The first part of diploma thesis describes how to measure the parameters of solar thermal collector and solar thermal system. The computational part analyzes heat consumption in the evaluated building and describes design of the solar thermal system for domestic hot water. Last part focuses on the energy assessment of the designed solar system above and evaluation of the solar system, which is located at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in BUT.

This thesis describes utilisation of test reference year for design and evaluation of solar thermal system. The evaluation was performed on a solar thermal system of a single-family house in Rapotice, Czechia. Long-term monitoring of the system as well as indoor and outdoor climate were performed there. Measured data were compared with test reference year and data in Meteonorm database. Selected boundary conditions of the solar thermal system were compared with numerical simulations in Polysun. The results of the comparison were statistically analysed. Results of the simulations utilizing test reference year were closer to the on-site measurements than dates from Meteonorm. Therefore it could be concluded that test reference year is the best database of climate data for design of solar thermal system in Czechia.

This Master’s thesis deals with the problems of small domestic appliances in solar systems. The theoretical part provides a description of solar thermal systems and solar photovoltaic systems, including the possibility of their combination. It adds options connecting the small household appliances in system of solar technology and economics of the washing process. The practical part evaluates the economy of operation small household appliances connected to the solar system.

This study focused on a numerical second law analysis and optimisation of a receiver tube op- erating in a parabolic trough solar collector for small-scale application. The receiver functioned in a Rankine cycle. The focus was on entropy generation minimisation in the receiver due to the high quality exergy losses in this component. Water functioned as the working uid and was heated from ambient conditions (liquid) to a superheated state (vapour), consequently, the receiver tube was subject to both single phase as well as two-phase ow. Entropy generation in the receiver tube was mainly due to nite temperature di erences as well as uid friction. The contribution of each of these components was investigated. Geometrical as well as operating conditions were investigated to obtain good guidelines for receiver tube and plant design. An operating pressure in the range of 1 MPa (Tsat = 180 C) to 10 MPa (Tsat = 311 C) was considered. Furthermore a mass ow range of 0:15 kg=s to 0:4 kg=s was investigated. Results showed that beyond a diameter of 20 mm, the main contributor to the entropy generation was the nite temperature di erences for most conditions. Generally, operating pressures below 3 MPa showed bad performance since the uid friction component was too large for small operating pressures. This phenomenon was due to long two-phase lengths and high pressure drops in this region. The nite temperature di erence component increased linearly when the tube diameter was increased (due to the increase in exposed area) if the focused heat ux was kept constant. However, the uid friction component increased quadratically when the diameter was reduced. In general when the concentration ratio was increased, the entropy generation was decreased. This was due to more focused heat on each section of the receiver pipe and, in general, resulted in shorter receiver lengths. Unfortunately, there is a limit to the highest concentration ratio that can be achieved and in this study, it was assumed to be 45 for two-dimensional trough technology. A Simulated Annealing (SA) optimisation algorithm was implemented to obtain certain optimum parameters. The optimisation showed that increasing the diameter could result in a decrease in entropy generation, provided that the concentration ratio is kept constant. However, beyond a certain point gains in minimising the entropy generation became negligible. Optimal operating pressure would generally increase if the mass ow rate was increased. Finally, it was seen that the highest operating pressure under consideration (10 MPa) showed the best performance when considering the minimisation of entropy in conjunction with the maximisation of the thermodynamic work output. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

The rising concerns of climate change and global warming have made the current practices of industrial energy generation and consumption highly unsustainable. There is a growing awareness of the importance of renewable energy use in addressing climate change and establishing sustainable development. One of the renewable sources which have gained popularity over time is solar energy. Among the various solar technologies, one potential segment is solar thermal technology which involves solar thermal collectors. This technology mainly concentrates on providing industrial process heat across a wide range of temperature, and it's classified within the industry of Solar Heat for Industrial Process (SHIP). Though the SHIP technologies show strong technical feasibility, only few industries employ solar heat and there is a decreasing trend of adoption.  Hence, this research aims to understand the reasons for decreasing adoption by studying what and how are the factors affecting the adoption of solar thermal technology. This is done by performing a qualitative study across two industrial sectors food and chemical in the region of Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The obtained data by conducting semi-structured interviews are analysed using the Technological-Organization-Environment (TOE) theoretical framework.  The results from the study show that there are 9 important factors affecting the adoption of solar thermal technology that are categorized into technological factors (reliability, flexibility, financial attractiveness, and competitive alternatives), organizational factors (management support and resources) and environmental factors (regulatory environment, technology support provider and competitive pressure). Apart from the technological factors of lack of reliability and financial attractiveness, the organizational factors of lack of resources and the environmental factor of low incentives in MENA region, the aspect of cheap competitive alternatives especially in the MENA region, is causing the decrease in adoption within the food and chemical industry.

Recently, there has been an uptake of integrating solar thermal into district heating (DH) systems. It has been recognized as one of the paths towards a more sustainable future. However, there are some countries where the adoption is very slow, regardless of its market readiness. Adoption and diffusion literature points to the need to investigate slow adoption examples to contribute to the already existing knowledge. Consequently, this thesis investigates influencing factors, barriers, and drivers for the slow adoption of solar thermal into DH systems.   A case study was carried out to identify influencing factors for the slow adoption of solar thermal within DH systems. The case was chosen based on purposive and extreme sampling as it referred to the adoption of the first large-scale solar thermal into DH systems in France. Stratified purposive sampling, in combination with snowball sampling, was used to acquire eleven interviews. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyse the findings.   Results identified four themes, Technology, Environmental Regulations, Management of DH systems, and Financials, where each theme contained several subthemes. Barriers and drivers were developed from the subthemes. Among the most prominent barriers were the combination of lack of experience and a rigid legal framework, resulting in the barrier of ex-post integration, which implies considering the whole DH system when integrating new technologies. Another identified prominent barrier was cheap fuels which include biomass, as well. Environmental policies were found to both help and hamper the adoption. A driver, called a champion, mainly pushed the adoption of solar thermal within the studied case.    In conclusion, several barriers and drivers can influence the adoption of solar thermal into DH systems, and taking them into account should facilitate its adoption. Next, investigating a slow adoption case proved to be a valuable venue for acquiring new knowledge. Lastly, based on the empirical results of the studied case, solar thermal could not be labelled as an environmental innovation, which has alarming implications for achieving sustainable development goals in the future.

Energy is the core component for all industries. Most of the energy demand is met by fossil fuels, which is one of the main reasons for the high level of carbon emissions from industries. To decrease emissions or even become carbon neutral by 2050, many companies have made sustainability goals to implement renewablesin their production processes. Industries consume 74% of the energy in the form of heat, of which 30% of energy is consumed in low-temperature applications. Substituting fossil fuels in low-temperature applications with renewable energy sources such as solar-thermal technology (STT) can significantly reduce emissions. This study explores how can focus on sustainability by companies facilitate the diffusion of STT in low-temperature applications in brewery and mining industries. The study comprises a comprehensive literature review on sustainable development, drivers, and barriers of STT. The theoretical framework of the studyis based on diffusion of innovation by Rogers (2003). Empirical data is collected using semi-structured interviews to gain insights from multi-national companies about their focus on sustainability, transition towards renewable energy sources in meeting heat demand and aspects considered by companies. The study results show that companies focusing on sustainability goals are incorporating new renewable energy technologies such as STT in their processes. Companies are also making heat purchase agreements and are collaborating with neighbouring companies to incorporate STT. This form of integration of new solutions can increase the adoption rate of STT. Further, it is found that brewery companies have a better scope of implementing STT compared to mining companies.

Solar thermal technology is a rapidly evolving technology that still has a smaller market share than other green technologies. Therefore, this study aims to recognize barriers and drivers for the use of solar thermal technologies in the industrial sector. A literature review summarized the existing literature problems concerning drivers and barriers for the use of solar thermal technology in the industrial sector. To establish drivers and barriers to the use of solar thermal technology in the industrial sector and to supplement the literature review, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out in this study. Case studies have been performed in India, where two companies have undergone pilot testing of solar thermal systems in their manufacturing processes, and one has an option to incorporate solar thermal systems. Purposeful sampling was used to select the companies for the interviews, while convenience sampling and the snowball sampling were used to pick interview participants, further in this research six interviews was conducted from 4 different companies in the industrial sector. The findings were presented with thematic analysis. Drivers and Barriers have been divided into themes. Namely, Drivers include futuristic technology and Barriers include high costs, infrastructure requirements, more efficient and cheaper alternatives and lack of institutional support. Futuristic technology theme explains why this technology is beneficial for industrial adoption in the Indian market. High-cost theme explains why this technology is expensive over other renewable sources. Infrastructure requirements theme explains installation barriers influencing the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial process. Efficient and cheaper alternatives theme explains competitors influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. Lack of institutional support theme explains government and multinational companies that are influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. Aspects covered by the theme, high costs were most frequently mentioned among the respondents, suggesting that barriers play a significant role in implementing solar thermal systems. In contrast, aspects covered by the themes lack institutional support, infrastructure requirements, and more efficient and cheaper alternatives have not been addressed in the literature. Finally, the study concluded that the adoption of solar thermal energy in the Industrial Sector faces various barriers and drivers that must be investigated before the implementation.

The main task of the master project is to design a new energy efficient municipal house in Drnholec. The building has two above-ground floors and partial basement. It has a two-part flat roof. One part is green, the other has the bituminous roofing. The basement contains storage spaces and a boiler room. The ground floor contains an entrance hall, toilets, restaurant, a kitchen with storage and a hall with elevated stage. The first floor contains two club rooms, toilets and a room for the air conditioning system. The vertical load-bearing structures are designed from ceramic walls. Internal walls are designed from ceramic blocks. The horizontal load-bearing structures are designed from the pre-stressed Spiroll panels. The building envelope is insulated with mineral wool. The second part of the master project focuses on designing HVAC, lighting and sewage (including stormwater storage basin). The building utilizes an automatic biomass boiler as the main heating energy source. The summer domestic water heating is supported by photovoltaics. The third part of the master project assesses and compares heating of water by photovoltaics and solar thermal collectors. The project was carried out in the AutoCAD, DEKSOFT, Excel and Word.

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