<p>High temperature filtration in combustion and gasification processes is a highly interdisciplinary field. Thus, particle technology in general has to be supported by elements of physics, chemistry, thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer processes. This topic can be addressed in many ways, phenomenological, based on the up stream processes (i.e. dust/aerosol formation and characterisation) or apparatus oriented.</p><p>The efficiency of the thermochemical conversion process and the subsequent emission control are major important areas in the development of environmentally sound and sustainable technology. Both are highly important for combustion and gasification plant design, operation and economy. </p><p>This thesis is divided into four parts:</p><p>I. High temperature cleaning in combustion processes.</p><p>II. Design evaluations of the Panel Bed Filter technology.</p><p>III. Biomass gasification</p><p>IV. High temperature cleaning of biomass gasification product gas</p><p>The first part validates the filter performance through field experiments on a full scale filter element employed to a biomass combustion process and relates the results to state of the art within comparable technologies (i.e. based on surface filtration). The derived field experience led to new incentives in the search for a simplified design featuring increased capacity. Thus, enabling both high efficiency and simplified production and maintenance. A thorough examination of design fundamentals leading to the development of a new filter geometry is presented.</p><p>It is evident that the up-stream process has significant influence upon the operation conditions of a filter unit. This has lead to a detailed investigation of some selected aspects related to the thermochemical conversion. Furthermore, the influence of fuel characteristics upon conversion and product gas quality is discussed.</p><p>The last part discusses the quality of biomass gasification product gas and requirements put upon the utilisation of this gas in turbines, diesel engines or other high temperature applications. Filtration experiments conducted on product gas derived from wood gasification are reported and discussed.</p>

High temperature filtration in combustion and gasification processes is a highly interdisciplinary field. Thus, particle technology in general has to be supported by elements of physics, chemistry, thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer processes. This topic can be addressed in many ways, phenomenological, based on the up stream processes (i.e. dust/aerosol formation and characterisation) or apparatus oriented. The efficiency of the thermochemical conversion process and the subsequent emission control are major important areas in the development of environmentally sound and sustainable technology. Both are highly important for combustion and gasification plant design, operation and economy. This thesis is divided into four parts: I. High temperature cleaning in combustion processes. II. Design evaluations of the Panel Bed Filter technology. III. Biomass gasification IV. High temperature cleaning of biomass gasification product gas The first part validates the filter performance through field experiments on a full scale filter element employed to a biomass combustion process and relates the results to state of the art within comparable technologies (i.e. based on surface filtration). The derived field experience led to new incentives in the search for a simplified design featuring increased capacity. Thus, enabling both high efficiency and simplified production and maintenance. A thorough examination of design fundamentals leading to the development of a new filter geometry is presented. It is evident that the up-stream process has significant influence upon the operation conditions of a filter unit. This has lead to a detailed investigation of some selected aspects related to the thermochemical conversion. Furthermore, the influence of fuel characteristics upon conversion and product gas quality is discussed. The last part discusses the quality of biomass gasification product gas and requirements put upon the utilisation of this gas in turbines, diesel engines or other high temperature applications. Filtration experiments conducted on product gas derived from wood gasification are reported and discussed.

Paper II reprinted with kind permission of Elsivier, science direct.com.

Paper II reprinted with kind permission of Elsivier, science direct.com.

This thesis concerns with design of manufacturing system for specific company. Object of manufacture is warmwater boiler for solid fuels. Analysis of this object, design of necessary technologies, manipulation and transportation concept, layout concept and economic efectiveness of investment realization evaluation are apart of this thesis.

This thesis investigates the use of the Stagnation-Point Reverse-Flow (SPRF) combustor geometry for burning low-grade solid fuels that are attractive for specific industrial applications because of their low cost and on-site availability. These fuels are in general, hard to burn, either because of high moisture and impurity-content, e.g. biomass, or their low-volatiles content, e.g., petroleum-coke. This results in various challenges to the combustor designer, for example reduced flame stability and poor combustion efficiency. Conventional solutions include preheating the incoming flow as well as co-firing with high-grade fuels. The SPRF combustor geometry has been chosen because it was demonstrated to operate stably on standard gaseous and liquid-fuels corresponding to ultra fuel-lean conditions and power densities at atmospheric-pressure around 20-25 MW/m3. Previous studies on the SPRF combustor have proven that the unique, reverse flow-geometry allows entrainment of near-adiabatic products into the incoming reactants, thereby enhancing the reactivity of the mixture. Further, the presence of the stagnation-end created a region of low mean velocities and high levels of unsteadiness and mixing-rates that supported the reaction-zones. In this study, we examine the performance of the SPRF geometry on a specific low grade solid fuel, petroleum coke. There are three main goals of this thesis. The first goal is the design of a SPRF combustor to operate on solid-fuels based on a design-scaling methodology, as well as demonstration of successful operation corresponding to a baseline condition. The second goal involves understanding the mode of operation of the SPRF combustor on solid-fuels based on visualization studies. The third goal of this thesis is developing and using reduced-order models to better understand and predict the ignition and quasi-steady burning behavior of dispersed-phase particles in the SPRF combustor. The SPRF combustor has been demonstrated to operate stably on pure-oxygen and a slurry made from water and petroleum-coke, both at the baseline conditions (125 kW, 18 g/s, ~25 µm particles) and higher power-densities and powder sizes. For an overall combustor length less than a meter, combustion is not complete (global combustion efficiency less than 70%). Luminance imaging results indicate the incoming reactant jet ignites and exhibits intense burning at the mid-combustor region, around 15 jet diameters downstream of the inlet, most likely due to enhanced mixing as a result of the highly unsteady velocity field. This roughly corresponds to the location of the reaction zones in the previous SPRF combustors operating on gas and liquid fuels. Planar laser visualization of the reacting flow-field using particle-scattering reveals that ignition of a significant amount of the reactants occurs only after the incoming jet has broken into reactant packets. Post-ignition, these burning packets burn out slowly as they reverse direction and exit the combustor on either side of the central injector. This is unlike the behavior in liquid and gas-fueled operation where the incoming reactants burned across a highly corrugated, thin-flame front. Based on these findings, as well as the results of previous SPRF studies, an idealized model of combustor operation based on a plug flow reactor has been developed. The predictions suggest that fuel-conversion efficiency is enhanced by the combustor operating pressure and lowered by the heat-losses. Overall, this effort has shown the SPRF geometry is a promising compact-combustor concept for self-sustained operation on low-grade solid-fuels for typical high-pressure applications such as direct steam-generation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that future designs for the specific application previously mentioned have a shorter base-combustor with lower heat-losses and a longer steam-generation section for injection of water.

Die Qualität der hergestellten Brennstoffpellets wird wesentlich vom Holzanteil und Wassergehalt des Pelletiergutes sowie von der Presskanallänge der eingesetzten Pelletpresse bestimmt. Werden die Pellets ohne Holzzusatz aus Braunkohlenxylit hergestellt, erreichen diese nahezu das Festigkeitsniveau kommerzieller Holzpellets. Wesentlich für das Trocknungsverhalten von Xylit- und Xylit-Holz-Pellets ist deren Zusammensetzung, die Trocknungstemperatur ist nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Als domininierender Bindemechanismus konnte der Faserformschluss identifiziert werden, wobei dieser durch Adhäsions- und Kristallisationseffekte infolge der hydro-mechanischen Aktivierung des Rohmaterials im Nassaufschlussprozess begünstigt wird. Die Xylit- und Xylit-Holz-Pellets erfordern eine auf im Vergleich zu Holzpellets aschereiche Brennstoffe ausgelegte Feuerungstechnik, wobei durch die Holzzugabe verbrennungstechnische Vorteile wie geringere NOx- und SO2-Emissionen erreicht werden können.

Uppdragsgivaren Precer Group erbjuder tekniska lösningar för produktion av el genom ren förbränning av olika typer av fasta bränslen. Tekniken är anpassningsbar för att användas som återladdningskälla i olika typer av hybridfordon samt för produktion av el till bostäder och fritidshus. Arbetet har som syfte att presentera keramiska material till två olika zoner i Precers generation 2 drivlina där metallbränslen förbränns i en temperatur på 1800 °C. I Zon1 ska keramen klara en maximal temperatur på 2300°C och ha isolationsegenskaper. Till Zon2 önskas förmågan att motstå vidhäftning av heta partiklar och materialet ska kunna appliceras som ytbeläggning på befintligt rostfritt stål. Maximal temperatur i denna zon är 1100°C. Av de material som presenteras i arbetet är fullt stabiliserad Zirkoniumoxid (ZrO2) det enda materialet som klarar temperaturskravet i Zon1. ZrO2 har en låg värmeledningsförmåga på 2W/m*°C vilket resulterar i en god isolationsförmåga. Stora delar av arbetet är riktat till Zon2 där tester påvisar att keramiska material har en bättre förmåga att motstå vidhäftning av heta metallpartiklar än det befintliga rostfria stålet. De tre ytbeläggningar som testades var aluminiumoxid, zirkoniumoxid, och aluminia. Väljs istället att använda solida keramiska material ökar utbudet och material så som kiselkarbid( SiC), aluminiumtitanat(Al2TiO2), och kiselnitrid (Si3N4) är också tänkbara. Ett slutgiltigt materialval ansågs vara svårbedömt då konstruktionsunderlag saknades. / The Client Precer Group offers technical solutions for the production of electricity through clean combustion of various types of solid fuels. The technology is adaptable for use as a recharge source in different types of hybrid vehicles and for the production of electricity to homes. The aim of this exam paper is to examine the possibility to use ceramics in Precers new drivetrain where metal fuels are burned at a temperature of 1800 °C. There are two different zones to examine. In Zon1, the ceramic should withstand a maximum temperature of 2300°C and have insulation properties. The ability to resist adhesion of hot metall particles is desirable in Zone 2, where the maximum temperature is 1100°C. There is also a request that the ceramic is to be applied as a coating. Of the materials that where found, fully stabilized zirconia (ZrO2) is the only material that can withstand the demanding temperature in Zone1. The material has a low thermal conductivity at 2W/m°C that results in good insulation. The ability to withstand adhesion was estimated and the results indicate that ceramic materials have a higher capacity to withstand adhesion of hot metall particles than the existing stainless steel. The three coatings tested where pure Alumina, Zirconia, and Alumina 3% Titania. If solid ceramics are to be used instead, the range of materials is increased. Materials such as Silconcarbide (SiC), Aluminimtitanate (Al2TiO2) and siliconnitride (Si3N4) are also possible candidates. A final choice of materiel was considered to be hard because the lack of design documentation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Mezher Silva Pereira.pdf: 5290632 bytes, checksum: e2db559e31f1137c72cb9a649635434d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / This paper studies the effects in a copper (Cu) alloy with the addition of Nickel (Ni), Silver (Ag) and Yttria (Y2O3), the metal-ceramic (cermet) alloy was manufactured by Powder Metallurgy (PM), this technique was chosen because it is advantageous when working with alloy elements with large difference in melting point, vapor pressure and density. It was used with the intention of creating a composite with good mechanical and electrical strength, capable to be measured by analyzing samples (including fractography) besides the usual experimental procedures of hardness and current tests. The results aim to explore some characteristics of this alloy as well as investigate and pursue such physical properties to meet current technology needs principally related as an option to anode of solid fuels or electrical contact in low temperatures. In general the study was satisfactory as it presents significant data especially in regard to the interaction of some physical characteristics on microscopic level of the components studied in this cermet that is still unknown and requires continued research. A fact that can be highlighted is the apparent lack of diffusion of Yttria particles that, as noted in the electronic mapping, were lodged between copper particles causing a not very homogeneous dispersion of the components in the alloy. This factor was most likely caused by low effectiveness compression and sintering of the samples, also impacting significantly on the hardness values and the conductivity values of about 29% IACS which measured in ambient temperature for metal alloys would be low, but for this metal-ceramic alloy is reasonable, as they have some inverse physical properties when exposed to cold temperatures resulting in lower resistivity values and higher critical temperatures making it suitable for low temperature electrical contacts. Y3 (Cu 90%/ Ni5%/ Ag3%/ Y2O32%) and Y6 (Cu 90%/ Ni7%/ Ag0%/ Y2O33%) samples with high concentration of Ni and low concentrations of Y2O3 had higher hardness values, and Y7 (Cu 95%/ Ni0%/ Ag0%/ Y2O35%) sample with high Cu concentration presented higher conductivity between all the samples. / Este trabalho estuda os efeitos da de Níquel (Ni), Prata (Ag) e Ítria (Y2O3) em uma liga de Cobre (Cu). Esta liga metal-cerâmica (cermeto) foi fabricada através da Metalurgia do Pó (MP), que foi escolhida pois é vantajosa quando se trabalha com ligas de elementos com grande diferença de ponto de fusão, pressão de vapor e densidade. Esta técnica foi utilizada objetivando criar um composto com resistência mecânica e elétrica e que pudesse ser mensurado e caracterizado através da análise de amostras por meio de procedimentos experimentais usuais de dureza e de corrente elétrica assim como fratografia. Os resultados mostram e exploram algumas características interessantes desta liga, e ao investigar tais propriedades físicas objetiva-se satisfazer as necessidades tecnológicas atuais principalmente como opções para uso como ânodo de combustível sólido ou como contato elétrico para baixas temperaturas. De modo geral o estudo foi satisfatório já que apresenta dados marcantes principalmente no que se diz respeito à interação de algumas características físicas a nível microscópico dos componentes estudados neste cermeto que ainda é pouco conhecido e requer continuidade de pesquisa. Um fato que pode ser ressaltado é a aparente não difusão das partículas de Ítria que, como observado nos mapeamentos eletrônicos, ficaram alojadas entre os aglutinados de cobre fazendo com que a dispersão dos componentes na liga não fosse homogênea. Tal fator muito provavelmente foi causado pela baixa eficácia da compactação e também da sinterização das amostras o que impactou consideravelmente nos valores de dureza que ficaram abaixo do esperado, assim como os valores de condutividade por volta de 29 %IACS que medidos a temperatura ambiente para uma liga exclusivamente metálica seria considerado baixo, mas no caso desta liga metal-cerâmica é bastante razoável. Já que possuem algumas propriedades físicas inversas quando submetidas a baixas temperaturas resultando em valores de resistividade mais baixos e temperaturas críticas mais elevadas ideais para contatos elétricos a baixa temperatura. As amostras Y3 (Cu 90%/ Ni5%/ Ag3%/ Y2O32%) e Y6 (Cu 90%/ Ni7%/ Ag0%/ Y2O33%) com alta concentração de Ni e baixa concentração de Y2O3 apresentaram maior dureza, e a amostra Y7 (Cu 95%/ Ni0%/ Ag0%/ Y2O35%) com alta concentração de Cu maior condutividade.

Die Qualität der hergestellten Brennstoffpellets wird wesentlich vom Holzanteil und Wassergehalt des Pelletiergutes sowie von der Presskanallänge der eingesetzten Pelletpresse bestimmt. Werden die Pellets ohne Holzzusatz aus Braunkohlenxylit hergestellt, erreichen diese nahezu das Festigkeitsniveau kommerzieller Holzpellets. Wesentlich für das Trocknungsverhalten von Xylit- und Xylit-Holz-Pellets ist deren Zusammensetzung, die Trocknungstemperatur ist nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Als domininierender Bindemechanismus konnte der Faserformschluss identifiziert werden, wobei dieser durch Adhäsions- und Kristallisationseffekte infolge der hydro-mechanischen Aktivierung des Rohmaterials im Nassaufschlussprozess begünstigt wird. Die Xylit- und Xylit-Holz-Pellets erfordern eine auf im Vergleich zu Holzpellets aschereiche Brennstoffe ausgelegte Feuerungstechnik, wobei durch die Holzzugabe verbrennungstechnische Vorteile wie geringere NOx- und SO2-Emissionen erreicht werden können.