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The extent of entrepreneurship, business knowledge and skills within micro and small businesses on the mid-South Coast of KZNGraaf, René January 2007 (has links)
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in
Business Administration (MBA), Business Studies Unit, University of Technology in the Faculty of Commerce, 2007 / Entrepreneurship, business knowledge and skills within micro and small businesses play an important part in the economies of countries across the globe by being the drivers of economic growth, as well as, creating employment. The role of micro and small businesses is matching that of big business and in some countries contributes up to ninety per cent of revenue. The difficulties from supply and demand perspectives are receiving increasing attention from government and academic institutions and researchers, and the purpose of this study is to establish to what degree the presence of entrepreneurship is present in the region concerned, as well as, investigating the extent of knowledge and skills within the sample of micro and small business owners. The study uses descriptive statistics drawn from a questionnaire survey, to achieve its purpose. One hundred and seventy micro and small businesses were drawn using a stratified random sampling method. Businesses surveyed were grouped into the following categories: services, manufacturing, hardware, clothing and food. Entrepreneurial traits were found present in the micro and small business owners, however certain behavioural aspects argued against this presence. In terms of knowledge and
skills, the extent was found to be limited in terms of both academic qualifications,
and business acumen. Growth rates of the businesses in the survey seem to be low
and the presence of real entrepreneurship would need further investigation.
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Enhancing the ecotourist experience at Shongweni Reserve through the use of appropriate interpretive strategiesFoley, Jonathan January 2011 (has links)
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Masters of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / The current biodiversity and extinction crisis has ignited global concern for human and planetary well-being, culminating in the declaration by the United Nations of 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity. Concomitant with these developments has been the steady ascent of the ecotourism industry, a subset of the travel and tourism industry that holds some promise for the conservation and enhancement of natural areas. A third strand that may be added that weaves them all together for mutual benefit, is the use of interpretation as a communication strategy that enhances the travel experience for the visitor, stimulating interest and enriching their knowledge of local natural resources. This study examines the role of interpretation within one of the largest protected areas in the Durban area, Shongweni Reserve. Rich in faunal and floral diversity, the reserve hosts a range of active and passive recreational pursuits for local and international visitors. This study examines the range of natural, historic and cultural resources within the Shongweni Reserve and then develops appropriate themes for interpretive print material to effectively provoke and stimulate visitor interest in local biodiversity. Print samples were attractively designed to showcase interesting facets of plant and animal wildlife in the reserve. The samples integrated aspects of floral and faunal conservation status together with Zulu cultural use in the narrative and text. Findings from the survey revealed that most visitors were interested in learning more about local biodiversity and found the interpretation material to have a high degree of personal relevance. This has significance in terms of encouraging reserve management to communicate effectively with their visitors using interpretive media as a vehicle and stimulus for biodiversity conservation.
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Evaluating the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) as a performance management system for a selected KwaZulu-Natal municipalityHlongwane, Nkululeko Terrence January 2011 (has links)
Dissertation submitted in the partial fulfillment for the requirements of the
Degree of Master of Business Administration, Durban University of
Technology, 2011. / Notwithstanding the unsurpassed planning efforts, municipalities nationally seem to be losing their
battle in pursuit of sustainable development. South African municipalities find themselves
confronted with a harsh reality and that is that after 12 years of legislated Integrated Development
Planning (IDP), poverty remains widespread and persists alongside affluence, while inequalities are
increasing.
The mechanism of service delivery in municipalities is hampered by bureaucratic settings within
Local Government and the ambiguity attached to some of the projects. The service and
infrastructural developments targeted for the poor, and the involvement of communities in the
affairs of the Local Government might be seen as a partial panacea for poverty alleviation in South
Africa, however the capacity of Local Governments to effectively carry out this developmental
challenge assigned to them might be a new twist in the developmental challenge facing Local
Governments in South Africa.
The commonly-employed approach to local development to the challenges of co-ordinating and
integrating efforts has revealed clear evidence of the usefulness of sustainable local development
which helps to promote effective planning methods based on a multi-sectorial approach to poverty
reduction and community development for an integrated local development planning process.
The literature review contained in this research indicates that in South Africa the implementation of
the IDP at Local Government level impacts upon by the Performance Management System (PMS).
This research which has been grounded within the positivist paradigm, evaluates the IDP as a performance management system at Ugu District Municipality. Interviews were conducted amongst employees of the Ugu District Municipality and the community served by the municipality to evaluate the extent to which the IDP is used as a tool to deliver sustainable development.
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Communication challenges : an exploratory study of international students at the University of KwaZulu-NatalMaharajh, Maroonisha (Meryl) 16 October 2012 (has links)
Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the
Masters Degree of Technology: Public Relations Management, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Globalization is impacting on education worldwide. As a result, the University of KwaZulu- Natal (UKZN), like other universities worldwide, have identified an opportunity to increase their profit margins by expanding their marketing initiatives internationally in order to recruit foreign students. The purpose of conducting this study was to investigate the sustainability of UKZN’s Student Exchange Programme in an increasingly competitive industry.
The rationale behind the research is that communication challenges between UKZN, International Partner Universities and students, are threatening the overall success of the student exchange programme, with partners threatening to reduce their student exchange numbers. This rationale was tested via primary research in the form of a questionnaire distributed to international partner universities, who then randomly selected a target sample from students who had recently returned from a UKZN student exchange. Interviews were also conducted with a smaller sample and secondary research, in the form of a literature review of previous research findings and theoretical perspectives, was conducted.
The sample comprised of ninety nine international students from first-world countries, who participated in a student exchange to UKZN. Respondent profiles included both male and female second-year tertiary respondents, from the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA).
The major findings of the investigation revealed that the majority of respondents agreed that communication challenges at UKZN posed a credible threat to the future success of the exchange programme. UKZN should, therefore, focus on implementing long and short-term communication’s strategies. The research also found that, by addressing international concerns through the training and development of student exchange officers, will help equip officers to deal with a continually changing international relations’ climate.
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The business strategy development among SMME's in the KwaZulu-Natal clothing manufacturing sectorLaljit, Carmen Rochelle January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (M.Tech.: Business Administration)-Durban University of Technology, 2006
vi, 70 leaves / One of the major problems facing SMME’s in the South African clothing industry is the surge of clothing imported particularly from China, which negatively impacts on the ability of local firms to survive in business. Despite this challenge within the volatile business environment some SMME’s within the clothing industry have been resilient and have remained in business. This
survey focused on the existing business strategies of SMME’s within the
clothing manufacturing sector of Kwa-Zulu Natal.
The main aim of the research was to establish the underlying factors of competitive advantage of SMME’s and to determine the strategic action taken by businesses in order to combat the impact of the sale of imported clothing in South Africa. In addition, an evaluation of the success of these strategic
choices was carried out so that future business strategies for SMME’s can be
developed to ensure sustainable competitive advantage.
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Factors contributing to absenteeism of nurses in primary care centres in the Ethekwini Municipal District of Kwazulu-NatalSingh, Ragani 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MCur)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Absenteeism is a problem all over the world and a solution cannot be easily found.
This is also a challenge faced by employers in South Africa. Absenteeism
exacerbates the difficulty of health service delivery in many countries where the
number of nurses available is insufficient to meet all of the healthcare demands in the
health care sector, in this regard South Africa is no exception to this problem. The
annual loss to the South African economy caused by absenteeism is between R12
billion and R19.144 billion per year. A combination of factors, namely characteristics
of the nurse, the workplace, management, as well as characteristics of the
organisation can influence absenteeism.
Absenteeism of nurses is on the increase at primary care centres in the Ethekwini
municipal district and it has a negative impact on provision of health care services
where the study is proposed. It is imperative that sufficient nursing staff be available
for duty to provide services to clients. No research on absenteeism has been
conducted at these institutions. Therefore, identifying the contributing factors in order
to be able to manage it effectively is essential.
The aim of this research was to identify factors that contribute to absenteeism of
nurses at eight primary care centres in the Ethekwini municipal district of KwaZulu-
Natal. A quantitative descriptive exploratory research design was applied for this
purpose.
The population was all categories of permanently employed nursing staff working at
the eight primary care centres. The total population consisted of 689 nurses.
Following a pilot study consisting of 10% of the total sample, a research sample was
compiled by means of a simple random sampling method and included 30% of all
categories of nurses – registered nurses, enrolled nurses and nursing assistants.
Hundred and ninety one nurses out of 209 responded to the research study, which
sets the response rate at 91%. Data was collected by means of an existing
questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on the characteristics of the nurse,
manager, work environment and organisation in order to identify factors that
contribute to absenteeism of nurses.
The data was analysed with the support of a statistician and was expressed as
frequencies in tables and histograms. Descriptive statistical analyses, including tests for statistical associations, were performed. Results of this study indicate significant
relationships between characteristics of the nurse, the manager, workplace and the
organisation. Factors that were identified included stress, staff shortage, work
overload, lack of promotion opportunities, lack of child care facilities, lack of
appreciation and feedback, bureaucratic leadership styles, inflexible working
schedules and lack of a satisfactory reward system.
The results further indicate no significant relationship between demographical
variables and absenteeism.
Recommendations based on the results were offered and recommendations for
future research were made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Afwesigheid is ’n probleem dwarsoor die wêreld waarvoor daar nie ’n maklike
oplossing gevind kan word nie. Dit is ook ’n uitdaging wat werkgewers in Suid-Afrika
in die gesig staar. Afwesigheid vergroot die struikelblok om gesondheidsdienste in
menige lande te verskaf waar die aantal beskikbare verpleegsters onvoldoende is vir
die gesondheidssorgaanvraag. In hierdie opsig is Suid-Afrika geen uitsondering nie.
Die jaarlikse verlies aan inkomste vir die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie veroorsaak deur
afwesigheid is tussen R12 en R19.144 biljoen per jaar. ’n Kombinasie van faktore,
naamlik kenmerke van die vepleegster, die bestuurder, die werkplek, asook
kenmerke van die organisasie kan afwesigheid beïnvloed.
Afwesigheid van verpleegsters is aan die toeneem by gesondheidssorg
gemeenskapsentrums in die Ethekwini-distrik in Kwazulu-Natal en dit het ’n
negatiewe impak op die voorsiening van gesondheidssorgdienste waar die studie
onderneem is. Dit is noodsaaklik dat voldoende verpleegpersoneel beskikbaar moet
wees vir diensverskaffing aan kliënte. Geen navorsing oor afwesigheid is al
onderneem by hierdie inrigtings nie. Die identifisering van die faktore wat bydra tot
afwesigheid van die werk is essensieel sodat die probleem effektief bestuur kan
word.
Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om die faktore te identifiseer wat bydra tot die
afwesigheid van verpleegsters by agt primêre gesondheidssorg
gemeenskapsentrums in die Ethekwini munisipale distrik van KwaZulu-Natal. ’n
Kwantitatiewe beskrywende, ondersoekende navorsingsontwerp is toegepas vir
hierdie doel.
Die populasie het bestaan uit alle kategorieë van permanent aangestelde
verpleegpersoneel wat werk by agt primêre gesondheidssorg gemeenskapsentrums.
Die totale populasie het bestaan uit 689 verpleegsters. Na ’n loodsprojek van 10%
van die totale steekproef, is ’n navorsingssteekproef saamgestel deur middel van ’n
eenvoudige ewekansige steekproefmetode wat 30% van alle kategorieë
verpleegsters ingesluit het, naamlik geregistreerde verpleegsters, ingeskrewe
verpleegsters en verpleegassistente. Honderd een-en-negentig verpleegsters uit 209
het reageer op die navorsingsondersoek wat ‘n responsvlak van 91% daargestel het.
Data is ingesamel deur middel van ’n bestaande vraelys. Die vraelys het gefokus op die eienskappe van die verpleegster, die bestuurder, werksomgewing en organisasie
ten einde die faktore te identifiseer wat bydrae tot die afwesigheid van verpleegsters.
Die data is geanaliseer met die ondersteuning van ’n statistikus en is uitgedruk as
frekwensies in tabelle en histogramme en diagramme. Beskrywende statistiese
analises, insluitende toetse vir statistiese assosiasies is uitgevoer. Resultate van
hierdie studie dui aan dat ‘n beduidende verhouding bestaan tussen die kenmerke
van die verpleegster, die bestuurder, werkplek, organisasie en afwesigheid van die
werk. Faktore wat geidentifiseer is sluit in stress, personeel tekort, werkoorlading,
gebrekkige bevorderingsgeleenthede, afwesigheid van fasiliteite vir die versorging
van klein kinders, gebrek aan waardering en terugvoer, burokratiese leierskapstyle,
onbuigbare werkskedules en ‘n gebrek aan ‘n bevredigende vergoedingstelsel.
Die resultate van hierdie studie dui verder aan dat daar geen verband bestaan
tussen demografiese veranderlikes en afwesigheid nie.
Aanbevelings ten opsigte van die resultate is gemaak, asook aanbevelings vir
toekomstige navorsing.
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Awareness, knowledge and experiences of women regarding cervical cancer in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaNdlovu, Beauty Hlengiwe 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MCur)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Title:
Awareness, knowledge and experiences of women regarding cervical cancer in rural Kwa-
Zulu-Natal, South Africa.
Background:
Cervical cancer has been identified as the second most common cancer in women and
contributes to the high mortality rate in women. Among all cancers in women, cervical
cancer is rated the second most common cancer in women worldwide. In poorly
resourced settings, access to services offering cervical screening is still a challenge and it
is estimated that more than 50% of women in developing countries have never had a
single screening test for cervical abnormalities.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to assess women’s awareness, attitudes and experiences
regarding cervical smear testing and for cervical cancer in rural KwaZulu-Natal and to
better understand factors influencing access to and utilization of cervical cancer screening
services by rural women.
Methods:
The method employed was a descriptive study using a questionnaire to collect quantitative
data. The sample consisted of 69 women aged 30 years and above, was taken from women
who were enrolled in the on-going Microbicide Clinical Trial and attending follow-up
clinic visits between July and August 2009. The primary outcome measure for the
analyses was who has been screened for cervical cancer and this was assessed from the
previous history reports of the women. The secondary outcome measure was to investigate
knowledge and perceptions regarding cervical cancer and screening. Socio-demographic
factors associated with having been screened were also explored.
Results:
Out of 69 women, only N=13 (18.8%) reported ever screening for cervical cancer. More
than half of women who had never screened reported lack of information as a barrier to
screening N=50 (71.4%). Older women aged 35-45, 45 and above were less likely to
screen compared to women aged 30 to 34 years of age (OR: 0.06). Having an educational
background seemed to increase the likelihood to screen, twice if a woman had primary
education (OR 2.0) and almost three times (OR 2.67) if a woman had a secondary or a
higher education. More than half of the respondents considered themselves at risk for
cervical cancer N=42 (60.8%) and almost all showed a willingness to screen in the future
N=64 (93%).
Conclusion:
Most of the women in this study had never been screened for cervical cancer in their
lifetime as reflected by n=55 (82%) while only n=14 (18%) ever screened for cervical
cancer. The results of this study cannot be generalised to the population due to the small
sample size. However, there is need to facilitate comprehensive health education and the
implementation of cervical screening programmes to target women in rural communities
to contribute to the success of the cervical screening programme. The results of this study
showed that 60% of respondents were informed by health care professionals on cervical
cancer screening. Health care workers also should play a vital role in educating
communities on cervical cancer and on the benefits for cervical cancer screening, through
reaching all patients who utilise health care services with cervical cancer information and
also communities through outreach programmes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Titel: Vrouens se bewustheid, houding en ervarings van smeertoetse en servikale
karsinoom in die landelike gebiede van KwaZulu-Natal
Agtergrond:
Servikale kanker is geïdentifiseer as die tweede mees algemene karsinoom in vrouens en
dra by tot die hoë sterftesyfer in vrouens. Van al die tipes karsinoom wat by vrouens
voorkom, is servikale karsinoom die tweede mees algemene karsinoom onder vrouens
wêreldwyd. Die beskikbaarheid van dienste wat servikale smeer toetsing bied, is nog
steeds ’n uitdaging in arm gebiede en daar word geskat dat meer as 50 % van vrouens in
ontwikkelende lande nog nooit ’n toets vir enige servikale abnormaliteite gehad het nie.
Doel:
Die doel van hierdie studie was om vrouens se bewustheid, houding en ervarings van
servikale smeer toetsing en van servikale karsinoom in die plattelandse gebiede van
KwaZulu-Natal te toets en om ’n beter begrip te kry van faktore wat ’n invloed het op
toegang tot en gebruik van servikalesmeer toetsing by vrouens in landelike areas.
Metode:
Die metode wat gebruik is, is ’n beskrywende studie waarin gebruik gemaak is van
vraelyste om kwantitatiewe data te versamel. Die monster het bestaand uit 69 vrouens,
ouderdom 30 jaar en ouer, wat deelnemers was aan die “Microbicide Kliniese
Navorsingsprojek” en wat opvolgbesoeke by klinieke gehad het tussen Julie en Augustus
2008. Die primêre bevinding, wie al ooit vir servikale karsinoom getoets is, is bereik deur
die inligting in die laboratorium verslae van die vroue na te gaan. Die sekondêre
bevinding was om die deelnemers se kennis en persepsies aangaande servikale karsinoom
te toets. Sosio-demografiese faktore wat verband hou met of deelnemers ooit getoets is, is
ook ondersoek.
Resultate: Van die 69 vrouens, het slegs N=13 (18.8 %) gerapporteer dat hulle ooit getoets is vir
servikale kasinoom. Meer as die helfte van die vrouens wat ooit getoets is vir servikale
karsinoom het gerapporteer dat ’n gebrek aan inligting ’n weerhoudende faktor was tot die
toetse, N=50 (71.4%). Ouer vrouens tussen die ouderdom van 35 – 45, 45 en ouer was
minder bereid om te toets in vergelyking met vrouens tussen die ouderdom van 30 tot 34
(OR: 0.06). Dit blyk asof skoolonderrig die kanse op toetsing verhoog, vrouens met
primêre skoolopleiding se kanse dat hulle getoets is, is twee keer groter (OR 2.0) en amper
drie keer meer (OR 2.67) as ’n vrou sekondêre onderrig of hoër onderrig ontvang het.
Meer as die helfte van die respondente dink hulle loop ’n risiko om servikale kanker te kry
N=42 (60.8%) en feitlik almal was bereid om hulle te laat toets in die toekoms N=64 (93
%).
Bevinding:
Die meeste vroue in hierdie studie n=55 (82%) was nog nooit in hul leeftyd getoets vir
servikale karsinoom nie terwyl slegs n=14 (18%) ooit getoets was vir servikale karsinoom.
Die resultate van hierdie studie kan nie veralgemeen word nie, aangesien die navorsingspopulasie
as gevolg van die klein steekproef te klein was. Nietemin is daar ‘n behoefte vir
die fasilitering van omvattende gesondheidsopvoeding en die implementering van
servikalesmeer toetsing programme. Die resultate van hierdie studie het aangedui dat 60%
van die respondente deur professionele gesondheids werkers ingelig is met betrekking tot
servikalesmeer toetsing. Gesondheidswerkers behoort ‘n vitale rol te speel in die
opvoeding van gemeenskappe in verband met servikale karsinoom en die voordele van
hiervan deur alle pasiente wat gesondheidsdienste benut in te lig omtrent servikale
karsinoom en ook deur middel van gemeenskaps-uitreikings programme.
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Towards universal access : status of the KZN electrification programme 2013/14Mthiyane, Zibuyisile 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / Census 2011 put the rate of electrification in South Africa at 84 percent. Even though this is a
positive outcome to the previously recorded 34 percent, it has served as a clear indication that the
target for Universal Access to Electricity by 2014 as set by President Jacob Zuma is unlikely to be
achieved. In June 2013, cabinet approved the implementation of the new household electrification
strategy and in support of this decision the Department of Energy was tasked to develop a new
electrification roadmap or implementation plan.
The intention of this research study has been to contribute to the development of this strategic plan
by analysing the status of electrification in KwaZulu-Natal, as extracted from the provincial
Geographical Information System, in order to identify the optimal electrification roll out plan and to
develop guiding principles for the electrification of the province. The research outcomes provide a
view of the current state of electrification within the province, identify the major technical
constraints which hinder the progress, and provide recommendations for implementation roll out for
KwaZulu-Natal province.
The finding of this research is that of the 497 799 thousand un-electrified houses, 169 506 HH are
not electrifiable as there is not sufficient capacity on the existing networks to cater for these
households. Of those, 132 007 households are dependent on the establishment and construction
of new bulk infrastructure such as substations and lines, while 37 499 are dependent on the
upgrade or refurbishment of the existing infrastructure. The research has identified and categorised
the ‘critical’ bulk infrastructure that will benefit 5 000 households or more as well as the high impact
infrastructure projects that cater for 3 000 households or more.
The research has also identified municipalities that are above the average of 84 percent
electrification and categorised these as quick win areas to help in the progression toward universal
access. As the research has also identified the dark havens, named as such due to being less than
50 percent electrified and plagued by technical constraints which makes any electrification of these
areas not possible in the next five to ten years. Recommendations for responding to all four
categories of findings are put forward.
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An econometric analysis of the economic and environmental efficiency of dairy farms in the KwaZulu-Natal MidlandsMkhabela, Thulasizwe 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Agricultural Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is an analysis of dairy production in the Midlands district of KwaZulu-Natal.
The analysis of agricultural production generally ignores undesirable outputs that are
produced alongside desirable outputs. This research attempted to integrate a model of nitrate
leaching from dairy production into a multiple input/output representation of the production
technology, together with the analysis of technical efficiency. Estimation of both technical
efficiency and environmental efficiency were done following the parametric econometric
stochastic frontier (SFA) and the nonparametric mathematical programming data
envelopment analysis (DEA) approaches.
The study used unbalanced panel data from 37 individual highly specialized dairy farms for
the period 2000 to 2007 and totals to 2130 observations. Production functions for the three
outputs; milk, animals and farm produced feed, were fitted as a simultaneous system to model
the farms’ production activities for the econometric SFA estimation of technical efficiency. A
single equation reduced form was fitted as a frontier to allow for the estimation of the relative
efficiencies of the individual farms. The results showed that with data this detailed it was
possible to refine the model until it fits very tightly. Indeed, in the gross output model that
includes cows, there was nothing left to call inefficiency and what was clearly a frontier
becomes a mean response function. Technical efficiency was further calculated using the
nonparametric DEA approach using the same dataset.
The estimation of environmental efficiency was done using both SFA and DEA approaches.
Undesirable emissions of nitrate were represented within the models by calculating nitrogen
surplus (kg/ha) for each farm. This nitrogen surplus value was based on the intensity of the
use of nitrogen containing inputs and the nitrogen content of marketable products specific
information and from farm data which were used to calculate a farm nitrogen balance. The
stochastic estimation of environmental efficiency used the same data that were used for the
estimation of technical efficiency. However, for the DEA calculation of environmental
efficiency, a balanced cross-section dataset for 34 farms participating in a pasture-utilization
programme was used. This dataset was used because it had quantities of nitrogen fertilizer
and other nitrogen containing inputs.
Results indicate that there was minimal “over-usage” (over production) of milk thus reducing
milk output alone will not lead to improved environmental efficiency. Farm size, herd size,
and quantity of nitrogen fertilizer applied, present the best scope of reducing nitrogen surplus
thus improving environmental efficiency of the dairy farms. Reducing imported feed by
relying more on home grown feed can also help reduce nitrogen surplus. This is feasible
because dairy farmers in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands can produce most of the feed on farm.
In summary, to obtain environmental efficiency milk production would have to be reduced by
80 litres per hectare; farm size by 73.69 ha; herd size by 33 cows, nitrogen fertilizer
application by 74.3 kilograms per hectare; and imported feed by 13.4 kilograms of dry matter
per hectare. The adjustments that would be required if environmentally inefficient farms were
to adopt best practice technology and move towards their environmental production frontiers
indicate that the production of pollutants (nitrogen surplus) could be reduced at negligible
cost to milk production. The positive correlation between technical and environmental
efficiencies indicates that improving environmental efficiency could be associated with
improvements in technical efficiency. Thus, policies aimed at improving both efficiencies
could have substantial rewards. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word suiwelproduksie in die Middellande van KwaZulu-Natal van nader
beskou. Met die ontleding van landbouproduksie, word ongewenste uitsette wat saam met
gewenste uitsette geproduseer word, gewoonlik oor die hoof gesien. Hierdie navorsing poog
om ’n model van nitraatvrylating uit suiwelproduksie in ’n veelvuldige inset/uitset
verteenwoordiging van die produksietegnologie, te integreer by die analise van tegniese
doeltreffendheid. In opvolging van die benaderings tot die parametriese ekonometriese
stogastiese front (SFA) en die omvattingsanalise ten opsigte van die nie-parametriese
matematiese programmeringsdata, is beramings van sowel tegniese as omgewings
doeltreffendheid gedoen.
In die studie is gebruik gemaak van paneeldata van 37 individuele hoogs gespesialiseerde
melkplase vir die tydperk 2000 tot 2007, wat altesaam 2130 waarnemings beloop.
Produksiewerksaamhede vir die drie uitsette; melkproduksie en diere- en plaasgeproduseerde
voer, is as ’n gelyklopende stelsel ingepas om die plase se produksiewerksaamhede vir die
ekonometriese SFA-beramings van tegniese doeltreffendheid weer te gee. ’n Enkele vorm om
gelykmaking te verminder is daargestel as ’n front vir die beraming van die relatiewe
doeltreffendhede van die individuele plase. Die resultate het bewys dat data van hierdie
omvang dit moontlik maak om die model sodanig te verfyn dat dit net-net inpas. By die bruto
uitset-model waarby koeie ingesluit is, was daar inderdaad niks wat op ondoeltreffendheid
gedui het nie en wat eers ’n duidelike front was, het ’n betekenisvolle responsfunksie geword.
Voorts is tegniese doeltreffendheid bereken deur aanwending van die nie-parametriese DEAbenadering,
deur gebruik te maak van dieselfde datastel.
Die beraming van omgewingsdoeltreffendheid is gedoen deur gebruikmaking van sowel
SFA- as DEA-benaderings. Ongewenste nitraatvrylatings is in die modelle gevind deur die
stikstofsurplus vir elke plaas te bereken (kg/ha) Die waarde van hierdie stikstofsurplus is
gebaseer op die intensiteit van die gebruik van stikstofbevattende insette en bepaalde inligting
oor die stikstof-inhoud van bemarkbare produkte, sowel as van plaas data, wat gebruik is om
’n stikstofbalans vir die plaas te bereken. Dieselfde data wat aangewend is vir die beraming
van tegniese doeltreffendheid, is gebruik om die stogastiese beraming van
omgewingsdoeltreffendheid te bepaal. Vir die DEA-berekening van omgewingsxii
doeltreffendheid, is egter ’n gebalanseerde kruisseksie datastel gebruik vir 34 plase wat aan
’n weidingsbenuttings-program deelgeneem het. Die bepaalde datastel is gebruik omdat dit
dosisse stikstofbemestingstof en ander stikstofbevattende insette bevat het.
Resultate het op minimale “oorgebruik” (oorproduksie) van melk gedui en daarom sal die
vermindering van slegs die melkuitset nie lei tot verbeterde omgewingsdoeltreffendheid nie.
Plaasgrootte, kuddegrootte en die dosis stikstof wat toegedien is, verskaf die beste beeld van
verminderde stikstofsurplus, wat dus tot verbeterde omgewingsdoeltreffendheid op melkplase
lei. Die vermindering van ingevoerde voer deur meer op plaasgeproduseerde voer staat te
maak, kan ook meewerk om stikstofsurplus te laat daal. Dit kan gedoen word omdat
melkboere in die Middellande van KwaZulu-Natal die meeste van die voer op die plaas kan
produseer.
Ter samevatting kan gesê word dat om omgewingsdoeltreffendheid te bereik moet
melkproduksie met 80 liter per hektaar verminder word, plaasgrootte met 73.69 ha,
kuddegrootte met 33 koeie, stikstofbemestingtoediening met 74.3 kilogram per hektaar en
ingevoerde voer met 13.4 kilogram droë materiaal per hektaar. Die aanpassings wat nodig sal
wees indien omgewingsdoeltreffende plase beste praktyk-tegnologie sou aanvaar en sou
aanbeweeg na hulle omgewingsproduksiefronte, dui daarop dat die produksie van
besoedelende stowwe (stikstofsurplus) verminder kan word teen geringe koste aan
melkproduksie. Die positiewe verband tussen tegniese en omgewingsdoeltreffendhede, dui
daarop dat die verbetering van omgewingsdoeltreffendheid, in verband gebring kan word met
verbeterings in tegniese doeltreffendheid. Beleid wat op verbetering van beide
doeltreffendhede gemik is, kan daarom aanmerklike voordele inhou.
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A critical evaluation of cloth bead sculptures made by rural female artists in Kwazulu Natal (1970 to 1999)Khanyile, Isaac Nkosinathi January 2002 (has links)
Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Fine Art (Sculpture), Durban Institute of Technology, 2002. / Cloth bead sculptures are art objects made by female artists from cloth, beads, wood, wire and other materials that are stitched by hand. They are freestanding representations of the human figure, animals and inanimate objects and have traditionally been important ritual, as well as aesthetic, objects in Zulu communal life. The research for this dissertation was based on qualitative methods which brought together information from the women discussing their life and work. These discussions with individuals and groups looked at the women's own explanations of their work, including its traditional, ritual and communicative functions in rural Kwa Zulu Natal. They also discussed their experiences in selling their artwork in relation to the past discriminatory practices of apartheid South Africa, which was the context for their lives. From the 1970s some rural women brought some of these figures to Durban for sale in the streets to supplement their meagre resources. Later the African Art Centre became the main retail outlet for selling African Art and Craft and white people associated with it became the 'official' spokespersons and interpreters of such their art work. This had the consequence of depriving the rural women artists of their own voice. They were thus not able to give their own interpretation and explanation of their work. Interpretation of these sculptures in the dissertation has taken into account the traditional communicative role of bead figures and the symbolic function of colours, patterns and textures created by the beads and other materials. Cloth bead figures brought in for sale to local and international buyers always represented more than simple decorated figures to the artists themselves. Indeed these bead figures, like other works of art produced by black South Africans, became a vehicle for the / M
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