This thesis applies a numerical model to study the propagation of internal solitary wave based on a two-dimensional model developed by Lynett and Liu (2002) and modified by Cheng et al. (2005).The numerical model derived assumes weak nonlinearity and weak dispersion in a two-layer inviscid fluid system. The governing continuity and momentum equations are solved and the real topography is included in the wave model. In order to improve the accuracy of simulation, mixed-layer thickness is allowed to change from place to place. Initial conditions are modified so that wave forms of non-hyperbolic -secant functions and wave fronts taken by satellite can be used. The diffraction near the island of Dongsha is simulated, and results of both fixed and variable mixed-layer thickness are compared. Simulated waveform in MODIS images after 24 hours are compared with other wave fronts of the same image. Laterally, internal waves can become very wide when it is far away from its origin. The extra energy can be explained by nonlinear wave-wave interaction because the energy of large amplitude internal wave increases after interacting with smaller internal waves.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-07-11T21:45:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o-defesa-1.pdf: 1721541 bytes, checksum: 58ddaafa9ef0b17a788f4c20418c261e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T21:45:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o-defesa-1.pdf: 1721541 bytes, checksum: 58ddaafa9ef0b17a788f4c20418c261e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-17 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / This work has aimed to evaluate the size and shape of the wing of individuals of three Euglossini bee species (Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758), Euglossa ignita Smith, 1874 and Eulaema atleticana Nem?sio, 2009). For that, geometric morphometrics methods, as well as landscape metrics, were used for such evaluation. The analyzed specimens were collected in five areas, being four forest areas and one area of Agroforestry System (SAF). Morphometric analyzis were started with the right wing photograph of the individuals of each species and with the determination of anatomical landmarks and semilandmarks. Subsequently, the Cartesian coordinates obtained were used for analysis of variance of the shape and size of the wing of the populations. The results of the shape analysis were significant for the three species (p<0.05) and demonstrated that the individuals collected within the SAF area have had the greatest divergences in the shape of the wing. On the other hand, size differences were significant only for the populations of E. ignita (ANOVA: F = 5.923 and p = 0.00045). For E. cordata and El. Atleticana, there has been a significant correlation between morphometric data and landscape metrics (r<0.05), which shows a close relationship between these species and the forest cover. Thus, the present work underlines the importance of Euglossini bees in environmental quality monitoring studies, since morphometrics differences may reveal the existence of environmental stress. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o tamanho e a forma da asa de indiv?duos de tr?s esp?cies de abelha Euglossini (Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758), Euglossa ignita Smith, 1874 e Eulaema atleticana Nem?sio, 2009) em resposta ? estrutura da paisagem. Assim, as abelhas foram coletadas em quatro fragmentos florestais com marcante influ?ncia antr?pica e numa ?rea de sistema agroflorestal(SAF). Para tal avalia??o, utilizou-se m?todos de morfometria geom?trica, bem como m?tricas da paisagem. As an?lises morfom?tricas iniciaram com a fotografia da asa direita dos indiv?duos de cada esp?cie e com a determina??o de marcos e semimarcos anat?micos. Posteriormente, as coordenadas cartesianas obtidas foram utilizadas para an?lise de vari?ncia da forma e do tamanho da asa das popula??es. Os resultados da an?lise de forma foram significativos (p<0.05) para as tr?s esp?cies e demonstraram que os indiv?duos coletados dentro da ?rea de SAF possuem as maiores diverg?ncias na forma da asa. Por sua vez, as diferen?as de tamanho foram significativas apenas para as popula??es de E. ignita (ANOVA: F= 4,557 e p= 0,001801. Para E. cordata e El. atleticana, houve correla??o significativa entre dados morfom?tricos e as m?tricas da paisagem (r<0.05), o que demonstra uma estreita rela??o destas esp?cies com a cobertura florestal. Assim, o presente trabalho salienta a import?ncia das abelhas Euglossini nos estudos de monitoramento de qualidade ambiental, uma vez que diferen?as morfom?tricas podem revelar a exist?ncia de stress ambiental.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-03-01T00:40:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O Claudia.pdf: 581878 bytes, checksum: 64bfb898fa3dfecf415c1fe65fad5fbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-01T00:40:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O Claudia.pdf: 581878 bytes, checksum: 64bfb898fa3dfecf415c1fe65fad5fbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to investigate the acceptance of cavities with different lengths for nesting and the cavity size effects on the sex ratio and offspring mortality of solitary bees in two agricultural areas in Feira de Santana, Brazil. The samplings were carried out monthly, during 12 months, using trap-nesting (=NA) length 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm. A total of 124 nests, 591 building cells, and 479 emerging imago were sampled. There was a higher number of nesting in area I (n=86) than in area II (n=38). Centris analis Fabricius 1804, Centris tarsata Smith, 1874, and two Megachile species nested in ?rea I, being C. analis the specie with highest number of established nest (n=72, 83.7%), while other species had low nesting frequency (4%) and a higher bee richness, with six species occupying the trap-nesting. Tetrapedia diversipes Klug, 1810, established highest number of nest (n=29, 76.3%). Species used different NA size in both areas. In the area I, they nesting with higher frequency in NA with 10 cm (38%) and 15 cm (38%), while in the area II, there was cavity occupation with 20 cm (50%). Bees nested in most part of the year, except in months of autumn-winter, between April and August, when the bee nesting frequency was reduced or the activity was suspended. The natural enemies that emerged from the nests were species of Hymenoptera Coelioxoides sp, Mesocheira bicolor Fabricius, 1804, and a species of Chrysididae. The mortality rate by unknown reason in the areas I and II was 21.4% and 13.5% respectively, with higher incidence recorded to Centris analis. There was a higher mortality in smallest nests (5 cm) and there was no difference among the cavities with 10, 15, and 20 cm. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a utiliza??o de cavidades de diferentes comprimentos para confec??o de ninhos e os efeitos do tamanho da cavidade sobre a raz?o sexual e mortalidade da prole de abelhas solit?rias. O estudo foi conduzido em duas ?reas agr?colas no munic?pio de Feira de Santana, Bahia. Foram realizadas amostragens mensais durante 12 meses, usando ninhos-armadilha (NA) de comprimento 5, 10, 15 e 20 cm. Foram obtidos 124 ninhos, 591 c?lulas de cria constru?das e 479 imagos emergentes. Houve maior n?mero de nidifica??es na ?rea I (n=86) do que na ?rea II (n= 38). Centris analis Fabricius 1804, Centris tarsata Smith, 1874 e duas esp?cies de Megachile nidificaram na ?rea I, sendo C. analis a esp?cie com maior n?mero de ninhos estabelecidos (n=72, 83,7%), enquanto as outras esp?cies tiveram baixa freq??ncia de nidifica??o. A ?rea II apresentou menor freq??ncia de nidifica??o (4%) e maior riqueza de abelhas, com seis esp?cies ocupando os ninhos-armadilha. Tetrapedia diversipes Klug, 1810, estabeleceu maior n?mero de ninhos (n=29, 76,3%). As esp?cies utilizaram diferentemente os tamanhos de NA nas duas ?reas. Na ?rea I, as abelhas nidificaram com maior freq??ncia nos NA de 10 cm (38%) e de 15 cm (38%), enquanto na ?rea II houve maior ocupa??o das cavidades de 20 cm (50%). As abelhas nidificaram na maior parte do ano, com exce??o dos meses de outono-inverno, entre abril e agosto, quando a frequ?ncia de nidifica??o das abelhas foi reduzida ou a atividade foi suspensa. Os inimigos naturais que emergiram dos ninhos inclu?ram esp?cies de abelhas Coelioxoides sp, Mesocheira bicolor Fabricius, 1804 e uma esp?cie de Chrysididae. A taxa de mortalidade por causas desconhecidas nas ?reas I e II foi respectivamente 21,4% e 13,5%, com maior incid?ncia registrada em Centris analis. Houve uma maior mortalidade nos ninhos curtos (5 cm), n?o havendo diferen?a entre as cavidades de 10, 15 e 20 cm.