No description available.

The United States is the second largest producer of oranges and grapefruit. However, the US citrus industry experiences constraints in production due to pests, diseases and environmental concerns. Furthermore, due to the low diversity in current commercial scion cultivars any exotic diseases, if introduced into any of the producing states could be devastating. To maintain the US industry competitiveness it is necessary to improve cold, pest and disease resistance to allow expansion of citrus production areas in the US, and to improve fruit quality characteristics such as sweetness, vitamins and phytochemical contents and seedlessness. Sexual hybridization in most Citrus species is complicated because they are highly apomictic. Polyembryony makes it difficult to create large segregating populations for selection. Somatic hybridization by protoplast fusion circumvents sexual incompatibilities and is a powerful tool in genetic improvement. Symmetric and asymmetric hybdridization (gamma irradiation plus iodoacetamide) via protoplast fusion were performed with the objective of producing somatic hybrids of Citrus paradisi with C. sinensis and C. reticulata with C. sinensis. These hybrids could be used for grapefruit improvement and to create genetic diversity. Furthermore, irradiated Swinglea glutinosa microprotoplasts were fused with ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit and ‘Mucott’ tangor to assess the possibility of introgression of pieces of S. glutinosa chromosomes into the recipient protoplasts, a possible first step for radiation hybrid mapping. Double-inactivated fusions (irradiation + iodoacetamide) produced tetraploid and aneuploid plants, and hybridity was confirmed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. This is the first report of obtaining rooted Citrus asymmetric hybrid plants, produced by irradiation plus iodoacetamide. AFLP confirmed presence of S. glutinosa into the receptor genomes, showing a possible donor introgression.

The major objective of this study was to produce synthetic genotypes of Brassica juncea from its parental species <i> B. rapa </i> and <i> B. nigra </i> via somatic and sexual hybridization. As prerequisites for somatic hybridization experiments, methods were developed to improve the culture of mesophyll and hypocotyl protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i>, to obtain reliable plant regeneration from mesophyll protoplast cultures of <i> B. nigra </i>, and to fuse protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i>. A modified Kao's medium (1977), was found suitable for the culture of mesophyll protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i>. At a density of approximately $110\sp5$ protoplasts/ml within a culture plate insert surrounded by culture medium, mesophyll protoplast cultures of <i> B. nigra </i> accessions R890, R1819, R3392 and U1218 and <i> B. rapa </i> cvs. R500 and Wong Bok formed colonies. Genotypic differences in cell division and colony formation were observed. Hypocotyl protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> and <i> B. rapa </i> were successfully isolated from 6 day-old seedlings cultured in a modified Kao's medium (1977). With <i> B. nigra </i> accession R890 and <i> B. rapa </i> cv. R500, cell division and colony formation were optimal when hypocotyl protoplasts were cultured at a density of 0.5 to $1.010\sp5$ protoplasts/ml within a culture plate insert surrounded by a nurse culture of 4 to 6 day-old mesophyll protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i>. Plant regeneration was obtained from mesophyll protoplast-derived calli of <i> B. nigra </i> accession R890 originally cultured in inserts; a shoot regeneration frequency of 8.1% was obtained on a medium containing the salts and vitamins of medium K3 (Nagy and Maliga 1976) with 3 g/l sucrose, 18.2 g/l mannitol, 2 mg/l ZR, 0.1 mg/l NAA, 10 g/l agarose, pH 5.6. For somatic hybridizatian studies, methods were developed to select out parental protoplasts using iodoacetic acid and to efficiently fuse protoplasts on the bottom of a petri dish using PEG. Twenty-nine plants were recovered from fusion experiments between mesophyll protoplasts of <i> B. nigra </i> accession R890 and hypocotyl protoplasts of <i> B. rapa </i> cv. Tobin. The somatic hybrid plants resembled natural <i> B. juncea </i>, had $2n=36$ chromosomes and had pollen viabilities ranging from 30 to 45%. Twenty-one plants, derived from one callus colony, possessed the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of <i> B. rapa </i>, as found in natural <i> B. juncea </i>. Eight plants, derived from another callus, had a novel cytoplasmic combination consisting of the mitochondrial genome of <i> B. rapa </i> and the chloroplast genome of <i> B. nigra </i>. Synthetic genotypes of <i> B. juncea </i> were also produced from reciprocal sexual crosses between <i> B. rapa </i> and <i> B. nigra </i>. Seventy-eight interspecific hybrid plants from the cross <i> B. rapa </i> x <i> B. nigra </i> and six hybrid plants from the reciprocal cross were identified by their morphology, pollen viability and chromosome number. The colchicine-induced allotetraploids resembled natural <i> B. juncea </i> in morphology, had 18 bivalents at metaphase I, and had between 35 and 70% pollen viability.

The United States is the second largest producer of oranges and grapefruit. However, the US citrus industry experiences constraints in production due to pests, diseases and environmental concerns. Furthermore, due to the low diversity in current commercial scion cultivars any exotic diseases, if introduced into any of the producing states could be devastating. To maintain the US industry competitiveness it is necessary to improve cold, pest and disease resistance to allow expansion of citrus production areas in the US, and to improve fruit quality characteristics such as sweetness, vitamins and phytochemical contents and seedlessness. Sexual hybridization in most Citrus species is complicated because they are highly apomictic. Polyembryony makes it difficult to create large segregating populations for selection. Somatic hybridization by protoplast fusion circumvents sexual incompatibilities and is a powerful tool in genetic improvement. Symmetric and asymmetric hybdridization (gamma irradiation plus iodoacetamide) via protoplast fusion were performed with the objective of producing somatic hybrids of Citrus paradisi with C. sinensis and C. reticulata with C. sinensis. These hybrids could be used for grapefruit improvement and to create genetic diversity. Furthermore, irradiated Swinglea glutinosa microprotoplasts were fused with ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit and ‘Mucott’ tangor to assess the possibility of introgression of pieces of S. glutinosa chromosomes into the recipient protoplasts, a possible first step for radiation hybrid mapping. Double-inactivated fusions (irradiation + iodoacetamide) produced tetraploid and aneuploid plants, and hybridity was confirmed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. This is the first report of obtaining rooted Citrus asymmetric hybrid plants, produced by irradiation plus iodoacetamide. AFLP confirmed presence of S. glutinosa into the receptor genomes, showing a possible donor introgression.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A hibridação somática via fusão de protoplastos é um método de combinação genética que agrega integralmente os dois genomas genitores, assim como suas respectivas organelas citoplasmáticas, sendo uma ferramenta alternativa aos métodos convencionais de melhoramento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de híbridos somáticos interespecíficos de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) \'Pêra\' e \'Westin\' com a tangerina \'Fremont\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan. x C. reticulata Blanco), \'Thomas\' (C. reticulata Blanco) e \'Nules\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan), e o tangelo \'Nova\' (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) visando à produção de genitores tetraplóides com características agronômicas desejáveis. Como fontes de protoplastos foram utilizados calos embriogênicos de laranja e folhas jovens de tangerina e tangelo, coletadas de plantas cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação. Para o isolamento dos protoplastos, as células de ambas as fontes foram imersas em solução enzimática e incubadas no escuro por 14 horas, sob agitação. Após o isolamento, os protoplastos isolados de calos foram fundidos quimicamente (polietilenoglicol - PEG) com protoplastos não embriogênicos, isolados de mesofilo foliar. Em seguida, os protoplastos foram plaqueados nos meios de cultura líquido BH3, EME e BH3 + EME, e incubados em ausência de luz, sob temperatura de 27 ºC. Após 20 dias de incubação, foram iniciados subcultivos sequenciais para nutrição e redução do potencial osmótico do meio de cultura. Os microcalos desenvolvidos foram transferidos para meio de cultura EME + maltose (13 g.L-1) para a indução da embriogênese somática. Os embriões desenvolvidos foram transferidos para meio de cultura EME + sacarose (25 g.L-1) e em seguida para o meio de cultura 1500 (1,5 g.L-1 de extrato de malte) e finalmente para o meio B+ para desenvolvimento e germinação. As plantas regeneradas foram individualizadas, enraizadas ou microenxertadas e aclimatizadas em casa-devegetação. A confirmação da hibridação somática foi feita por análise morfológica, determinação da ploidia, por citometria de fluxo e análise do DNA com marcadores moleculares do tipo SSR e RAPD. Foram obtidos híbridos somáticos de três combinações (Pêra + Fremont, Pêra + Nules e Pêra + Nova) os quais serão avaliados para utilização diretamente como copa ou como genitor tetraplóide em programas de melhoramento de citros. / Somatic hybridization by protoplasts fusion is a method of genetic combination of two parental genomes, and their cytoplasmic organelles. It is an alternative tool to conventional breeding methods. The objective of this work was to obtain interspecific somatic hybrids of \'Pera\' and \'Westin\' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) with \'Fremont\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan. x C. reticulata Blanco), \'Thomas\' (C. reticulata Blanco) and \'Nules\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan) mandarins and Nova tangelo (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) to produce tetraploid parents with desirable agronomic characteristics. The sources of protoplasts were sweet orange embryogenic callus and mandarin and tangelo young leaves, collected from plants cultivated in screenhouses. For protoplasts isolation, cells from both sources were immersed in enzyme solution and incubated in the dark for 14 hours (40 rpm). After isolation, the protoplasts isolated from callus were fused chemically (polyethylene glycol - PEG) with non embryogenic protoplasts, isolated from leaf mesophyll. The protoplasts were cultivated in BH3, BH3 + EME and EME liquid culture media and incubated in the dark, under temperature of 27 ºC. After 20 days of incubation, subcultures were initiated in order to reduce the osmotic potential of culture medium. The microcalus developed were transferred to EME medium supplemented with maltose (13 g.L-1) to induce somatic embryogenesis. The developed embryos were transferred into EME + sucrose (25 g.L- 1), culture medium 1500 (1.5 g.L-1 of malt extract) or B+ culture medium for development and germination. The regenerated plants were individually rooted or micrografted, and further acclimatized in screenhouse. Somatic hybridization was confirmed by analysis of leaf morphology, ploidy determination by flow cytometry and molecular analysis by SSR and RAPD markers. Somatic hybrids were obtained of the three combinations (Pera + Fremont, Pêra + Nules and Pêra + Nova) which will be evaluated for direct are as scion or as a tetraploid parent in citrus breeding programs.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a técnica de fusão química de protoplastos para desenvolver híbridos somáticos interespecíficos entre tangerinas (Citrus reticulata) e toranjas (Citrus grandis), visando a obtenção de porta-enxertos semelhantes à laranja azeda Citrus aurantium). Como fonte de protoplastos foram utilizadas suspensões celulares embriogênicas de tangelo \'Page\' (C. reticulata x C. paradisi) e tangor \'Murcote\' (C. reticulata x C. sinensis) e folhas jovens de seedlings de toranjas \'Lau Tau\' e \'Ogami\' (Citrus grandis). Após a fusão os protoplastos foram cultivados sob ausência de luz, até a formação de microcolônias, que foram então cultivadas em meio de cultura EME em dupla-fase, suplementado com 13,33 g/L de maltose para a indução da embriogênese. Os embriões globulares formados foram transferidos para meio EME com 25 g/L de sacarose e quando em estádio cotiledonar foram transferidos para meio de cultura suplementado com 1,5 g/L de extrato de malte. As brotações obtidas foram enxertadas in vitro sobre laranja \'Hamlin\' e \'Valência\'. As plantas obtidas foram levadas para casa de vegetação e cultivadas em substrato comercial. As 17 plantas regeneradas de tangelo \'Page\' + toranja \'Lau Tau\' apresentaram conformação fenotípica adversa aos genitores, com folhas de tamanho reduzido, ápice arredondado, coloração verde escura, mesófilo enrugado e ausência de pecíolo alado. A análise de citometria de fluxo confirmou o caráter diplóide das plantas regeneradas. Marcadores moleculares RAPD apresentaram padrão de bandas similar entre a planta regenerada e o genitor tangelo \'Page\'. O protocolo utilizado para isolamento, fusão e cultura de protoplastos, bem como para a regeneração e aclimatização de plantas permitiram a obtenção 17 plantas da combinação entre tangelo \'Page\' e toranja \'Lau Tau\' com conformação fenotípica diferente dos genitores, duas plantas da combinação entre tangor \'Murcote\' e toranja \'Ogami\' e uma planta da combinação entre tangor \'Murcote\' e toranja \'Lau Tau\'. / The aim of this work was to apply the technique of chemical fusion of protoplasts, in order to develop interspecific somatic hybrids between mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and pummelos (Citrus grandis), in order to produce similar to sour orange (Citrus aurantium). The sources for protoplasts were embryogenic suspension cultures of \'Page\' tangelo (C. reticulata x C. paradisi) and \'Murcott\' tangor (C. reticulata x C. sinensis) and young leaves from seedlings of \'Lau Tau\' and \'Ogami\' pummelos (Citrus grandis). After the fusion, the protoplasts were cultivated in the absence of light, until the formation of microcolonies, and were then cultivated in double-phase EME medium, supplemented with 13.33 g/L of maltose for embryogenesis induction. The globular embryos thus formed were transferred to EME medium with 25 g/L of sucrose and, when in cotyledonal stage, were transferred to a culture medium supplemented with 1.5 g/L of malt extract. The shoots obtained were grafted in vitro onto \'Hamlin\' and \'Valencia\' sweet oranges. The regenerated plants were cultivated in a greenhouse, over commercial substrate. In this process, 17 plants were obtained. These plants presented phenotypic conformation different from the genitors, with leaves with reduced size, round apex, dark green coloration, rough leaf blade and absence of developed petiole. The analysis by flow cytometry confirmed the diploid character of the regenerated plants. RAPD molecular markers presented a similar band pattern between the regenerated specimen and the genitor \'Page\' tangelo. The protocol used for isolation, hybridization and cultivation of protoplasts, as well as for the regeneration and acclimatization of the plants allowed the obtainment of 17 plants from the combination of \'Page\' tangelo + \'Lau Tau\' pummelo, with phenotypic conformation different from the genitors, two plants from the combination of \'Murcott\' tangor + \'Ogami\' pummelo and one plant from the combination of Murcote\' tangor + \'Lau Tau\' pummelo.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a técnica de fusão química de protoplastos para desenvolver híbridos somáticos interespecíficos entre tangerinas (Citrus reticulata) e toranjas (Citrus grandis), visando a obtenção de porta-enxertos semelhantes à laranja azeda Citrus aurantium). Como fonte de protoplastos foram utilizadas suspensões celulares embriogênicas de tangelo \'Page\' (C. reticulata x C. paradisi) e tangor \'Murcote\' (C. reticulata x C. sinensis) e folhas jovens de seedlings de toranjas \'Lau Tau\' e \'Ogami\' (Citrus grandis). Após a fusão os protoplastos foram cultivados sob ausência de luz, até a formação de microcolônias, que foram então cultivadas em meio de cultura EME em dupla-fase, suplementado com 13,33 g/L de maltose para a indução da embriogênese. Os embriões globulares formados foram transferidos para meio EME com 25 g/L de sacarose e quando em estádio cotiledonar foram transferidos para meio de cultura suplementado com 1,5 g/L de extrato de malte. As brotações obtidas foram enxertadas in vitro sobre laranja \'Hamlin\' e \'Valência\'. As plantas obtidas foram levadas para casa de vegetação e cultivadas em substrato comercial. As 17 plantas regeneradas de tangelo \'Page\' + toranja \'Lau Tau\' apresentaram conformação fenotípica adversa aos genitores, com folhas de tamanho reduzido, ápice arredondado, coloração verde escura, mesófilo enrugado e ausência de pecíolo alado. A análise de citometria de fluxo confirmou o caráter diplóide das plantas regeneradas. Marcadores moleculares RAPD apresentaram padrão de bandas similar entre a planta regenerada e o genitor tangelo \'Page\'. O protocolo utilizado para isolamento, fusão e cultura de protoplastos, bem como para a regeneração e aclimatização de plantas permitiram a obtenção 17 plantas da combinação entre tangelo \'Page\' e toranja \'Lau Tau\' com conformação fenotípica diferente dos genitores, duas plantas da combinação entre tangor \'Murcote\' e toranja \'Ogami\' e uma planta da combinação entre tangor \'Murcote\' e toranja \'Lau Tau\'. / The aim of this work was to apply the technique of chemical fusion of protoplasts, in order to develop interspecific somatic hybrids between mandarins (Citrus reticulata) and pummelos (Citrus grandis), in order to produce similar to sour orange (Citrus aurantium). The sources for protoplasts were embryogenic suspension cultures of \'Page\' tangelo (C. reticulata x C. paradisi) and \'Murcott\' tangor (C. reticulata x C. sinensis) and young leaves from seedlings of \'Lau Tau\' and \'Ogami\' pummelos (Citrus grandis). After the fusion, the protoplasts were cultivated in the absence of light, until the formation of microcolonies, and were then cultivated in double-phase EME medium, supplemented with 13.33 g/L of maltose for embryogenesis induction. The globular embryos thus formed were transferred to EME medium with 25 g/L of sucrose and, when in cotyledonal stage, were transferred to a culture medium supplemented with 1.5 g/L of malt extract. The shoots obtained were grafted in vitro onto \'Hamlin\' and \'Valencia\' sweet oranges. The regenerated plants were cultivated in a greenhouse, over commercial substrate. In this process, 17 plants were obtained. These plants presented phenotypic conformation different from the genitors, with leaves with reduced size, round apex, dark green coloration, rough leaf blade and absence of developed petiole. The analysis by flow cytometry confirmed the diploid character of the regenerated plants. RAPD molecular markers presented a similar band pattern between the regenerated specimen and the genitor \'Page\' tangelo. The protocol used for isolation, hybridization and cultivation of protoplasts, as well as for the regeneration and acclimatization of the plants allowed the obtainment of 17 plants from the combination of \'Page\' tangelo + \'Lau Tau\' pummelo, with phenotypic conformation different from the genitors, two plants from the combination of \'Murcott\' tangor + \'Ogami\' pummelo and one plant from the combination of Murcote\' tangor + \'Lau Tau\' pummelo.

A hibridação somática via fusão de protoplastos é um método de combinação genética que agrega integralmente os dois genomas genitores, assim como suas respectivas organelas citoplasmáticas, sendo uma ferramenta alternativa aos métodos convencionais de melhoramento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de híbridos somáticos interespecíficos de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) \'Pêra\' e \'Westin\' com a tangerina \'Fremont\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan. x C. reticulata Blanco), \'Thomas\' (C. reticulata Blanco) e \'Nules\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan), e o tangelo \'Nova\' (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) visando à produção de genitores tetraplóides com características agronômicas desejáveis. Como fontes de protoplastos foram utilizados calos embriogênicos de laranja e folhas jovens de tangerina e tangelo, coletadas de plantas cultivadas em casa-de-vegetação. Para o isolamento dos protoplastos, as células de ambas as fontes foram imersas em solução enzimática e incubadas no escuro por 14 horas, sob agitação. Após o isolamento, os protoplastos isolados de calos foram fundidos quimicamente (polietilenoglicol - PEG) com protoplastos não embriogênicos, isolados de mesofilo foliar. Em seguida, os protoplastos foram plaqueados nos meios de cultura líquido BH3, EME e BH3 + EME, e incubados em ausência de luz, sob temperatura de 27 ºC. Após 20 dias de incubação, foram iniciados subcultivos sequenciais para nutrição e redução do potencial osmótico do meio de cultura. Os microcalos desenvolvidos foram transferidos para meio de cultura EME + maltose (13 g.L-1) para a indução da embriogênese somática. Os embriões desenvolvidos foram transferidos para meio de cultura EME + sacarose (25 g.L-1) e em seguida para o meio de cultura 1500 (1,5 g.L-1 de extrato de malte) e finalmente para o meio B+ para desenvolvimento e germinação. As plantas regeneradas foram individualizadas, enraizadas ou microenxertadas e aclimatizadas em casa-devegetação. A confirmação da hibridação somática foi feita por análise morfológica, determinação da ploidia, por citometria de fluxo e análise do DNA com marcadores moleculares do tipo SSR e RAPD. Foram obtidos híbridos somáticos de três combinações (Pêra + Fremont, Pêra + Nules e Pêra + Nova) os quais serão avaliados para utilização diretamente como copa ou como genitor tetraplóide em programas de melhoramento de citros. / Somatic hybridization by protoplasts fusion is a method of genetic combination of two parental genomes, and their cytoplasmic organelles. It is an alternative tool to conventional breeding methods. The objective of this work was to obtain interspecific somatic hybrids of \'Pera\' and \'Westin\' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) with \'Fremont\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan. x C. reticulata Blanco), \'Thomas\' (C. reticulata Blanco) and \'Nules\' (C. clementina hort. ex Tan) mandarins and Nova tangelo (C. reticulata Blanco x C. paradisi Macf.) to produce tetraploid parents with desirable agronomic characteristics. The sources of protoplasts were sweet orange embryogenic callus and mandarin and tangelo young leaves, collected from plants cultivated in screenhouses. For protoplasts isolation, cells from both sources were immersed in enzyme solution and incubated in the dark for 14 hours (40 rpm). After isolation, the protoplasts isolated from callus were fused chemically (polyethylene glycol - PEG) with non embryogenic protoplasts, isolated from leaf mesophyll. The protoplasts were cultivated in BH3, BH3 + EME and EME liquid culture media and incubated in the dark, under temperature of 27 ºC. After 20 days of incubation, subcultures were initiated in order to reduce the osmotic potential of culture medium. The microcalus developed were transferred to EME medium supplemented with maltose (13 g.L-1) to induce somatic embryogenesis. The developed embryos were transferred into EME + sucrose (25 g.L- 1), culture medium 1500 (1.5 g.L-1 of malt extract) or B+ culture medium for development and germination. The regenerated plants were individually rooted or micrografted, and further acclimatized in screenhouse. Somatic hybridization was confirmed by analysis of leaf morphology, ploidy determination by flow cytometry and molecular analysis by SSR and RAPD markers. Somatic hybrids were obtained of the three combinations (Pera + Fremont, Pêra + Nules and Pêra + Nova) which will be evaluated for direct are as scion or as a tetraploid parent in citrus breeding programs.