued exponential growth. A novel approach to streamline the workflow in residential solar installation design processes through the development of a digital tool is proposed. The solution is structured into two layers. The first layer comprises a Simulink model of the most prevalent solar technologies, namely Photovoltaic (PV), Solar Thermal (ST) and Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT). The second layer contains an economic analysis tool developed in MATLAB. The initial model performs a transient simulation of the solar installation over the course of a year, considering generic client-provided inputs, such as the available surface area, energy consumption, solar panel model, location and ambient conditions, and then extrapolates for the lifespan of the system. Subsequent to this, the second layer utilises the outputs from the Simulink model to conduct an economic analysis, identifying the key economic parameters of the installation with the objective of determining the optimal technical parameters, such as collector area, storage size and solar share, among others. A case study was conducted on a Swedish residential building with limited roof area, utilising the developed tool, with a changing number of installed solar panels. The electric and thermal effective efficiencies varied from 9.2% to 10.9% and from 20.2% to 51.8% for PV and ST systems, respectively, depending on the number of panels in the installation. For PVT systems, the effective electric, thermal and total efficiencies varied from 9.0% to 11.5%, 17.2% to 43.7%, and 26.3% to 55.2%, respectively. A Net Present Value (NPV) analysis indicated that the optimal installation comprised 70 PV panels and 30 ST panels, resulting in an NPV of €117 888.