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Obtencao e caracterizacao de eletrolitos solidos de ceria-gadoliniaROCHA, RENATA A. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Soluções sólidas de CeO2:Gd2O3 foram obtidas a partir de três técnicas de síntese que se utilizam de matrizes poliméricas: técnica dos precursores poliméricos ou citratos, técnica do citrato amorfo e técnica do PVA. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a obtenção de pós reativos e cerâmicas sinterizadas densas. Para a caracterização dos materiais, foram analisadas as resinas precursoras, o pó calcinado a duas temperaturas e os compactos sinterizados. Os principais resultados mostram que: as soluções sólidas podem ser obtidas a temperaturas relativamente baixas; os pós apresentam tamanho nanométrico de partículas; a densificação é dependente da técnica de síntese e do teor de dopante. A técnica do PVA deve ser utilizada com cuidado, principalmente quando há possibilidade de ocorrer auto-ignição durante a decomposição térmica da resina precursora. Utilizando-se a técnica dos precursores poliméricos, o teor de carbono residual foi mais elevado do que nas outras duas técnicas, como esperado. A técnica do citrato amorfo foi a que permitiu obter cerâmicas mais densas. A resistividade elétrica da cerâmica sinterizada é função do teor de dopante, do teor de pureza e da porosidade, como sugerido na literatura. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:99/12494-9
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Preparacao e condutividade eletrica de eletrolitos solidos de toria-itriaCOSENTINO, IVANA C. 09 October 2014 (has links)
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04687.pdf: 7600406 bytes, checksum: 7fc9c77439b889fea7b339da3aea0adb (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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First Principles and Genetic Algorithm Studies of Lanthanide Metal Oxides for Optimal Fuel Cell Electrolyte DesignIsmail, Arif January 2011 (has links)
As the demand for clean and renewable energy sources continues to grow, much
attention has been given to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to their efficiency and low
operating temperature. However, the components of SOFCs must still be improved
before commercialization can be reached. Of particular interest is the solid electrolyte,
which conducts oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode. Samarium-doped ceria (SDC)
is the electrolyte of choice in most SOFCs today, due mostly to its high ionic
conductivity at low temperatures. However, the underlying principles that contribute to
high ionic conductivity in doped ceria remain unknown, and so it is difficult to improve
upon the design of SOFCs. This thesis focuses on identifying the atomistic interactions in
SDC which contribute to its favourable performance in the fuel cell.
Unfortunately, information as basic as the structure of SDC has not yet been
found due to the difficulty in experimentally characterizing and computationally
modelling the system. For instance, to evaluate 10.3% SDC, which is close to the 11.1%
concentration used in fuel cells, one must investigate 194 trillion configurations, due to
the numerous ways of arranging the Sm ions and oxygen vacancies in the simulation cell.
As an exhaustive search method is clearly unfeasible, we develop a genetic algorithm
(GA) to search the vast potential energy surface for the low-energy configurations, which will be most prevalent in the real material.
With the GA, we investigate the structure of SDC for the first time at the DFT+U
level of theory. Importantly, we find key differences in our results from prior calculations of this system which used less accurate methods, which demonstrate the importance of accurately modelling the system. Overall, our simulation results of the structure of SDCagree with experimental measurements. We identify the structural significance of defects in the doped ceria lattice which contribute to oxygen ion conductivity. Thus, the structure
of SDC found in this work provides a basis for developing better solid electrolytes, which
is of significant scientific and technological interest.
Following the structure search, we perform an investigation of the electronic properties of SDC, to understand more about the material. Notably, we compare our calculated density of states plot to XPS measurements of pure and reduced SDC. This allows us to parameterize the Hubbard (U) term for Sm, which had not yet been done. Importantly, the DFT+U treatment of the Sm ions also allowed us to observe in our
simulations the magnetization of SDC, which was found by experiment.
Finally, we also study the SDC surface, with an emphasis on its structural similarities to the bulk. Knowledge of the surface structure is important to be able to understand how fuel oxidation occurs in the fuel cell, as many reaction mechanisms occur on the surface of this porous material. The groundwork for such mechanistic studies is provided in this thesis.
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Síntese, caracterização estrutural, termoquímica e elétrica de materiais cerâmicos para células a combustível de óxido sólido / Synthesis, structural, thermochemical and electrical characterization of ceramic materials for solid oxide fuel cellsCosta, Gustavo Carneiro Cardoso da 16 December 2008 (has links)
Pós nanocristalinos de zircônia estabilizada com ítria ou escândia (YSZ ou ScSZ) entre 8 e 12 mol% foram sintetizados por meio dos métodos da poliacrilamida, dos precursores poliméricos e da precipitação simultânea de cátions. Os pós de partida foram analisados por difração de raios X (DRX), distribuição de tamanho de partículas por espalhamento laser, adsorção gasosa (BET), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), análise térmica simultânea, fluorescência de raios X (FRX), e espectroscopia de absorção óptica no infravermelho por refletância difusa (DRIFT). Os métodos de síntese por via úmida orgânica produziram pós nanocristalinos a partir de 550 °C, enquanto que o método da precipitação simultânea de cátions produziu pós amorfos que cristalizaram em torno de 450 °C com entalpias de cristalização -13,7 ± 0,6 kJ.mol-1 para 8YSZ e -11,7 ± 0,5 kJ.mol-1 para 12YSZ. Os valores de área de superfície específica obtidos para os pós sintetizados por meio dos métodos da poliacrilamida, dos precursores poliméricos e da precipitação (calcinados em ~ 650 °C) foram 27, 61 e 110 m2.g-1, respectivamente. Os pós obtidos pelo método da poliacrilamida apresentaram menor estado de aglomeração e maior quantidade de carbonato superficial relativamente ao pó obtido pelo método dos precursores poliméricos. A sinterização dos compactos de pós cerâmicos foi avaliada por meio da técnica de espectroscopia de impedância (EI) e dilatometria. Após sinterização, as cerâmicas foram analisadas por DRX, MEV e EI. Os resultados evidenciaram que os pós apresentaram elevada sinterabilidade, mas baixa densidade final por causa do estado de aglomeração dos pós. A adsorção de água à temperatura ambiente foi medida em um microcalorímetro Setaram Calvet e um sistema de dosagem Micromeritics. Foram feitos experimentos de calorimetria de solução por inserção de amostra em um calorímetro duplo tipo Calvet usando 3Na2O.4MoO3 como solvente. Estes experimentos, combinados com os de calorimetria de adsorção de água, permitiram determinar por meio de um ciclo termodinâmico, as entalpias de superfície para superfícies hidratadas e anidras. / Nanocrystalline yttria or scandia stabilized zirconia (YSZ, ScSZ) powders with fluorite-type structure were synthesized by the polyacrylamide, the polymeric precursor and the precipitation methods. Powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), simultaneous (TG and DTA or DSC) thermal analysis, nitrogen adsorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy (DRIFT). The organic precursor methods produced nanocrystalline powders at approximately 550 °C and the precipitation method produced amorphous powders which crystallized at approximately 450 °C into a fluorite phase with crystallization enthalpies of -13.7 ± 0.6 kJ.mol-1 for 8YSZ and -11.7 ± 0.5 kJ.mol-1 for 12YSZ. The measured surface area of powders after calcination at 650 - 800 °C were 27 m2.g-1, 61 m2.g-1 and 110 m2.g-1 for the polyacrylamide, the polymeric precursor and the precipitation methods, respectively. The sintering process of the pressed ceramic powders was evaluated by direct impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements and by dilatometry. Thereafter, the sintered pellets were analyzed by XRD, SEM and IS. The sintering studies show that the powders prepared by the chemical route have high sinterability; however, they do not sinter to high density as a result of dense aggregates in the initial powders. The heats of water adsorption at room temperature were measured on samples using a Setaram Calvet microcalorimeter and a Micromeritics gas dosing system. Drop solution calorimetry experiments were performed in a custom made Calvet twin calorimeter using sodium molybdate 3Na2O.4MoO3 solvent. These experiments, combined with water adsorption calorimetry, allowed for deriving, through a thermodynamic cycle, the surface enthalpies for hydrous and anhydrous surfaces.
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Estudo de eletrólitos sólidos cerâmicos à base de óxido de zircônio para a detecção de oxigênio / Zirconium oxide based ceramic solid electrolytes for oxygen detectionÉrica Caproni 12 February 2007 (has links)
Tendo como vantagem a elevada resistência ao choque térmico da zircônia:magnésia e a alta condutividade iônica da zircônia:ítria, compósitos dessas cerâmicas foram preparados por meio da mistura, em diferentes concentrações, de eletrólitos sólidos de ZrO2: 8,6 mol% MgO e de ZrO2: 3 mol% Y2O3, compactação e sinterização. A caracterização microestrutural foi feita por meio de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A análise do comportamento térmico foi feita por dilatometria. As propriedades elétricas foram estudadas por meio de espectroscopia de impedância. Foi feita uma montagem experimental para monitorar a resposta elétrica gerada em função do teor de oxigênio a altas temperaturas. Os principais resultados mostram que os compósitos cerâmicos são parcialmente estabilizados nas fases monoclínica, cúbica e tetragonal, e apresentam comportamento térmico similar ao apresentado por eletrólitos sólidos de zircônia:magnésia de dispositivos sensores de oxigênio. Além disso, os resultados de análise de espectroscopia de impedância mostram que a adição da zircônia:ítria melhora o comportamento elétrico da zircônia:magnésia, e que resposta elétrica gerada é dependente do teor de oxigênio a 1000 °C, mostrando ser possível construir sensores de oxigênio utilizando compósitos cerâmicos. / Taking advantage of the high thermal shock resistance of zirconia-magnesia ceramics and the high oxide ion conductivity of zirconia-yttria ceramics, composites of these ceramics were prepared by mixing, pressing and sintering different relative concentrations of ZrO2: 8.6 mol% MgO and ZrO2: 3mol% Y2O3 solid electrolytes. Microstructural analysis of the composites was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The thermal behavior was studied by dilatometric analysis. The electrical behavior was evaluated by the impedance spectroscopy technique. An experimental setup was designed for measurement the electrical signal generated as a function of the amount of oxygen at high temperatures. The main results show that these composites are partially stabilized (monoclinic, cubic and tetragonal) and the thermal behavior is similar to that of ZrO2: 8.6 mol% MgO materials used in disposable high temperature oxygen sensors. Moreover, the results of analysis of impedance spectroscopy show that the electrical conductivity of zirconia:magnesia is improved with zirconia-yttria addition and that the electrical signal depends on the amount of oxygen at 1000 °C, showing that the ceramic composites can be used in oxygen sensors.
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Estudo de eletrólitos sólidos cerâmicos à base de óxido de zircônio para a detecção de oxigênio / Zirconium oxide based ceramic solid electrolytes for oxygen detectionCaproni, Érica 12 February 2007 (has links)
Tendo como vantagem a elevada resistência ao choque térmico da zircônia:magnésia e a alta condutividade iônica da zircônia:ítria, compósitos dessas cerâmicas foram preparados por meio da mistura, em diferentes concentrações, de eletrólitos sólidos de ZrO2: 8,6 mol% MgO e de ZrO2: 3 mol% Y2O3, compactação e sinterização. A caracterização microestrutural foi feita por meio de difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A análise do comportamento térmico foi feita por dilatometria. As propriedades elétricas foram estudadas por meio de espectroscopia de impedância. Foi feita uma montagem experimental para monitorar a resposta elétrica gerada em função do teor de oxigênio a altas temperaturas. Os principais resultados mostram que os compósitos cerâmicos são parcialmente estabilizados nas fases monoclínica, cúbica e tetragonal, e apresentam comportamento térmico similar ao apresentado por eletrólitos sólidos de zircônia:magnésia de dispositivos sensores de oxigênio. Além disso, os resultados de análise de espectroscopia de impedância mostram que a adição da zircônia:ítria melhora o comportamento elétrico da zircônia:magnésia, e que resposta elétrica gerada é dependente do teor de oxigênio a 1000 °C, mostrando ser possível construir sensores de oxigênio utilizando compósitos cerâmicos. / Taking advantage of the high thermal shock resistance of zirconia-magnesia ceramics and the high oxide ion conductivity of zirconia-yttria ceramics, composites of these ceramics were prepared by mixing, pressing and sintering different relative concentrations of ZrO2: 8.6 mol% MgO and ZrO2: 3mol% Y2O3 solid electrolytes. Microstructural analysis of the composites was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The thermal behavior was studied by dilatometric analysis. The electrical behavior was evaluated by the impedance spectroscopy technique. An experimental setup was designed for measurement the electrical signal generated as a function of the amount of oxygen at high temperatures. The main results show that these composites are partially stabilized (monoclinic, cubic and tetragonal) and the thermal behavior is similar to that of ZrO2: 8.6 mol% MgO materials used in disposable high temperature oxygen sensors. Moreover, the results of analysis of impedance spectroscopy show that the electrical conductivity of zirconia:magnesia is improved with zirconia-yttria addition and that the electrical signal depends on the amount of oxygen at 1000 °C, showing that the ceramic composites can be used in oxygen sensors.
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Modification des propriétés de conduction ionique d'électrolytes pérovskites à base de lithium par substitutionGroleau, Laurence 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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From the Electronic Structure of Point Defects to Functional Properties of Metals and CeramicsAndersson, David January 2007 (has links)
Point defects are an inherent part of crystalline materials and they influence important physical and chemical properties, such as diffusion, hardness, catalytic activity and phase stability. Increased understanding of point defects enables us to tailor the defect-related properties to the application at hand. Modeling and simulation have a prominent role in acquiring this knowledge. In this thesis thermodynamic and kinetic properties of point defects in metals and ceramics are studied using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Phenomenological models are used to translate the atomic level properties, obtained from the first-principles calculations, into functional materials properties. The next paragraph presents the particular problems under study. The formation and migration of vacancies and simple vacancy clusters in copper are investigated by calculating the energies associated with these processes. The structure, stability and electronic properties of the low-oxygen oxides of titanium, TiOx with 1/3 < x < 3/2, are studied and the importance of structural vacancies is demonstrated. We develop an integrated first-principles and Calphad approach to calculate phase diagrams in the titanium-carbon-nitrogen system, with particular focus on vacancy-induced ordering of the substoichiometric carbonitride phase, TiCxNy (x+y < 1). The possibility of forming higher oxides of plutonium than plutonium dioxide is explored by calculating the enthalpies for nonstoichiometric defect-containing compounds and the analysis shows that such oxidation is only produced by strong oxidants. For ceria (CeO2) doped with trivalent ions from the lanthanide series we probe the connection between the choice of a dopant and the improvement of ionic conductivity by studying the oxygen-vacancy formation and migration properties. The significance of minimizing the dopant-vacancy interactions is highlighted. We investigate the redox thermodynamics of CeO2-MO2 solid solutions with M being Ti, Zr, Hf, Th, Si, Ge, Sn or Pb and show that reduction is facilitated by small solutes. The results in this thesis are relevant for the performance of solid electrolytes, which are an integral part of solid oxide fuel cells, oxygen storage materials in automotive three-way catalysts, nuclear waste materials and cutting tool materials. / QC 20100622
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A High-Performance Mo2C-ZrO2 Anode Catalyst for Intermediate-Temperature Fuel CellsHibino, Takashi, Sano, Mitsuru, Nagao, Masahiro, Heo, Pilwon January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Sn0.9In0.1P2O7-Based Organic/Inorganic Composite Membranes : Application to Intermediate-Temperature Fuel CellsHibino, Takashi, Tomita, Atsuko, Sano, Mitsuru, Kamiya, Toshio, Nagao, Masahiro, Heo, Pilwon January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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