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Trade openness and economic growth: experience from three SACU countriesMalefane, Malefa Rose 02 1900 (has links)
This study uses annual data for the period 1975-2014 for South Africa and Botswana, and 1979-2013 for Lesotho to examine empirically the impact of trade openness on economic growth in these three South African Customs Union (SACU) countries. The motivation for this study is that SACU countries are governed by the common agreement for the union that oversees the movement of goods that enter the SACU area. However, although these countries are in a com-mon union, they have quite different levels of development. Based on the country’s level of development, Lesotho is a lower middle-income and least developed country, whereas Botswana and South Africa are upper middle-income economies. Thus, these disparities in the levels of economic development of SACU countries i are expected to have different implications in relation to the extent to which trade openness affects economic growth. It is within this background that the current study seeks to examine what impact trade openness has on economic growth in each of the three selected countries. To check the robustness of the empirical results, this study uses four equations based on four different indicators of trade openness to examine the linkage between trade openness and economic growth. While Equation 1, Equation 2 and Equation 3 employ trade-based indicators of openness, Equation 4 uses a modified version of the UNCTAD (2012a) trade openness index that incorporates differences in country size and geography. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modelling, the study found that the impact of trade openness on economic growth varies across the three SACU countries. Based on the results for the first three equations, the study found that trade openness has a positive impact on economic growth in South Africa and Botswana, whereas it has no significant impact on economic growth in Lesotho. Based on Equation 4 results, the study found that after taking the differences in country size and geography into account, trade openness has a positive impact on economic growth in Botswana, but an insignificant impact in South Africa and Lesotho. For South Africa and Botswana, the main recommendation from this study is that policy makers should pursue policies that promote total trade to increase economic growth in both the short and the long run. For Lesotho, the study recommends, among other things, the adoption of policies aimed at enhancing human capital and infrastructural development as well as the broadening of exports, so as to enable the economy to grow to a threshold level necessary for the realisation of significant gains from trade. / Economics / Ph. D. (Economics)
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The effects of international trade on human development: a comparative analysis of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC)Angeles, Joseph Gerard Bacani 01 1900 (has links)
This study analysed the effects of international trade on human development in two developing regions, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The choice of comparing SADC and ASEAN is motivated by the many similarities between both regions half a century ago, and the stark divergence of their respective development pathways which has led to different development outcomes half a century later. Annual data from 2000 to 2018 and dynamic panel data econometric techniques were used in this study, controlling for individual country characteristics, endogeneity, serial correlation, heterocedasticity and interdependencies between the countries in each region. Two estimations were done in this study; sample wide estimations and country specific estimations. In the sample wide estimations the Generalised Method of Moments of Arellano and Bover (1995) with forward orthogonal deviations, and Feasible Generalised Least Squares of Parks (1967) and Kmenta (1986) were used, whilst Swamy’s Random Coefficients were used in the country specific estimations. Trade is measured using the current account balance as a percentage of GDP, whilst human development is captured by the United Nations’ Human Development Index (HDI). In the sample wide estimations, the study found that trade openness enhances human development for both SADC and ASEAN as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). Gross fixed capital formation, economic growth and technological progress all had positive effects on human development in both regions. Unemployment had a counter intuitive positive effect on human development. This raises issues on the nature and quality of employment, including concerns on cheap production labour and vulnerable employment. The ASEAN region had a higher mean level of economic growth, a trade surplus and higher level of technological progress than SADC. This is consistent with the manufacturing focus of ASEAN, compared to the primary commodity exporting nature of SADC which had a trade deficit. However, in each region there were country specific differences in terms of what drives human development. The country specific disparities in drivers of human development have implications for the regional trade and development nexus. In particular, these disparities must be considered in the conceptualization and implementation of the SADC Industrialisation and Strategy Roadmap, and the most recent African Continental Free Trade Area. The policy implication is that such regional trade agreements should accommodate countries’ specific heterogeneity as the policy pathways will differ between countries. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Management Studies)
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The strategic importance of regional economic integration to multinational companies (MNCs) : a study of South African MNCs' operations in the SADCEgu, Mathew Eleojo 07 1900 (has links)
Though the strategic importance of regional economic integration to multinational companies (MNC) has been researched extensively internationally, this concept has not been studied in South Africa. In fact, there is a growing nostalgia that with the South African Development Community (SADC) moving towards its set macroeconomic convergence targets; regional economic integration eventually leads to macroeconomic stabilisation. This ultimately becomes the root of growth in a region that has been severely affected by globalisation, financial crises, increasing government debt and budget deficit problems. This study, hence, tries to find out how the critical decisions of South African MNCs are made when operating within regional markets. Consequently, statistical econometric models were developed to test time-series data from 1980-2011 using the best (most efficient) linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) ordinary least square regression technique.
An analysis was then done to investigate how South African firms have been able to gain maximum benefits by adopting the SADC as its major trading bloc in Africa. The study’s findings showed that the major barriers that impede MNCs of South African origin from penetrating these markets were custom duties, direct and indirect tariffs. It was observed that this would only be reduced by regional integration.
Determined to critically interrogate the problems detailed in this research, three hypotheses were tested, analysed and subsequent interpretation of the findings revealed that South African MNCs contribute positively to regional economic growth and investment in the SADC. Furthermore, the study found out that although these factors were important, they were not the only variables that stimulated the competitiveness of South African MNCs in the SADC region. The literature review sections of this study found that the adoption of strategic management initiatives by MNCs improved the operation of transnational companies in South Africa. A comparison between the value of South African MNCs, as well as, other explanatory variables, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both South Africa and the SADC using time series data for the period 1980-2011 indicated that there was a positive relationship between the contribution of MNCs to South Africa’s economy and the GDP of both South Africa and the SADC. This proved that there is a significant link between MNC growth and national/regional productivity.
In conclusion, the study established that the findings of the literature review were theoretically in sync with the empirical analysis. Also, the outcome of this study concurred with the findings of similar research. In essence, regional trade arrangements are an increasingly important element of the global trade environment, of which the move by South Africa’s MNCs to operate in the SADC market was a positive one. Finally, the study found out that for these firms to be successful in the international business arena, business management decisions need to be made, only after a detailed strategic analysis of the significance of regional economic integration is considered. This integrative framework certainly determines the operational efficiency, survival and profitability of most MNCs that operate within the region. / Business Management / M.Admin. (Business Management (International Business))
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The role of Southern African Development Community (SADC) in conflict resolution in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 1998-2003 : 'an appraisal'Kapinga, Ntumba 02 1900 (has links)
Situated at the heart of Africa, the DRC has been transformed into a battlefield where several African states and national armed movements are simultaneously fighting various wars. In order to achieve peace, security, and stability in the DRC, SADC intervened with the international collaboration of the UN and AU. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate SADC’s role in the DRC conflict resolution process from 1998 to 2003. A qualitative research method has been chosen and two theories, namely New Institutionalism theories and Rupesinghe’s model of conflict transformation were adopted. The research concludes that SADC military and diplomatic efforts to end the war have been positive. It is true that violence continues and peace remained fragile, but the conflict had ended. The weakness of the DRC government has allowed continued violence. As an organisation of states, SADC has not been able to do anything about this fragility. / Political Sciences / M.A. (International Politics)
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A regional economic partnership agreement between SADC and the European Union within the Cotonou framework : opportunities and challenges for the political economy of regional integration in SADCHengari, Alfredo Tjiurimo 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most notable features of the relations between the European Union and
SADC is the current reconfiguration of their trading architecture as encapsulated in
the Cotonou Agreement. Such a process of change can be shown to have inevitably
been the result of policy shifts, which are salient characteristics of a global political
economy, whose ontology is embedded theoretically in neo-liberalism. Nevertheless,
any process of change in the structure of global trading relations has the logical
outcome of systemically imposing either challenges or opportunities, and in some
cases both, on the participants of that structure.
This study represents a scholarly attempt at creating a lucid and descriptive
embodiment of the challenges and opportunities involved for SADC in the negotiation
and implementation of a Regional Economic Partnership Agreement (REPA) with the
European Union. These challenges and opportunities, obligatory within a REPA
framework are theoretically pronounced in as far as they shape the political economy
of regional integration in SADe. The process of negotiating such a multifaceted
agreement with a sophisticated partner, calls for institutional and negotiating
capacity. Undoubtedly, such capacity is beyond the membership of SADe. The point
is also emphasized that the process of trade liberalization, ingrained in a REPA will
create a complex and difficult interface with the current SADC initiatives underway to
deepen regional integration. Tellingly, these would contradict the cautious
developmental and bottom up approach taken by SADC in its drive for regional
integration.
Conversely, this study concedes that a REPA with the EU holds a number of novel
opportunities for SADC because such a process would provide scope for the
fundamental restructuring of the SADC economies. The competitive pressures
through decreased levels of protection within a REPA can create an upward
convergence of low performing industries in the region. These, amongst others are
important aspects if the political economy of SADC is to move into a virtuous cycle of
deeper integration and ultimate insertion in the global economy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die mees opvallende kenmerke van verhoudinge tussen die Europese Unie
(EU) en Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) is die huidige
rekonjigurasie van handelsbetrekkinge, soos vervat in die Cotonou Ooreenkoms.
Hierdie proses is die onafwendbare gevolg van beleidsveranderinge in die
internasionale politieke ekonomie, met 'n. ontologie wat teoreties in neo-liberalisme
gewortel is. Sodanige veranderinge in die struktuur van internasionale
handelsverhoudinge. bied uitdagings sowel as geleenthede, en soms beide, aan
deelnemers van sodanige struktuur.
Hierdie studie is 'n akademiese poging om 'n helder en deskriptiewe blik te werp op
die uitdagings en geleenthede vir die SAOG met betrekking tot die onderhandeling en
implimentering van die Regionale Ekonomiese Venootskapsooreenkoms (REVO) met
die EU Hierdie uitdagings en geleenthede, wat verpligtend is binne die REVO
struktuur, is teoreties belangrik in soverre as wat dit die politeke ekonomie van
regionale integrasie in SADC beinvloed. Die onderhandelingsproses van so 'n
komplekse dokument met gesofistikeerde vennote vereis intitusionele en
onderhandelingskapasiteit. Hierdie kapasiteit is nie in SAOG te vinde nie. Die punt
word ook benadruk dat die proses van handelsliberalisering, wat deel uitmaak van
REVO, botsend kan wees met SAOG inisiatiewe om regionale integrasie te versterk.
In essensie sal dit die huiwerige ontwikkelings en 'onder na ba' benadering, wat die
SAOG tans volg, weerspreek.
Aan die ander kant, gee die studie toe dat 'n REVO met die EU 'n hele aantal
voordele inhou, aangesien so 'n proses momentum kan voorsien vir verreikende
herstrukturering van SAOG ekonomieë. Die kompeterende druk a.g. v. 'n afname in
beskermingsvlakke onder die REVO, kan lei tot 'n opwaartse neiging onder
tradisionele swakpresterende nywerhede in die streek. Hierdie is onder andere
belangrike aspekte wat SADC in gedagte moet hou, ten einde deel te word van die
deugsame kringloop van dieper integrasie, en uiteindelike deelwording van die
internasionale ekonomie.
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Exploring South-South relations : the case of SADC and MercosurWhite, Lyal 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores inter-regional relations between SADC and Mercosur. The central
problem posed at the outset is "Why should relations between SADC and Mercosur be
pursued?" In this problem there exists two separate questions, each one dealing with the
regions at hand. The first question asks whether Mercosur is a viable partner in the global
political economy and if so, "What possible options are made available through a
partnership with Mercosur in the future?" The second question focuses on the Southern
African region and addresses concerns surrounding SADC as Mercosur's option for a
partner in Africa.
These problems are analysed in the context of the global political economy from the
perspective of regionalisation, considering the increased interest and attention this
phenomenon is currently receiving in international relations. This study therefore
addresses both bilateral and multilateral implications associated with SADC-Mercosur
relations, with the importance of market liberalisation as well as the effects of regional
integration on the process of globalisation kept in mind.
A descriptive and analytical approach is employed throughout the study. This
methodology provides a concise description of both regions. It also allows the study and
research to take place on different levels of analysis, looking at the problem from a
country-to-country, country-to-region and region-to-region perspective. These levels are
extended to include bilateral and multilateral opportunities for the parties involved.
In applying this descriptive methodology various characteristics and attributes of each
region are looked at, identifying benefits a regional bloc like Mercosur holds in terms of
market size and level of regional development. Various other areas are studied, which
explores possible future opportunities for both SA DC and Mercosur through improved
south-south co-operation. Statistical data is used to further illustrate certain arguments
raised and findings made.
The study clearly reveals a broad number of benefits available through enhanced SADCMercosur
relations. Mercosur holds an immense amount of future potential that would be
of great importance in maintaining a sustainable position for developing economies in the
future. There are however a number of difficulties too. These emanate primarily from
SADC and therefore cast a great deal of doubt on SADC's ability to enter into a
partnership with Mercosur. Considering the current situation, a more viable option would
be SACU. But this option should be pursued with the intention of bringing the rest of
SADC on board in the not too distant future. SADC's shear size and status in Southern
Africa is a drawing card in developing south-south co-operation. It would be ideal to
develop relations between SADC and Mercosur in a truly inter-regional fashion and
possibly even a transatlantic FTA further down the line. This is a vision that should
always be on the agenda when pursuing relations with Mercosur. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die inter-streeksverhouding tussen SADC en Mercosur. Vanuit
die staanspoor word die vraag, "Waarom behoort verhouding tussen SADC en Mercosur
nagestreefte word?" gevra. Die studie spreek binne hierdie verband met twee sub-vrae.
Die eerste vraag vra of Mercosur 'n lewensvatbare vennoot in the globale politieke
ekonornie is en indien weI, "Watter opsies word vir die toekoms gegenereer deur 'n
vennootskap met Mercosur." Die tweede vraag fokus op Suidelike Afrika en spreek
kwessies rakende SADC as Mercosur se keuse vir 'n vennoot in Afrika aan.
Binne die konteks van die globale politieke ekonomie word bogenoemde probleme vanuit
'n streeksperspektief geanaliseer, gegewe die toenemende aandag wat die regionalisasie
verskynsel tans in internasionale betrekkinge geniet. Hierdie studie spreek gevolglik
beide die bilaterale en multilaterale implikasies van SADC-Mercosur verhoudinge aan,
terwyl die belangrikheid van markliberalisering asook die gevolg van streeksintegrasie
vir die globaliseringsproses in gedagte gehou word.
Die studie volg deurgaans 'n beskrywende en analitiese benadering. Daardeur word
navorsing op verskiIIende vlakke van analise moontlik gemaak deur die probleem vanuit
'n land-tot-land, land-tot-streek en streek-tot-streek perspektiefte beskou. Deur die fokus
op hierdie vlakke word die bilaterale en multilaterale geleenthede vir die betrokke partye
geidentifiseer.
Deur middel van 'n beskrywende metodologie word die eienskappe en potensiaal van
beide streke uitgelig, veral met betrekking tot markgrootte en streeksontwikkeling. Teen
die agtergrond van verbeterde suid-suid samewerking word ander areas ook bestudeer,
met die oog op moontlike toekomstige geleenthede vir SADC en Mercosur. Statistiese
data word deurgaans gebruik om sekere argumente en bevindings toe te lig.
Die studie bevind dat uitgebreide SADC-Mercosur verhoudinge etlike voordele inhou.
Mercosur hou groot belofte in vir ontwikkelende ekonorniee. Daar is egter ook probleme binne SADC en plaas dit 'n vraagteken oor SADC se vermoe om 'n vennootskap met
Mercosur aan te gaan. 'n Meer realistiese opsie sal 'n vennootskap met SACU wees. Maar
hierdie opsie behoort nagestreef te word met die oog op die spoedige insluiting van
SADC. Die blote grootte en status van SADC is 'n belangrike faktor in die uitbreiding
van suid-suid samewerking. Dit sou ideaal wees om verhoudinge tussen SADC en
Mercosur tot op 'n ware interstreekse vlak te ontwikkel met die moontlikheid van 'n
toekomstige transatlantiese vrye handelsooreenkoms. Hierdie visie behoort altyd in
gedagte gehou te word in die nastreef van verhoudinge met Mercosur.
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UN, AU and SADC approaches to unconstitutional changes of government : the case of MadagascarGirardeau, Naomi Aass 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The resurgence of unconstitutional changes of government in Africa is regarded not only as a threat to democratisation processes but also to peace, security and stability on the continent. The United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU) and various regional economic communities (RECs) have all sought to address this challenge, in what may be described as a trilateral linkage between the international, regional and sub-regional organisations.
The unconstitutional change of government in Madagascar in 2009 led to the involvement of the UN, AU and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Although these organisations all responded to the case of Madagascar, it cannot be assumed that they all share a common understanding of and approach to unconstitutional changes of government. This study builds upon a constructivist approach to norm development, with a particular focus upon the norm life cycle. The thesis seeks to assess if a normative approach to dealing with unconstitutional changes of government has developed within the UN, AU and SADC respectively, and if so, how? Furthermore, how have these organisations responded to such a case, with a specific focus on Madagascar? Building upon these findings, the thesis aims to assess if and how a norm condemning unconstitutional changes of government has emerged, spread and become internalised within the UN, AU and SADC.
The study illustrates that the norm condemning unconstitutional changes of government is particularly salient within the AU. Furthermore, and unlike many other peace and security norms, the norm condemning unconstitutional changes of government seems to have emerged from the level of the AU and impacts upwards on the UN as well as downwards on SADC. These findings imply that the AU will have a prominent role in informing the approach and response to such cases on the African continent in the future. Furthermore, the normative frameworks of the UN and SADC may be developed largely as a result of and on the basis of the principles and policies of the AU. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die herlewing van ongrondwetlike regeringsverandering in Afrika word nie net as 'n bedreiging vir die demokratiseringsprosesse beskou nie, maar ook vir vrede, veiligheid en stabiliteit op die kontinent. Die Verenigde Nasies (VN), die Afrika-Unie (AU) en verskeie streeks-ekonomiese gemeenskappe (REC's) het gepoog om hierdie uitdaging, wat beskryf kan word as ‘n driehoekskakeling tussen die internasionale, streeks- en substreek-organisasies, aan te spreek.
Die ongrondwetlike regeringsverandering in Madagaskar in 2009 het gelei tot die betrokkenheid van die VN, AU en die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings gemeenskap (SAOG). Alhoewel hierdie organisasies op die Madagaskar-saak gereageer het, kan daar nie aanvaar word dat hulle ‘n gemeenskaplike begrip van en benadering tot die ongrondwetlike verandering van regering deel nie. Hierdie studie bou op 'n konstruktivisme benadering tot die ontwikkeling van norme, met 'n spesifieke fokus op die lewensiklus van ‘n norm. Die tesis poog om te bepaal of 'n konstruktivisme benadering respektiewelik binne die VN, AU en SAOG ontwikkel het rakende ongrondwetlike regeringsverandering, en indien wel, hoe? Verder, hoe het hierdie organisasies gereageer op so 'n geval, met spesifieke fokus op Madagaskar? Met hierdie bevindinge in gedagte, sal die tesis bepaal of, en hoe, 'n norm wat ongrondwetlik regeringsveranderinge veroordeel, na vore gekom het en hoe dit versprei en binne die VN, AU en SAOG geïnternaliseer is.
Hierdie studie illustreer dat die norm wat ongrondwetlik regeringsveranderinge veroordeel, besonder opvallend is binne die AU. In teenstelling met ander vredes- en sekuriteits norme, blyk dit dat die norm wat ongrondwetlik regeringsveranderinge veroordeel, sy oorsprong het op AU-vlak, met opwaartse trefkrag op die VN, sowel as afwaarts op SAOG. Hierdie bevindinge impliseer dat die AU in die toekoms 'n prominente rol in die benadering tot en reaksie op derglike gevalle op die Afrika-kontinent, sal hê. Verder kan die normatiewe raamwerke van die VN en SAOG moontlik hoofsaaklik ontwikkel as gevolg van die basis van beginsels en beleid wat deur die AU neergelê word. / Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).
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Harmonising the law of sale in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) : an analysis of selected modelsShumba, Tapiwa 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally recognised that diversity of laws may act as a barrier to the development of trade, both at international and regional level. In a globalised era, trade is necessary for economic development and ultimately for the alleviation of poverty. Although the WTO has done extensive work towards the removal of tariff barriers, there is also a need to focus on addressing non-tariff barriers which include legal barriers to trade. Institutionalised legal harmonisation at an international level has provided the necessary impetus for the development of harmonised laws in the area of international trade. The creation of regional economic communities within the purview of the WTO has also given rise to the necessity of legal harmonisation to facilitate intra-regional trade. A number of regional economic communities and organisations have noted legal harmonisation as one of their areas of regional cooperation. This study focuses on the need to harmonise the law of international sale within the SADC region in order to facilitate cross-border trade. The study points out that the harmonisation of sales laws in SADC is important for the facilitation of both inter-regional and intra-regional trade with the aim of fostering regional integration, economic development and alleviating poverty. Although the necessity of harmonising sales laws has been identified, no effort to this end exists currently in the SADC region. This study addresses the mechanisms by which such harmonisation could be achieved by analysing three models which have been selected for this purpose, namely the CISG, the OHADA and the proposed CESL. The main issues addressed include whether SADC Member States should adopt the CISG, join OHADA, emulate the CESL or should use any of the other instruments as a model for creating a harmonised sales law for SADC. In conclusion, it is observed that SADC has its own institutional and operational mechanisms that require a process and instrument tailor-made for the unique needs of the region. It is recommended that SADC should create its own common sales law based on the CISG but taking into account lessons learnt from both the OHADA system and the CESL. A number of legislative, institutional and operational transformative and reform mechanisms are recommended to enable the creation of such a community law and ensure its uniform application and interpretation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat regsdiversiteit die ontwikkeling van internasionale en regionale handel kan strem. In 'n geglobaliseerde ekonomie is internasionale handel noodsaaklik vir ekonomiese onwikkeling en die uiteindelike verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie reeds belangrike werk doen om handelsbeperkinge te verlig, is daar ook 'n behoefte om, afgesien van tariewe, ook ander nie-tarief beperkinge op internasionale handel aan te spreek. Regsdiversiteit is een van hierdie beperkinge. Geïnstitusionaliseerde regsharmonisering op 'n internasionale vlak het reeds elders die nodige stukrag verleen vir die harmonisering van die reg van toepassing op internasionale handel. Die totstandkoming van regionale ekonomiese gemeenskappe binne die raamwerk van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie noodsaak egter verdere regsharmonisering ten einde inter-regionale handel te kan bevorder. 'n Aantal streeksgemeenskappe en –organisasies hanteer reeds regsharmonisering as een van hul areas van samewerking op streeksvlak. Hierdie studie fokus op die behoefte om die internasionale koopreg binne die SAOG streek te harmoniseer ten einde oorgrenshandel te fasiliteer. Die studie toon aan dat harmonisering van die koopreg in die SAOG belangrik is ten einde beide inter-regionale asook intra-regionale handel te fasiliteer met die oog op die bevordering van streeksintegrasie, ekonomiese ontwikkeling en die verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die noodsaaklikheid van 'n geharmoniseerde koopreg geïdentifiseer is, is daar nog geen poging aangewend om dit binne die SAOG streek te bewerkstellig nie. Die studie spreek die meganismes aan waardeur harmonisering bereik kan word deur drie modelle wat vir hierdie doeleindes gekies is te ondersoek, naamlik die Internasionale Koopkonvensie (CISG), OHADA en die voorgestelde gemeenskaplike koopreg-regime van die Europese Unie (CESL). Van die kwessies wat aangespreek word is of the SAOG lidlande die Internasionale Koopkonvensie moet aanneem, by OHADA moet aansluit, alternatiewelik die Europese koopreg of enige van die ander instrumente as model gebruik vir die skep van ‟n geharmoniseerde SAOG koopreg. Ten slotte word daarop gewys dat die SAOG sy eie institusionele en operasionele meganismes het wat vereis dat die proses en instrument pas gemaak moet word vir die streek se unieke behoeftes. Dit word aanbeveel dat die SAOG sy eie gemeenskaplike koopreg moet skep wat op die CISG geskoei is, maar wat ook die lesse geleer uit die OHADA en die EU in ag neem. Ten einde so 'n gemeenskapsreg te kan skep en die uniforme toepassing en interpretasie daarvan te verseker, word 'n aantal wetgewende, institusionele en operasionele hervormingsmeganismes aan die hand gedoen.
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Transnational science and technology co-operation in Africa : an evaluation of selected institutions and programmesTeng-Zeng, Frank Kannigenye 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the development challenges facing Third World
countries - those that were independent, those emerging from colonialism and those still
under colonialism - led to the proliferation of bilateral and multilateral development
institutions. These institutions were intended to assist the developing countries in terms of the
provision of both human (technical) skills and material resources as well as to formulate
programmes that would promote co-operation for socio-economic development and
transformation. If the enormous development problems facing Africa including poverty,
hunger, disease can be alleviated, then multilateral institutions have a major role to play in its
scientific and technological development as well as in helping to create the appropriate
institutional mechanisms for regional and sub-regional co-operation in science and
technology (S&T) in Africa.
The United Nations system, including UN-affiliated institutions, has therefore come to
represent the best hope of realising the dream of most developing countries in their quest for
development, due to its institutional capacity to provide development assistance as well as
influence the international development agenda which affects Africa. For example, among
the institutions in this study, the World Bank Group remains the biggest donor organisation in
terms of the funding of development projects and programmes. UNESCO has a leading role
as the UN agency whose mandate relates directly to S&T development and peace. The ECA
is the representative body of the UN in Africa and therefore able to influence the direction of
development policy and programmes. Similarly, the need to develop also led African
countries to establish their own regional and sub-regional institutions for co-operation to
draw together both human and material resources.
However, the development issues discussed and promoted in the developing world over the
years have focused more on national income, terms of trade, market access and in recent
times on structural adjustment and poverty reduction strategy programmes. But the most
important aspect of the development process - the knowledge capability gap (in terms of
S&T) - has been much neglected especially at the regional and sub-regional levels.
Therefore, in using regional and sub-regional levels of analyses, the research project looks at
the programmes supported by the following institutions: the United Nations Education,
Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African
Development Bank (AIDB), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Thus the study uses a theorydriven
evaluation based on INEXSK (INfrastructure, EXperience and Skills, and Knowledge)
approach broadly, to investigate the extent to which these multilateral institutions live up to
their stated goals of improving the knowledge base for development in the African continent.
An important aspect of the study also entails a historical review of science, technology and
institutional co-operation in Africa.
Furthermore, an important outcome of the study reveals the lack of functional regional and
sub-regional organisational frameworks to promote rigorous scientific and technological
research and development in the African continent, except for a few centres and programmes
supported by some multilateral and bilateral institutions including NGOs. In spite of many
years of structural adjustment the World Bank's lending for S&T has marginalised African
countries; while the AIDB support for S&T and regional programmes is woefully inadequate.
This is a momentous task it has to address if the NEP AD Initiative is to be successful in the
years ahead. To guide future initiatives the study draws on the lessons and experiences of the
European Union's and the Association of South East Asian Nations' (ASEAN) regional
scientific and technology co-operation programmes. The study advocates a knowledge-based
development paradigm, which is transnational in approach, and it makes specific
recommendations for regional and sub-regional programmes and strategies to promote the
socio-economic development and transformation of Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: OPSOMMING
Ná afloop van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het Derde Wêreldlande - dié reeds onafhanklik, óf
besig om kolonialisme af te skud, óf nog steeds onder 'n koloniale moondheid se bewind -
sekere ontwikkelingstruikelblokke en -uitdagings in die gesig gestaar. Dit het gelei tot die
totstandkoming van verskeie bilaterale en multilaterale ontwikkelingsinstellings. Die doel
met sulke instellings se hulpverlening aan ontwikkelende lande was drieledig: om tegniese
vaardighede aan te bied; om materiële hulpmiddele te verskaf; en om programme, wat
samewerking vir sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en transformasie sou bevorder, te
formuleer. Indien die las van die geweldige ontwikkelingsprobleme in Afrika (insluitend
armoede, hongersnood en siektes) verlig sou kon word, het multilaterale instellings 'n
belangrike rol om te vervul: om te help met, enersyds, die wetenskaplike en tegnologiese
ontwikkeling van die kontinent, en andersyds die ontwikkeling van toepaslike institusionele
meganismes vir streek- en sub-streeksamewerking in wetenskap en tegnologie (W&T).
As gevolg van die Verenigde Nasies se institusionele kapasiteit om ontwikkelingshulp te
verskaf, asook om die internasionale ontwikkelingsagenda te beïnvloed, verteenwoordig dié
stelsel die beste hoop van die meeste ontwikkelende lande om hulle ontwikkelingsdrome te
verwesenlik. Van die instellings wat by die VN geaffillieer is, en wat in hierdie ondersoek
geëvalueer word, is die Wêreldbankgroep, die grootste skenkerorganisasie vir die befondsing
van ontwikkelingsprogramme en -projekte. So ook het UNESCO 'n leiersrol as die VN agentskap
van wie die mandaat direk betrekking het op die ontwikkeling van W&T. Die
EKA is die liggaam wat Afrika verteenwoordig by die VN, en beïnvloed daarom die koers
van ontwikkelingsbeleid en -programme. Die noodsaak om die kontinent te ontwikkel het
ook gelei daartoe dat Afrikalande hulle eie streek- en sub-streekliggame, wat menslike en
materiële hulpbronne bymekaar bring, begin stig het.
Die ontwikkelingskwessies wat oor die jare in die ontwikkelende wêreld bespreek en
aangemoedig is, het egter meer en meer gefokus op nasionale inkomste, handelsvoorwaardes,
toegang tot markte en, in die afgelope tyd, strukturele aanpassings en armoede verligtingstrategie programme.
Die belangrikste deel van die ontwikkelingsproses - die
vernouing van die kennisgaping in W&T - is gevolglik afgeskeep, veral op streek- en substreekvlak.
Hierdie navorsingsprojek analiseer dus, op streek- en sub-streekvlak,
ontwikkelingsprogramme wat deur die volgende instansies ondersteun word: die Verenigde
Nasies se Opvoedkundige, Wetenskaplike en Kulturele Organisasie (UNESCO), die
Wêreldbank, die Verenigde Nasies se Ekonomiese Kommissie vir Afrika (EKA), die
Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid (OAE), die Ontwikkelingsbank van Afrika, die Suider-
Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap en die Ekonomiese Gemeenskap van Wes-Afrikaanse
State. Die navorsing gebruik 'n teorie-gedrewe evaluering gebaseer op 'n INEXSK
("INfrastructure, EXperience and Skills, and Knowlege") benadering, om te bepaal in watter
mate hierdie multilaterale instellings hulle doelwitte, met betrekking tot die verbetering van
die kennisbasis vir ontwikkeling van die Afrika-kontinent, bereik. 'n Historiese oorsig van
die wetenskaplike, tegnologiese en institusionele samewerking in Afrika vorm 'n belangrike
deel van die navorsingsverslag.
Die navorsing dui ook op 'n gebrek aan funksionele organisatoriese raamwerke om op streek en
sub-streekvlak streng wetenskaplike en tegnologiese navorsing en ontwikkeling aan te
wakker en te bevorder. (Daar is darem 'n paar noemenswaardige uitsonderings van sentra en
programme wat deur party van die bilaterale en multilaterale instellings ondersteun word.)
Ten spyte van strukturele aanpassings wat oor baie jare plaasgevind het, het die Wêreldbank
se lenings vir W&T Afrikalande gemarginaliseer; en die Ontwikkelingsbank van Afrika se
ondersteuning vir W&T en streeksprogramme is heeltemal ontoereikend. Daar is 'n
geweldige taak wat in die toekoms aangespreek moet word indien die NEPAD inisiatief
hoop om suksesvol te wees.
Die verslag gebruik die lesse en ervarings van die Europese Unie en die Vereniging van Suid-
Asiatiese Lande se streeksamewerkingsprogramme vir wetenskap en tegnologie as
rigtingwyser vir toekomstige inisiatiewe. Die verslag beveel 'n transnasionale
kennisgebaseerde ontwikkelingsparadigma aan, en maak spesifieke aanbevelings vir streek en
sub-streekprogramme en strategieë om die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling en
transformasie van Afrika te bevorder.
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The role of regional co-operation in the resolution of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of CongoStrzeminska, Anna Dominika Boldireff 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the early 1960s, when the majority of African countries gained
independence from colonial powers, the continent has been in turmoil. Conflicts
have been extensive, and detrimental to economic, political and above all, social
development. Today, Africa is under more pressure than ever to find solutions for
these conflicts.
The situation is complicated by the complex and difficult challenges brought on
by a rapidly globalising world. Also conflicts have often been characterised by
internal, as well as regional proportions. Coupled with this, the threats facing
Southern Africa are of such a nature that they transcend national boundaries,
and have a tendency to effect entire regions as opposed to individual states.
Thus threats no longer endanger states, but rather their people.
fn view of this, conflict resolution requires a regional approach as well, in order to
ensure a viable and lasting solution. This thesis attempts to evaluate the
contribution of regional co-operation to conflict resolution in Southern Africa. Two
concepts imperative to this evaluation are regionalism and security. Both are
examined and juxtaposed. The author determines that the concepts have
changed dramatically since the end of the Cold War period, and that new
regionalism and new security approaches need to be considered in addressing
conflicts, since traditional interpretations have become obsolete, particularly in
the developing world.
Furthermore, an examination of the international, regional and sub-regional
organisations, concerned with conflict management on the continent, is carried
out. The United Nations and the Southern African Development Community,
together with their efforts in Southern Africa analysed. The author takes the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as a case
study, and concludes that the persisting conflict has ensued precisely because
regional co-operation was inadequate. The states and leaders involved did not
take into account the regional dimensions of the conflict, and also ignored threats
to human security. Regional co-operation was at a minimal, and involvement has
until now been predominantly unilateral and statist, marked by personal interests,
and not those of the population. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die vroeë sestigerjare, toe die meerderheid Afrikalande onafhankliheid
van koloniale magte verkry het, was die kontinent in onrus gehul. Dit was
omvattende konflik - konflik wat nadelig was vir ekonomiese, politieke en veral
sosiale ontwikkeling. Vandag, meer as ooit tevore, is Afrika onder druk om
oplossings te vind vir hierdie konflikte.
Die situasie word gekompliseer deur die uitdagings gestel deur 'n vinnig
globaliserende wêreld. Die konflik word dikwels deur interne sowel as
streeksafmetings gekenmerk. Hiermee saam is die bedreigings wat op Suidelike
Afrika 'n invloed het van so 'n aard dat dit nasionale grense ignoreer en die
geneigdheid het om totale streke, in teenstelling met individuele state, te
beïnvloed. Hierdie bedreigings stel dus nie state in gevaar nie, maar eerder hul
mense.
Om 'n lewensvatbare en blywende effek te hê, benodig konflikoplossing dus ook
'n streeksbenadering aan te neem. Hierdie tesis poog om die bydrae van
streekssamewerking, ten einde konflikoplossing in Suidelike Afrika te
bewerkstellig, te evalueer. Beide word ondersoek en in verband gebring. Die
skrywer bevind dat die konsepte drasties verander het sedert die einde van die
Koue Oorlog tydperk, en dat nuwe regionalisme en nuwe sekuriteit benaderings
oorweeg moet word, aangesien tradisionele interpretasies verouderd, veral in die
ontwikkelende wêreld, is.
Verder word internasionale, regionale en sub-regionale organisasies wat
gemoeid is met konflikhantering op die kontinent, ook ondersoek. Die Verenigde
Nasies en die Suidelike Afrika Ontwikkelings Gemeenskap (SADe), tesame met
hul pogings in Suidelike Africa, word geanaliseer. Die skrywer maak gebruik van die konflik in die Demokratiese Republiek van die
Kongo as gevallestudie, en kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat konflik ontstaan het
juis omdat regionale samewerking nooit werklik gerealiseer het nie. Die betrokke
state en leiers het nie die streeksdimensies van die konflik in ag geneem nie, en
ook menslike sekuriteit bedreigings ignoreer. Regionale samewerking was
beperk tot In minimum, en betrokkenheid was tot nou toe oorwegend eensydig
en staats georienteerd, en gekenmerk deur persoonlike belange, en nie dié van
die bevolking nie.
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