A variabilidade das propriedades físicas do solo apresenta impacto sobre o desempenho das atividades de produção agrícola. Métodos indiretos para obtenção de informações sobre as propriedades do solo com interesse agronômico são utilizados com o intuito de favorecer o uso de insumos de modo mais adequado. A condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CEa) é influenciada por diversas propriedades, muitas delas interrelacionadas e com variabilidade em curta distância, sendo difícil a separação dos diversos fatores. As medidas de CEa são usualmente tomadas em superfície com arranjos de eletrodos para prospecção de um volume de solo proporcional à distância entre eles. Neste trabalho foi utilizada uma metodologia que permitiu identificar algumas das propriedades com maior impacto sobre a CEa, merecendo destaque aquelas relacionadas ao espaço poroso do solo. A caracterização detalhada da variação da CEa ao longo do perfil do solo e sua comparação com aquela obtida a partir da sondagem elétrica vertical permitiram identificar algumas limitações desta técnica. A presença de camadas com variação de diversas propriedades físicas e de umidade no perfil do solo alterou os valores observados em superfície. A relação entre a distância de separação dos eletrodos no arranjo com quatro pontas igualmente espaçadas, e a profundidade de prospecção, coeficiente k, oscilou entre 0,35 e 0,70 para os solos LVd, LAd e PVe avaliados. A sondagem elétrica empregada na caracterização de variabilidade espacial na horizontal e em profundidade em uma área com teores de argila oscilando entre 150 e 379 g kg-1 na camada 0 a 0,2 m e entre 225 e 326 g kg-1 na camada 0,6 a 0,8 m apresentou resultado satisfatório. / The variability of soil physical properties has an impact on the performance of agricultural production activities. Indirect methods for obtaining information on the soil properties with agronomic interest are used to allow the use of inputs more appropriately. The apparent soil electrical conductivity ( ECa ) is influenced by several properties , many of them interrelated and presenting variability in short distances, being difficult to separate the various factors. ECa measures are usually taken in surface, using electrode arrangements for prospecting a soil volume proportional to the distance between them. In this work, a methodology was used that identified some of the properties with the greatest impact on the ECa, with emphasis to those related to soil porous space. The detailed characterization of the variation of ECw throughout the soil profile and its comparison with that obtained from the vertical electrical sounding was carried to identify certain limitations of this technique. The presence of several layers with varying physical properties and moisture in the soil profile changed values obtained from surface sounding. The relationship between the separation of the electrodes in the array with four points equally spaced, the Wenner array, and the depth of exploration, coefficient k, ranged between 0.35 and 0.70 for the soils LVd , LAd PVe and evaluated. A survey was done for the ECa characterization of spatial variability in the horizontal and along soil profile in an area with clay content ranging from 150 to 379 g kg - 1 in the layer from 0 to 0.2 m and between 225 and 326 g kg - 1 in layer 0, 6 to 0.8 m. The use of ECa for characterizing this variability showed satisfactory results.

Tem sido crescente o volume de investigações sugestivas de deformação tectônica no desenvolvimento dos sistemas deposicionais quaternários da ilha do Marajó. Isto é revelado pela combinação de informações sedimentológicas e estratigráficas com análises morfoestruturais. Entretanto, estudos de subsuperfície visando demonstrar a presença de estruturas tectônicas nessas áreas permanecem por ser apresentados. O presente estudo teve o objetivo principal de verificar se estruturas tectônicas sugeridas em superfície no leste da ilha de Marajó têm expressão em subsuperfície rasa, de forma a permitir discutir seu efeito na sedimentação neógena e quaternária, bem como seu mecanismo gerador. Para isto, procedeu-se com um estudo integrando informações geomorfológicas, geofísicas e geológicas. As informações geomorfológicas foram baseadas em dados cartográficos e imagens Landsat, e visou a análise de bacias de drenagem, identificação de anomalias de drenagem e extração e análise de lineamentos morfoestruturais. Dados geofísicos consistiram em sondagem elétrica vertical (SEV) realizada ao longo deste estudo, adicionadas ao reprocessamento de dados disponíveis na literatura. Este estudo foi complementado com a coleta de seções de radar de penetração no solo (GPR). A análise de dados de subsuperfície foi apoiada em estudos geológicos baseados em exposições naturais em falésias, cortes de estrada e pedreiras, além de testemunhos de sondagem. Três bacias de drenagem foram reconhecidas na área de estudo, correspondentes aos rios Arari, Camará e Paracauari. Todas estas bacias mostram evidências de anomalias morfoestruturais, incluindo-se principalmente: mudanças rápidas no padrão de drenagem dentro de uma mesma bacia, variando de treliça, retangular, multibacinal a subparalelo; canais retilíneos comumente conectados em ângulos retos; canais meandrantes que se tornam retilíneos; meandros localizados; e bacias altamente assimétricas (fator de assimetria > 60). Anomalias de drenagem consistindo em freqüentes desvios de direção com ângulos retos e meandros isolados e comprimidos, são também reconhecidas na paleodrenagem preservada na área de estudo. Dois compartimentos morfoestruturais puderam ser reconhecidos com base na densidade dos lineamentos estruturais: compartimento I, localizado na porção centro-leste da área de estudo, onde ocorre densidade de lineamentos alta com duas direções preferenciais para NW-SE e NE-SW; e compartimento II, correspondente ao restante da área, onde a densidade de lineamentos é muito baixa a média, e com orientação principal para NE-SW. O estudo enfocando 132 SEVs demonstrou que os extremos leste e sul da área de estudo são extremamente resistivos (valores de até 13.000 \'ômega\'m), que foram relacionados com a ocorrência, próximo da superfície, de paleossolo laterítico, bem como de estratos ferruginizados logo abaixo deste horizonte, formados em associação com a discordância do topo de estratos miocênicos da Formação Barreiras. Por outro lado, valores baixos (< 90 \'ômega\'m) foram registrados no restante da área de estudo, que foram relacionados com depósitos condutivos, representados por litologias argilosas, heterolíticas e, menos comumente, areníticas, correspondentes aos Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras, de idade quaternária tardia e holocênica. Esses dados são condizentes com a análise de seções GPR, que demonstrou refletores de alta freqüência e continuidade lateral próximo da superfície relacionada ao paleossolo laterítico. Com base nesta constatação, pode-se reconhecer duas unidades estratigráficas na porção leste da área de estudo, sendo a inferior relacionada com a Formação Barreiras e a superior correspondente aos Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras. Em contraste, as porções leste e norte da área de estudo mostraram ausência de refletores, que foi associado à presença de sedimentos quaternários dominantemente argilosos e contendo água estratal salobra e/ou salina. Várias características suportam a presença de estruturas tectônicas na área de estudo. Isto é sugerido pela abundância de anomalias de drenagem (atual e pretérita) e de lineamentos morfoestruturais com direcionamentos que coincidem com as orientações principais de falhas tectônicas registradas na região amazônica. A presença de falhas foi ainda indicada por contatos bruscos entre a Formação Barreiras e os Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras nas seções SEVs. Esta proposta é consistente com a análise de dados de superfície, que mostrou coincidência dos locais onde ocorrem estes contatos bruscos com lineamentos morfoestruturais. Da mesma forma, as seções GPR revelaram uma abundância de refletores deslocados verticalmente, que são somente justificados considerando-se falhas tectônicas. Adicionalmente, a porção basal de muitas das seções GPR mostraram refletores ondulados, que foram relacionados com amplas dobras sinclinais e anticlinais. A origem dessas estruturas tectônicas é discutida considerando-se três mecanismos potenciais: tectônica andina, tectônica gravitacional relacionada com a sobrecarga do leque submarino do cone do Amazonas, e rifteamento marginal. A hipótese de relacionamento das estruturas tectônicas registradas neste trabalho com a dinâmica de evolução do Sistema de Graben do Marajó aparece como a mais provável. As dobras e falhas registradas na Formação Barreiras e Sedimentos Pós-Barreiras podem ser explicadas considerando tectônica transcorrente, com associação de deformação transpressiva e transtensiva durante e após o Mioceno. / There has been an increasing volume of investigation suggestive of tectonic deformation in the development of Quaternary depositional systems in Marajó island. This is revealed by a combination of sedimentological and stratigraphical information with morphostructural analysis. However, subsurface studies aiming to demonstrate the presence of tectonic structures in this area remain to be presented. The present study had the main goal of verifying if tectonic structures suggested in surface in eastern Marajó island are expressed in shallow subsurface, thus allowing to discuss their effect in the Neogene and Quaternary sedimentation, as well as their trigger mechanism. This was approached with a study integrating geomorphologic, geophysical and geological information. Geomorphological information, based on cartographic data and Landsat images, aimed analysis of drainage basins, identification of drainage anomalies and extraction and analysis of morphostructural lineaments. Geophysical data consisted of vertical electric sounding (VES) acquired along this study, added to the reprocessing of data available in the literature. This study was complemented with acquisition of ground penetrating radar (GPR) sections. SEV data collected along this study were combined with reprocessed data derived from available literature. The geophysical study includes also acquisition of ground penetration radar (GPR) sections. The analysis of subsurface data was complemented with geological studies of based on natural exposures along coastal cliffs, road cuts and quarries, as well as cores. Three drainage basins were recognized in the study area, corresponding to the Arari, Camará and Paracauari rivers. All these basins show evidence of morphostructural anomalies, mostly including: rapid changes in drainage pattern within a same basin, ranging from trellis, rectangular, multibasin to subparallel; straight channels commonly connected at right angles; meandering channels that change to straight channels; local meandering; and highly asymmetric basins (asymmetry index > 60). Drainage anomalies consisting of frequent changes in river courses forming straight angles and isolated and compressed meanders are also recorded in the paleodrainage preserved in the study area. Two morphostructural compartments were recognized with basin morphostructural lineament density: compartment I, situated in the center-eastern part of the study area, where lineament density is high and with two preferential directions to NWSE and NE-SW; and compartment II, corresponding to the remaining of the area, where lineament density is low to moderate, and with a NE-SW main trend. The study focusing on 132 VESs revealed that the eastern and southern portions of the study area are extremely resistive (values up to 13.000 \'ômega\'m). This is related to the occurrence of lateritic paleosol near the surface, as well as ferrified strata immediately underlying this horizon, which were formed in association with the unconformity at the top of the Miocene strata of the Barreiras Formation. In contrast, only low resistivity values (< 90 \'ômega\'m) were recorded in the remaining of the study area, being related to conductive deposits represented by muddy, heterolithic and, less commonly, sandy lithologies corresponding to the Post-Barreiras Sediments of late Quaternary and Holocene ages. These data are consistent with analysis of GPR sections, which revealed reflectors with high frequency and lateral continuity near the surface associated with the lateritic paleosol. Taking this into account, two stratigraphic units were recognized in the eastern portion of the study area, with the lower one related to the Barreiras Formation and the upper one corresponding to the Post-Barreiras Sediments. In constrast, the eastern and northern portions of the study area displayed absence of reflectors, which was associated with the presence of dominantly muddy Quaternary sediments bearing intrastratal brackish and/or saline waters. Several characteristics support the presence of tectonic structures in the study area. This was suggested by the abundance of drainage anomalies (modern and ancient) and morphostructural lineaments with directions that coincide with the orientation of main tectonic faults recorded in Amazonia. The presence of faults was also indicated by sharp contacts between the Barreiras Formation and the Post Barreiras Sediments, as recorded in the VES sections. This proposal is consistent with the analysis of surface data that shows concordance of the places with sharp lithological contacts with morphostructural lineaments. Likewise, the GPR sections reveal an abundance of reflectors with vertical offsets that are only justified taking into account tectonic faults. Additionally, the basal portions of several GPR sections displayed undulatory reflectors, which were related to wide syncline and anticline folds. The origin of these tectonic structures is discussed considering three potential mechanisms: Andean tectonics, gravitational tectonics related to sediment loading in the Amazon submarine cone, and marginal rifting. The hypothesis of relating the tectonic structures recorded in this work with the dynamic evolution of the Marajo Graben System seems the most likely. The folds and faults recorded in the Barreiras Formation and Post-Barreiras Sediments might be explained considering strike slip deformation, with association of transpression and transtension during and after the Miocene.

There are a large number of research vessels and fishing vessels equipped with echosounders plying the world ocean, making continual observations of the ocean interior. Developing data collation programmes (e.g. Integrated Marine Observing System) and automated, repeatable analyses techniques enable the upper c. 1,200 meters of the world ocean to be sampled routinely, and for their characteristic deep scattering layers (DSLs) to be compared. Deep scattering layers are comprised of zooplankton (e.g. euphausiids) and fish, particularly myctophids or lantern fish, and comprise the majority of sub-surface biomass. Here we present, by the analysis of a global acoustic dataset, a mesopelagic biogeography of the sea. This was accomplished by (i) the collation and processing of a global active acoustic dataset, (ii) the development of a standardised and automated method of sound scattering layer (SSL) extraction and description, (iii) the derivation of the environmental drivers of DSL depth and biomass, (iv) the definition of a mesopelagic biogeography based on the drivers of DSL metrics and (v) the prediction, using output from the NEMO-MEDUSA-2.0 coupled model, of how the metrics and biogeography may change by 2100. Key findings include, the development of the Sound Scattering Layer Extraction Method (SSLEM) the inference that primary production, water temperature and wind stress are key drivers in DSL depth and biomass and that mesopelagic fish biomass may increase by 2100. Such an increase is a result of increased trophic efficiency from the shallowing of DSLs and rising water temperatures, suggesting, that as the climate warms the ocean is becoming more efficient. The biophysical relationships and biogeography derived here, serve to improve our understanding of mesopelagic mid-trophic level dynamics in open-ocean ecosystems. This will aid both fisheries and conservation management, which now adopt more holistic approaches when monitoring and evaluating ecosystem health and stability.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma sondagem em frequencia do canal indoor de faixa larga em 1,8GHz, onde foram testados alguns ambientes na tentativa de simular a mobilidade de um usuário. A técnica de sondagem é baseada na técnica clássica de varredura em frequencia, onde foi implementado um link óptico ao invés de cabos coaxiais, para permitir um maior range de medidas. A completa análise de dispersão temporal em pequena e larga escala foi extraída de medidas da resposta impulsiva, como retardo médio, espalhamento rms de retardos, banda de coerência e suas variações com a mobilidade. Do conjunto de análises efetuadas dois resultados obtiveram destaque: perfis de potência de retardo com a distância , resultando em uma boa representação dos principais espalhadores do ambiente; e a validação de um limitante teórico da relação entre a banda de coerência e o espalhamento rms de retardos, recentemente proposto por outro autor. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma sondagem em frequencia do canal indoor de faixa larga em 1,8GHz, onde foram testados alguns ambientes na tentativa de simular a mobilidade de um usuário. A técnica de sondagem é baseada na técnica clássica de varredura em frequencia, onde foi implementado um link óptico ao invés de cabos coaxiais, para permitir um maior range de medidas. A completa análise de dispersão temporal em pequena e larga escala foi extraída de medidas da resposta impulsiva, como retardo médio, espalhamento rms de retardos, banda de coerência e suas variações com a mobilidade. Do conjunto de análises efetuadas dois resultados obtiveram destaque: perfis de potência de retardo com a distância , resultando em uma boa representação dos principais espalhadores do ambiente; e a validação de um limitante teórico da relação entre a banda de coerência e o espalhamento rms de retardos, recentemente proposto por outro autor. / [en] The results of a 1.8 GHz indoor wide-band channel souding survey at some typical environments, trying to account for pedestrian subscriber mobility, are presented. The sounding technique has been based on the classical frequency domain one, with an optic link instead of coaxial cables provinding an extended path range. Complete small and large- scale time dispersionanalysis have been derived from the impulse responses measured, like mean delay, rms delay spread, coherence bandwidth and its variations with mobility. From the whole analysis carried out, two main results are worth remarking: the power delay profile variation with distance providing a pictorial representation of the main scattering mechanisms of the environment; and the validation of a lower bound relation between the coherence bandwidth and rms delay spread recently proposed by another author.

La prospection géoélectrique est largement utilisée au Maroc pour des reconnaissances hydrogéologique. Le but de ce travail et de proposer de nouvelles techniques d’interprétation des sondages électriques verticaux en un temps réduit, et aussi de bien exploiter une base de données de sondages électriques, par l’établissement entre autre des images 2D horizontales et verticales de l’estimation de la distribution des résistivités électriques apparentes (modélisation géostatistique, inversion, etc.). Dans le but de caractériser électriquement le secteur d’étude (nord-est du Bassin de Saïss), une analyse statistique des résistivités apparentes de sondages électriques verticaux a été réalisée. Cette simple analyse descriptive est suivie par une étude statistique multidirectionnelle : analyse en composantes principales (ACP) et par une classification hiérarchique ascendante (CHA). (...) Les résultats des analyses statistiques et géostatistiques complétés par les inversions des sondages moyens pas classe, ont mis en évidence la fiabilité de ces techniques pour l’interprétation d’un nombre important de sondages électriques au lieu de la méthode ordinaire qui se base sur l’inversion des sondages un par un et les corréler ultérieurement pour construire la structure globale du domaine étudié. Avec les techniques utilisées, dans le cadre de ce travail, des résultats très satisfaisants en un temps plus réduit sont obtenus. Les profils étudiés et inversés à l’aide du logiciel RES2Dinv montrent tous les trois grandes structures définies auparavant (Résistant-Conductrice-Résistant), par contre on note des variations intra formations. De plus, l’organisation spatiale des formations permet de confirmer l’existence de failles cohérentes avec la structure en horst et graben du bassin. / The Geoelectric prospection is usually used in Morocco for hydrogeological recognition. The purpose of this work is to propose new techniques for interpreting vertical electric soundings in a reduced time, and also to fully exploit a database of stored electrical soundings by the establishment, amongst other things, of the horizontal and vertical 2D images, estimating the distribution of apparent electrical resistivity (geostatistic modeling, inversion, etc.). In order to characterize electrically the study area (north-east of the Saïss Basin), a statistical analysis of apparent resistivity of vertical electric soundings was performed. This simple descriptive analysis is followed by a statistical analysis (principal component analysis PCA and ascending hierarchical classification HAC.) (...)The results of statistical analysis and geostatistical supplemented by inversion of the average electric sounding per class, highlighted the reliability of these techniques to the interpretation of a large number of electrical soundings instead of the usual method which is based on the inversion of the electrical sounding one by one and correlate them later, to build the global structure of the area studied. With the techniques used in this work, very satisfactory results in a more reduced time, for interpreting vertical electric soundings, are obtained. VIThe studied profiles and inverted using the software RES2Dinv show all three structures defined previously (Resistant – Conductive - resistant), on the other hand, there are variations within the same formation. In addition, the spatial organization of the formation makes it possible to confirm the existence of faults coherent with the structure in horst and graben basin.

The thesis deals with verifying the acoustic properties of road markings in real conditions the vehicle travels. It contains basic information about the acoustics of the sources of traffic noise and methods of measuring noise. Below are the main information about the horizontal signposts and its impact on safety. The practical part contains descriptions of results, estimation of measurement and subsequently implemented economic assessment.

[pt] A influência da vegetação na dispersão dos sinais rádio- móveis é caracterizada através dos parâmetros de dispersão no tempo como o retardo médio, o espalha-mento de retardo e a banda de coerência, e dos parâmetros de dispersão na freqüência como o Doppler médio, o espalhamento Doppler e o tempo de coerência. Através do desenvolvimento e implementação de uma técnica de sondagem em faixa larga apropriada, medições foram realizadas em dois ambientes, das quais os parâmetros desejados puderam ser extraídos, por processamento. De posse de tais parâmetros, os ambientes vegetados puderam ser caracterizados e analisados e, com isto, os projetos dos sistemas rádio-móveis em ambientes semelhantes podem ser otimizados, sendo alguns exemplos desta melhoria: taxas de transmissão de bits mais adequadas evitando a interferência intersimbólica, o super dimensiona-mento dos sistemas e o uso desnecessário de equalizadores; limites mínimos de separação estabelecidos para a diversidade em freqüência e em tempo e limiares de ruído convenientemente estabelecidos. / [en] The influence of vegetation in mobile radio signals dispersion is characterized by the time dispersion parameters like mean delay, delay spread and coerence bandwidth, and the frequency dispersion parameters like mean Doppler shift, Doppler spread and coerence time. An appropriate wideband sounding technique was developed and implemented. Using this technique, two vegeted environments were sounded. The results of calculated parameters from measurements were used to analyse and characterize the vegeted environments. Hence, mobile radio systems on these type of environments can be designed and optimized. Some examples of this optimization are: improvement on throughput, reduction of intersimbolic interference , unnecessary use of channel impairments avoidance techniques like equalizers, establishment of minimum limits for time and frequency diversity and the choice of suitable noise thresholds.

Space exploration drives the human expansion inthe universe. Succeeding in this challenge demands familiarityof the near earth space environment, achieved through soundingrocket experiments that often are lost upon return from space. Afuture proof solution is needed and this study aims to investigatethe aerodynamics of a modular self returning glider attachment.To aid conceptual design, simulations were first performedusing potential theory in the software XFLR5. The resultingdesign was then analysed further using Computational FluidDynamics (CFD) in Simscale after which a glider prototype wasbuilt and tested.The study shows that while it is possible to fulfill the projectrequirements when only modelling the wing surfaces, the gliderfuselage contributes to a destructive drag and pitching moment.Consequently, future prototypes demand increasing the lift orreducing the drag, as well as ensuring longitudinal stability. Moreresources need to be invested into further CFD modelling andprototype testing. / Utforskning av rymden driver denmänskliga expansionen ut i universum. För att lyckas meddet krävs dock kunskap om rymden närmast oss, vilketuppnås genom experiment i sondraketer som ofta förlorasvid återkomst. En framtidssäker metod behövs och därförundersöks aerodynamiken av en modulär och självåtervändande glidarlösning.För att underlätta genomförandet av den konceptuella designen så gjordes först simuleringar i XFLR5 med potentialteori.Den resulterande glidaren analyserades sedan vidare iflödesmekaniska beräkningsprogram (CFD), vartefter en prototypbyggdes och testades i verkligheten.Studien visar att det är möjligt att uppfylla projektkravengenom att modellera vingarna, men glidarens flygkropp bidraremellertid till ett destruktivt luftmotstånd och longitudinelltvridmoment. Därför måste framtida prototyper designas föratt uppnå större lyftkraft, minska flygkroppens dragkraft ochsamtidigt uppnå longitudinell stabilitet. Mer resurser måsteläggas på djupare CFD-modellering och prototyptestning. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

Within the SR Dorado-project, which started in July 2022, a sounding rocket and its corresponding ground support equipment and test facilities are being developed and manufactured. This work is done mainly by undergraduate students at Technische Universität Dresden in cooperation with STAR Dresden, the student Space Flight Working Group in Dresden. The rocket will utilize liquid oxygen (LOX) and ethanol as propellants and is currently in its development phase. The current development status of the rocket and its support systems is described. Details on specific subsystems like propulsion system, rocket structure, recovery and telemetry system are presented. This detailed system assessment is supplemented with insights into the test bench and ground support equipment design, which are needed for successfully testing engine and propulsion system as well as conducting the launch campaign. The planned launch is currently set for 2025 and will take place at ESRANGE in Kiruna, Sweden.:1 Introduction 2 The rocket 2.1 Recovery system 2.2 Flight computer(s) 2.2.1 PoC Flightmaster 2000 2.2.2 Altus Metrum TeleMega 2.3 Structure 2.3.1 Main airframe 2.3.2 Aerodynamics 2.4 Propulsion system 2.4.1 Rocket engine 2.4.2 Propellant feed system 2.4.3 Pyro valves 3 Ground support equipment 4 Test bench 5 Summary and outlook Acknowledgements References

In tracing the history of the TIROS meteorological satellite system, this dissertation details the convergence of two communities: the DOD space scientists who established US capability to launch and operate these remote sensing systems and the US Weather Bureau meteorologists who would be the managers and users of satellite data. Between 1946 and 1964, these persons participated in successive coalitions. These coalitions were necessary in part because satellite systems were too big—geographically, fiscally, and technically—to be developed and operated within a single institution. Thus, TIROS technologies and people trace their roots to several research centers—institutions that the USWB and later NASA attempted to coordinate for US R&D. The gradual transfer of persons and hardware from the armed services to the non-military NASA sheds light on the US’s evolution as a Cold War global power, shaped from the “top-down” (by the executive and legislative branches) as well as the “bottom-up” (by military and non-military scientific communities). Through these successive coalitions, actor terms centered on “basic science” or the circulation of atmospheric data were used to help define bureaucratic places (the Upper Atmospheric Rocket Research Panel, International Geophysical Year, NASA, and the World Weather Watch) in which basic research would be supported by sustained and collaboration could take place with international partners.