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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Numerically Efficient Water Quality Modeling and Security Applications

Mann, Angelica 02 October 2013 (has links)
Chemical and biological contaminants can enter a drinking water distribution system through one of the many access points to the network and can spread quickly affecting a very large area. This is of great concern, and water utilities need to consider effective tools and mitigation strategies to improve water network security. This work presents two components that have been integrated into EPA’s Water Security Toolkit, an open-source software package that includes a set of tools to help water utilities protect the public against potential contamination events. The first component is a novel water quality modeling framework referred to as Merlion. The linear system describing contaminant spread through the network at the core of Merlion provides several advantages and potential uses that are aligned with current emerging water security applications. This computational framework is able to efficiently generate an explicit mathematical model that can be easily embedded into larger mathematical system. Merlion can also be used to efficiently simulate a large number of scenarios speeding up current water security tools by an order of magnitude. The last component is a pair of mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulations for efficient source inversion and optimal sampling. The contaminant source inversion problem involves determining the source of contamination given a small set of measurements. The source inversion formulation is able to handle discrete positive/negative measurements from manual grab samples taken at different sampling cycles. In addition, sensor/sample placement formulations are extended to determine the optimal locations for the next manual sampling cycle. This approach is enabled by a strategy that significantly reduces the size of the Merlion water quality model, giving rise to a much smaller MILP that is solvable in a real-time setting. The approach is demonstrated on a large-scale water network model with over 12,000 nodes while considering over 100 timesteps. The results show the approach is successful in finding the source of contamination remarkably quickly, requiring a small number of sampling cycles and a small number of sampling teams. These tools are being integrated and tested with a real-time response system.
2

Bayesian source inversion of microseismic events

Pugh, David James January 2016 (has links)
Rapid stress release at the source of an earthquake produces seismic waves. Observations of the particle motions from such waves are used in source inversion to characterise the dynamic behaviour of the source and to help in understanding the driving processes. Earthquakes either occur naturally, such as in volcanic eruptions and natural geothermal fields, or are linked to anthropogenic activities including hydrofracture of gas and oil reservoirs, mining events and extraction of geothermal fluids. Source inversion is very sensitive to uncertainties in both the model and the data, especially for low magnitude, namely microseismic, events. Many of the uncertainties can be poorly quantified, and are often not included in source inversion. This thesis proposes a Bayesian framework enabling a complete inclusion of uncertainties in the resultant probability distribution using Bayesian marginalisation. This approach is developed for polarity and amplitude ratio data, although it is possible to use any data type, provided the noise model can be estimated. The resultant posterior probability distributions are easily visualised on different plots for orientation and source-type. Several different algorithms can be used to search the source space, including Monte Carlo random sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. Relative information between co-located events may be used as an extension to the framework, improving the constraint on the source. The double-couple source is the commonly assumed source model for many earthquakes, corresponding to slip on a fault plane. Two methods for estimating the posterior model probability of the double-couple source type are explored, one using the Bayesian evidence, the other using trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. Results from both methods are consistent with each other, producing good estimates of the probability given sufficient samples. These provide estimates of the probability of the source being a double-couple source or not, which is very useful when trying to understand the processes causing the earthquake. Uncertainty on the polarity estimation is often hard to characterise, so an alternative approach for determining the polarity and its associated uncertainty is proposed. This uses a Bayesian estimate of the polarity probability and includes both the background noise and the arrival time pick uncertainty, resulting in a more quantitative estimate of the polarity uncertainty. Moreover, this automated approach can easily be included in automatic event detection and location workflows. The inversion approach is discussed in detail and then applied to both synthetic events generated using a finite-difference code, and to real events acquired from a temporary seismometer network deployed around the Askja and Krafla Volcanoes, Iceland.
3

Analysis of Mesh Strategies for Rapid Source Location in Chemical/Biological Attacks

Howard, Patricia Ann 30 April 2004 (has links)
Currently, researchers at Sandia National Laboratories are creating software that is designed to determine the source of a toxic release given sensor readings of the toxin concentration at fixed locations in the building. One of the most important concerns in solving such problems is computation time since even a crude approximation to the source, if found in a timely manner, will give emergency personnel the chance to take appropriate actions to contain the substance. The manner in which the toxin spreads depends on the air flow within the building. Due to the turbulence in the air flow, it is necessary to calculate the flow field on a fine mesh. Unfortunately, using a fine mesh for every calculation in this problem may result in prohibitively long computation times when other features are incorporated into the model. The goal of this thesis is to reduce the computation time required by the software mentioned above by applying two different mesh coarsening strategies after the flow field is computed. The first of these strategies is to use a uniformly coarse mesh and the second is to use our knowledge of the air flow in the building to construct an adaptive mesh. The objective of the latter strategy is to use a fine mesh only in areas where it is absolutely necessary, i.e., in areas where there is a great change in the flow field.
4

Inversion cinématique progressive linéaire de la source sismique et ses perspectives dans la quantification des incertitudes associées / Progressive linear kinematic source inversion method and its perspectives towards the uncertainty quantification.

Sanchez Reyes, Hugo Samuel 28 October 2019 (has links)
La caractérisation des tremblements de terre est un domaine de recherche primordial en sismologie, où l'objectif final est de fournir des estimations précises d'attributs de la source sismique. Dans ce domaine, certaines questions émergent, par exemple : quand un tremblement de terre s’est-il produit? quelle était sa taille? ou quelle était son évolution dans le temps et l'espace? On pourrait se poser d'autres questions plus complexes comme: pourquoi le tremblement s'est produit? quand sera le prochain dans une certaine région? Afin de répondre aux premières questions, une représentation physique du phénomène est nécessaire. La construction de ce modèle est l'objectif scientifique de ce travail doctoral qui est réalisé dans le cadre de la modélisation cinématique. Pour effectuer cette caractérisation, les modèles cinématiques de la source sismique sont un des outils utilisés par les sismologues. Il s’agit de comprendre la source sismique comme une dislocation en propagation sur la géométrie d’une faille active. Les modèles de sources cinématiques sont une représentation physique de l’histoire temporelle et spatiale d’une telle rupture en propagation. Cette modélisation est dite approche cinématique car les histoires de la rupture inférées par ce type de technique sont obtenues sans tenir compte des forces qui causent l'origine du séisme.Dans cette thèse, je présente une nouvelle méthode d'inversion cinématique capable d'assimiler, hiérarchiquement en temps, les traces de données à travers des fenêtres de temps évolutives. Cette formulation relie la fonction de taux de glissement et les sismogrammes observés, en préservant la positivité de cette fonction et la causalité quand on parcourt l'espace de modèles. Cette approche, profite de la structure creuse de l’histoire spatio-temporelle de la rupture sismique ainsi que de la causalité entre la rupture et chaque enregistrement différé par l'opérateur. Cet opérateur de propagation des ondes connu, est différent pour chaque station. Cette formulation progressive, à la fois sur l’espace de données et sur l’espace de modèle, requiert des hypothèses modérées sur les fonctions de taux de glissement attendues, ainsi que des stratégies de préconditionnement sur le gradient local estimé pour chaque paramètre du taux de glissement. Ces hypothèses sont basées sur de simples modèles physiques de rupture attendus. Les applications réussies de cette méthode aux cas synthétiques (Source Inversion Validation Exercise project) et aux données réelles du séisme de Kumamoto 2016 (Mw=7.0), ont permis d’illustrer les avantages de cette approche alternative d’une inversion cinématique linéaire de la source sismique.L’objectif sous-jacent de cette nouvelle formulation sera la quantification des incertitudes d’un tel modèle. Afin de mettre en évidence les propriétés clés prises en compte dans cette approche linéaire, dans ce travail, j'explore l'application de la stratégie bayésienne connue comme Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC). Cette méthode semble être l’une des possibles stratégies qui peut être appliquée à ce problème linéaire sur-paramétré. Les résultats montrent qu’elle est compatible avec la stratégie linéaire dans le domaine temporel présentée ici. Grâce à une estimation efficace du gradient local de la fonction coût, on peut explorer rapidement l'espace de grande dimension des solutions possibles, tandis que la linéarité est préservée. Dans ce travail, j'explore la performance de la stratégie HMC traitant des cas synthétiques simples, afin de permettre une meilleure compréhension de tous les concepts et ajustements nécessaires pour une exploration correcte de l'espace de modèles probables. Les résultats de cette investigation préliminaire sont encourageants et ouvrent une nouvelle façon d'aborder le problème de la modélisation de la reconstruction cinématique de la source sismique, ainsi, que de l’évaluation des incertitudes associées. / The earthquake characterization is a fundamental research field in seismology, which final goal is to provide accurate estimations of earthquake attributes. In this study field, various questions may rise such as the following ones: when and where did an earthquake happen? How large was it? What is its evolution in space and time? In addition, more challenging questions can be addressed such as the following ones: why did it occur? What is the next one in a given area? In order to progress in the first list of questions, a physical description, or model, of the event is necessary. The investigation of such model (or image) is the scientific topic I investigate during my PhD in the framework of kinematic source models. Understanding the seismic source as a propagating dislocation that occurs across a given geometry of an active fault, the kinematic source models are the physical representations of the time and space history of such rupture propagation. Such physical representation is said to be a kinematic approach because the inferred rupture histories are obtained without taking into account the forces that might cause the origin of the dislocation.In this PhD dissertation, I present a new hierarchical time kinematic source inversion method able to assimilate data traces through evolutive time windows. A linear time-domain formulation relates the slip-rate function and seismograms, preserving the positivity of this function and the causality when spanning the model space: taking benefit of the time-space sparsity of the rupture model evolution is as essential as considering the causality between rupture and each record delayed by the known propagator operator different for each station. This progressive approach, both on the data space and on the model space, does require mild assumptions on prior slip-rate functions or preconditioning strategies on the slip-rate local gradient estimations. These assumptions are based on simple physical expected rupture models. Successful applications of this method to a well-known benchmark (Source Inversion Validation Exercise 1) and to the recorded data of the 2016 Kumamoto mainshock (Mw=7.0) illustrate the advantages of this alternative approach of a linear kinematic source inversion.The underlying target of this new formulation will be the future uncertainty quantification of such model reconstruction. In order to achieve this goal, as well as to highlight key properties considered in this linear time-domain approach, I explore the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) stochastic Bayesian framework, which appears to be one of the possible and very promising strategies that can be applied to this stabilized over-parametrized optimization of a linear forward problem to assess the uncertainties on kinematic source inversions. The HMC technique shows to be compatible with the linear time-domain strategy here presented. This technique, thanks to an efficient estimation of the local gradient of the misfit function, appears to be able to rapidly explore the high-dimensional space of probable solutions, while the linearity between unknowns and observables is preserved. In this work, I investigate the performance of the HMC strategy dealing with simple synthetic cases with almost perfect illumination, in order to provide a better understanding of all the concepts and required tunning to achieve a correct exploration of the model space. The results from this preliminary investigation are promising and open a new way of tackling the kinematic source reconstruction problem and the assessment of the associated uncertainties.
5

Study on rupture processes of large interplate earthquakes estimated by fully Bayesian source inversions using multi period-band strong-motion data -The 2011 Tohoku-oki and the 2011 Ibaraki-oki earthquakes- / 周期帯別の強震波形を用いたフルベイジアン震源インバージョンから推定される巨大プレート境界型地震の破壊過程に関する研究-2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震及び2011年茨城県沖地震を例にして-

Kubo, Hisahiko 23 March 2015 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18801号 / 理博第4059号 / 新制||理||1584(附属図書館) / 31752 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岩田 知孝, 教授 平原 和朗, 准教授 久家 慶子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
6

Reconstruction de défauts à partir de données issues de capteurs à courants de Foucault avec modèle direct différentiel

Trillon, Adrien 14 October 2010 (has links) (PDF)
La tomographie par courants de Foucault peut être utilisée pour évaluer la forme et le volume de défauts dans des plaques métalliques de générateur de vapeur de centrale nucléaire. L'objectif du travail présenté est de cartographier la distribution d'une grandeur représentative du défaut, ici la conductivité relative. Ce problème est difficile à résoudre car mal-posé et non-linéaire. Afin de le résoudre un modèle numérique est nécessaire. Nos travaux ont tout d'abord consisté à étudier les modèles directs existants pour choisir le plus adapté à notre cas. Il s'est avéré que les méthodes différentielles, différences finies ou éléments finis, étaient les plus adaptées à notre cas. Une fois que le modèle direct a été choisi, nous avons adapté les méthodes de type contrast source inversion (CSI) à ce modèle, puis proposé un nouveau critère à minimiser. Les méthodes de type CSI sont basées sur la minimisation de l'erreur quadratique pondérée des équations du modèle, observation et couplage. Par construction, elles autorisent une erreur sur ces équations. Il apparaît que les résultats de reconstruction s'améliorent lorsque l'erreur sur l'équation de couplage diminue. Afin de contraindre cette équation en évitant des problèmes de conditionnement, on a eu recours à une technique de Lagrangien augmenté. Enfin, le caractère mal-posé de ce problème peut être contourné en introduisant des informations a priori adéquates notamment sur la forme générale des défauts à reconstruire ainsi que sur les valeurs possibles de la conductivité relative. L'efficacité des méthodes développées est illustrée avec des cas simulés en 2D.

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