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This dissertation is a study of the experimental artistic practice of the group called Dvizhenie (The Movement) that was active in Moscow between 1964 and 1976 and associated with the Kinetic movement. The period of the group’s activity coincided with a political transition in the USSR from later stages of The Khrushchev’s Thaw characterised by cultural liberation and political reforms into The Stagnation era already defined by Leonid Brezhnev’s rule and subsequently a more conservative and stricter governmental attitude towards artistic production. In this period of a little more than a decade, The Movement group was a single experimental union in the USSR that enjoyed public success and achieved a rapid transformation of their activities from small-scale exhibitions into public state commissions. In the course of this transition, the members of the group formed an entirely new artistic language that was neither similar to Socialist Realism nor to the tendencies of Abstract painting, which gained importance in the circles of experimental Soviet artists at the time. Instead, they turned to the aesthetics of Kinetic art, science- fiction and design and found inspiration in a dialogue with Russian Avant-garde tradition. The narrative of the dissertation follows the specificity of the experimental group’s development in the defined stages and analyses how the group met with the challenges of censorship and opportunities of ideological collaborations. On a broader scale, the dissertation offers an investigation into the functions of experimental thinking in the USSR in the 1960s and evaluates the role of futuristic planning and artists’ dialogue with the restored tradition of the 1920s Avant-garde projects.:Table of Contents List of illustrations...............................................................................................5 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................13 Introduction.....................................................................................................15 State of Research.............................................................................................21 Methodology....................................................................................................29 Chapter I. 1960s Alternative Culture: in the USSR and Abroad...................................53 1.1. Defence of individualism: The Thaw (1954–1968)...........................................53 1.2. Open work against individualism: 1960s movement of Kinetic art......................65 1.3. In transition to Kinetic art: the formation of The Movement group.......................71 Chapter II. Theory and Practice Of The Movement...................................................81 2.1.Theoretical principles of the group: synthesis, symmetry, and movement.............81 2.2.“Towards Synthesis In Arts”, 1964, Moscow...................................................90 2.3.Architects or artists, 1965, Leningrad..........................................................102 2.4. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, 1966, Moscow.....................................107 Chapter III. The Movement’s Performances and Theatre Productions........................115 3.1.Artistic strategies of performance in The Movement’s practice..........................115 3.2.Humans and machines............................................................................123 3.3. Manifestation of the synthesis principle in performances................................135 3.4.The symbolism of history in The Movement’s productions...............................139 3.5.Escapism of the nature performances.........................................................143 3.6.The strategy of an artefact in Infante’s work.................................................150 Chapter IV. Sciences, State, and Culture..............................................................154 4.1.Kinetic art in urban and exhibition designs...................................................154 4.2. Agitational art at the 1967 October Festival.................................................159 4.3. Value of creativity and designs for “Orlenok”, 1968.......................................170 4.4.Exhibition designs..................................................................................172 4.5.Art and the Stagnation period in the USSR..................................................182 Chapter V. Futurism In The Movement’s Projects..................................................187 5.1. Artificial environments of the next century....................................................187 5.2. The future is cybernetic...........................................................................192 5.3. The power of play..................................................................................195 5.4. Rationalising the unknown: transhumanism and space travel in The Movement’s futurism.........................................................................................................199 3 5.5. Why we need another utopia?..................................................................207 Chapter VI. The Movement: Separate and Abroad.................................................217 6.1. The Movement as a part of the global network.............................................217 6.2. The Movement as a part of dissident art and contemporary interpretations........222 6.3. Separate ways: Infante, Nussberg, Koleichuk..............................................231 Epilogue........................................................................................................243 Bibliography...................................................................................................252 Illustrations....................................................................................................265

This dissertation is a study of the experimental artistic practice of the group called Dvizhenie (The Movement) that was active in Moscow between 1964 and 1976 and associated with the Kinetic movement. The period of the group’s activity coincided with a political transition in the USSR from later stages of The Khrushchev’s Thaw characterised by cultural liberation and political reforms into The Stagnation era already defined by Leonid Brezhnev’s rule and subsequently a more conservative and stricter governmental attitude towards artistic production. In this period of a little more than a decade, The Movement group was a single experimental union in the USSR that enjoyed public success and achieved a rapid transformation of their activities from small-scale exhibitions into public state commissions. In the course of this transition, the members of the group formed an entirely new artistic language that was neither similar to Socialist Realism nor to the tendencies of Abstract painting, which gained importance in the circles of experimental Soviet artists at the time. Instead, they turned to the aesthetics of Kinetic art, science- fiction and design and found inspiration in a dialogue with Russian Avant-garde tradition. The narrative of the dissertation follows the specificity of the experimental group’s development in the defined stages and analyses how the group met with the challenges of censorship and opportunities of ideological collaborations. On a broader scale, the dissertation offers an investigation into the functions of experimental thinking in the USSR in the 1960s and evaluates the role of futuristic planning and artists’ dialogue with the restored tradition of the 1920s Avant-garde projects.:Table of Contents List of illustrations...............................................................................................5 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................13 Introduction.....................................................................................................15 State of Research.............................................................................................21 Methodology....................................................................................................29 Chapter I. 1960s Alternative Culture: in the USSR and Abroad...................................53 1.1. Defence of individualism: The Thaw (1954–1968)...........................................53 1.2. Open work against individualism: 1960s movement of Kinetic art......................65 1.3. In transition to Kinetic art: the formation of The Movement group.......................71 Chapter II. Theory and Practice Of The Movement...................................................81 2.1.Theoretical principles of the group: synthesis, symmetry, and movement.............81 2.2.“Towards Synthesis In Arts”, 1964, Moscow...................................................90 2.3.Architects or artists, 1965, Leningrad..........................................................102 2.4. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, 1966, Moscow.....................................107 Chapter III. The Movement’s Performances and Theatre Productions........................115 3.1.Artistic strategies of performance in The Movement’s practice..........................115 3.2.Humans and machines............................................................................123 3.3. Manifestation of the synthesis principle in performances................................135 3.4.The symbolism of history in The Movement’s productions...............................139 3.5.Escapism of the nature performances.........................................................143 3.6.The strategy of an artefact in Infante’s work.................................................150 Chapter IV. Sciences, State, and Culture..............................................................154 4.1.Kinetic art in urban and exhibition designs...................................................154 4.2. Agitational art at the 1967 October Festival.................................................159 4.3. Value of creativity and designs for “Orlenok”, 1968.......................................170 4.4.Exhibition designs..................................................................................172 4.5.Art and the Stagnation period in the USSR..................................................182 Chapter V. Futurism In The Movement’s Projects..................................................187 5.1. Artificial environments of the next century....................................................187 5.2. The future is cybernetic...........................................................................192 5.3. The power of play..................................................................................195 5.4. Rationalising the unknown: transhumanism and space travel in The Movement’s futurism.........................................................................................................199 3 5.5. Why we need another utopia?..................................................................207 Chapter VI. The Movement: Separate and Abroad.................................................217 6.1. The Movement as a part of the global network.............................................217 6.2. The Movement as a part of dissident art and contemporary interpretations........222 6.3. Separate ways: Infante, Nussberg, Koleichuk..............................................231 Epilogue........................................................................................................243 Bibliography...................................................................................................252 Illustrations....................................................................................................265

Although there have been oscillations in airship interest since their use in the early 1900s, technological advancements and the need for more flexible and environmentally friendly transportation modes have caused a stream of study and surge in airship development in recent years. For companies and governments to understand how airships can be incorporated into their fleets to fulfil new or existing mission types, system design space exploration is an important step in understanding airships, their uses, and their design parameters. A decision support system (DSS), Design Exploration of Lighter-Than-Air Systems (DELTAS), was developed to help stakeholders with this task. DELTAS allows users to design airships and missions to determine how a design will perform in the scenario. Simulations can also be run for a given mission to find the Pareto-optimal designs for user-defined ranges of high-level airship design parameters. A case study is provided that demonstrates how DELTAS can be used to explore the airship design space for three specified missions. These three mission case studies show how design of experiments is important to more thoroughly cover the design space and to find and understand the relationships between airship design variables that lead to optimal mission times and costs. This research also explores the impacts of introducing an airship into operation. Engineered products have economic, environmental, and social impacts, which comprise the major dimensions of sustainability. This paper seeks to determine the interaction between design parameters when social impacts are incorporated into the concept development phase of the systems design process. Social impact evaluation is increasing in importance similar to what has happened in recent years with environmental impact consideration in the design of engineered products. Concurrently, research into new airship design has increased. Airships have yet to be reintroduced at a large scale or for a range of applications in society. Although airships have the potential for positive environmental and economic impacts, the social impacts are still rarely considered. This paper presents a case study of the hypothetical introduction of airships in the Amazon region of Brazil to help local farmers transport their produce to market. It explores the design space in terms of both engineering parameters and social impacts using a discrete-event simulation to model the system. The social impacts are found to be dependent not only on the social factors and airship design parameters, but also on the farmer-airship system, suggesting that socio-technical systems design will benefit from integrated social impact metric analysis. This thesis seeks to demonstrate how computer-aided engineering tools can be used to predict social impacts, to more effectively explore a system's design space, and to optimize the system design for maximum positive impact, using the modern airship as a case study.

Exploring the Solar System is an ongoing process of humanity that cannot be stopped. It requires large amounts of resources to explore space, which need to be acquired from somewhere. Resources mined on Earth cannot be diverted from vital productions on Earth as those required for energy systems transition and developing a sustainable society. With an ever-increasing demand of resources on Earth, resource extraction needs to be increased and diverted to avoid resource depletion. One such diversion is resource extraction from terrestrial bodies other than Earth, such as asteroids, meteorites, and the Moon. This thesis looks at the resources present on the Moon by compiling a chemical database which is then fed to mathematical models aimed to compare historical trends of Earth mining operations and prospected trends from lunar resources. Such approach is expected to establish if lunar mining is viable. The results are discussed in a larger context of how lunar resources can be used for in-situ resource utilization for solar system exploration, as well as questions regarding space law and possible colonialization.

High Level Synthesis (HLS) is a methodology to translate a model developed in a high abstraction layer, e.g. C/C++/SystemC, that describes the algorithm into a Register-Transfer level (RTL) description like Verilog or VHDL. The resulting RTL description from the translation is subject to multiple user-controlled directives and an internal design space exploration algorithm specific to the toolchain used. HLS allow designers to focus on the behaviour of the design at a higher abstraction compared to the behavioural modelling available within the Hardware Description Language (HDL) as the compiler decides the movement of data and timing in the resulting design. Ericsson uses a legacy Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) like interface called Memory/Register Interface (MIRI) interface for data movement in a subsystem of one of their Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The thesis attempts to upgrade the protocol to the more performant ARM Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) protocols’ Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) or Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) interfaces. SystemC provides a host of functionalities to define the complete behaviour of the circuit at a high level of abstraction. This thesis will explore the effect of the structuring SystemC models on their synthesis, and perform design space exploration to understand the best design methodology to adopt in a SystemC model design and compare the models based on the final synthesis metrics like area, timing, and register counts. The toolchain for the thesis will be the Stratus HLS compiler developed by Cadence. Stratus supports all synthesizable constructs of SystemC. Most HLS research focuses on improving Design Space Exploration algorithms used internally in the HLS tools. However, designers can utilize algorithm structuring to provide the HLS engines with a better starting point. In this thesis, the Stratus toolchain will be used to experiment with different models with equivalent behaviour and performance. Thereafter, extract which constructs used in the models are optimal for allowing the internal design space exploration algorithm to perform in the best way possible. / HLS är en metod för att översätta en modell utvecklad på hög abstraktionsnivå t.ex. C/C++/SystemC som beskriver algoritmen på registeröverföringsnivå (RTL) som Verilog eller VHDL. Den resulterande RTL-beskrivningen utsätts för flera användarkontrollerade direktiv och en intern Design Space Exploration (DSE) algoritm, vilken är specifik för den verktygskedja som används. Detta gör det möjligt för en designer att fokusera på konstruktion beteende på en högre abstraktionsnivå jämfört med den beteendemodellering som finns tillgänglig inom det hårdvarubeskrivande språket (HDL:en) när kompilatorn bestämmer tidpunkten för utbytet av data i den resulterande designen. Ericsson använder ett äldre gränssnitt för Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) som kallas Memory/Register Interface (MIRI), vilket är ett gränssnitt för utbyte av data i ett delsystem i en av deras Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC:ar). Avhandlingen försöker uppgradera protokollet till ett av de det mer högpresterande ARM Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture – protokollen Advanced High-Performance Bus (AHB) eller Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI). SystemC tillhandahåller en mängd funktioner för att definiera kretsens fullständiga beteende vid en hög abstraktionsnivå. Denna avhandling utforskar effekten av strukturerade SystemC-modeller och deras syntesresultat samt konstruktionsrymden, för att förstå den bästa designmetodiken i ett SystemC-modelleringsdesignflöde och jämföra modellerna baserade på de slutliga syntesmätvärdena som storlek, timing, etc. Verktygskedjan för avhandlingen kommer att vara Stratus HLS -kompilatorn som utvecklats av Cadence. Stratus stöder alla syntetiserbara konstruktioner av SystemC. HLS-forskningen fokuserar främst på att förbättra Design Space Exploration, dvs de algoritmer som används internt i HLS-verktygen för att komma fram till lösningar. För att ge HLS -motorerna en bättre utgångspunkt. I denna avhandling kommer Stratus att användas för att utvärdera olika modeller med ekvivalent beteende och nästan samma prestanda efter Syntes, för att komma fram till vilka konstruktioner är optimala för att den interna DSE-algoritmen skall fungera bäst.

The increasing demand for energy efficient computing has endorsed the usage of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays to create hardware accelerators for large and complex codes. However, implementing such accelerators involve two complex decisions. The first one lies in deciding which code snippet is the best to create an accelerator, and the second one lies in how to implement the accelerator. When considering both decisions concomitantly, the problem becomes more complicated since the code snippet implementation affects the code snippet choice, creating a combined design space to be explored. As such, a fast design space exploration for the accelerators implementation is crucial to allow the exploration of different code snippets. However, such design space exploration suffers from several time-consuming tasks during the compilation and evaluation steps, making it not a viable option to the snippets exploration. In this work, we focus on the efficient implementation of pipelined hardware accelerators and present our contributions on speeding up the pipelines creation and their design space exploration. Towards loop pipelining, the proposed approaches achieve up to 100× speed-up when compared to the state-uf-the-art methods, leading to 164 hours saving in a full design space exploration with less than 1% impact in the final results quality. Towards design space exploration, the proposed methods achieve up to 9:5× speed-up, keeping less than 1% impact in the results quality. / A demanda crescente por computação energeticamente eficiente tem endossado o uso de Field- Programmable Gate Arrays para a criação de aceleradores de hardware para códigos grandes e complexos. Entretanto, a implementação de tais aceleradores envolve duas decisões complexas. O primeiro reside em decidir qual trecho de código é o melhor para se criar o acelerador, e o segundo reside em como implementar tal acelerador. Quando ambas decisões são consideradas concomitantemente, o problema se torna ainda mais complicado dado que a implementação do trecho de código afeta a seleção dos trechos de código, criando um espaço de projeto combinatorial a ser explorado. Dessa forma, uma exploração do espaço de projeto rápida para a implementação de aceleradores é crucial para habilitar a exploração de diferentes trechos de código. Contudo, tal exploração do espaço de projeto é impedida por várias tarefas que consumem tempo durante os passos de compilação a análise, o que faz da exploração de trechos de códigos inviável. Neste trabalho, focamos na implementação eficiente de aceleradores pipeline em hardware e apresentamos nossas contribuições para o aceleramento da criações de pipelines e de sua exploração do espaço de projeto. Referente à criação de pipelines, as abordagens propostas alcançam uma aceleração de até 100× quando comparadas às abordagens do estado-da-arte, levando à economia de 164 horas em uma exploração de espaço de projeto completa com menos de 1% de impacto na qualidade dos resultados. Referente à exploração do espaço de projeto, as abordagens propostas alcançam uma aceleração de até 9:5×, mantendo menos de 1% de impacto na qualidade dos resultados.

La spectrométrie de masse joue un rôle clef dans l’exploration spatiale, notamment dans la caractérisation de la matière organique présente sur de nombreux objets du Système Solaire. Dans ce manuscrit, l’accent est particulièrement mis sur Titan, présentant une chimie organique complexe initiée dans son ionosphère et se répercutant jusqu’à sa surface. Les spectromètres de masse embarqués à bord de la mission Cassini-Huygens ont permis de nombreuses détections de composés organiques. Cependant, les limites instrumentales d’un point de vue analytique poussent la communauté scientifique à se pencher sur de nouvelles techniques de spectrométrie de masse dites à haute résolution (HRMS).Mon travail de thèse s’est inscrit dans le développement d’un nouveau type d’analyseur en masse basé sur la technologie Orbitrap, instrumentation HRMS de laboratoire, pour une application spatiale. Ce projet se nomme CosmOrbitrap. L’objectif s’est ainsi concentré sur les possibilités d’analyse de la matière organique avec une configuration instrumentale simple et compacte couplant directement l’analyseur CosmOrbitrap à une ionisation par ablation laser (LAb-CosmOrbitrap), dans un contexte de future mission spatiale. L’identification univoque de composés organiques purs ou formant des mélanges complexes, la démonstration des performances en termes de résolution, de précision en masse et d’étude des rapports isotopiques mais également l’influence de la pression sur la résolution en masse obtenue sur des composés organiques sont détaillées dans ce manuscrit. L’analyse de la matière brute d’analogues d’aérosols de Titan synthétisés en laboratoire (tholins) montre un cas d’étude concret sur les capacités du LAb-CosmOrbitrap à permettre une analyse chimique profonde des échantillons représentatifs d’un environnement d’intérêt exobiologique. / Mass spectrometry is a key tool in space exploration, for the analysis of organic matter of many Solar System bodies. In this dissertation, we mainly focus on Titan. This amazing object in the Solar System shows a very rich organic chemistry from the ionosphere to the surface. Mass spectrometers aboard the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft have allowed the detection of many organic compounds. However, instrumental limits in terms of analytical performances lead scientists to develop new high resolution mass spectrometry techniques (HRMS).My PhD is rooted to the development of a new high resolution mass analyzer based on the Orbitrap technology, for a space application. This project is named CosmOrbitrap. The efficiency of a simple and compact instrumental version of CosmOrbitrap coupled with a laser ablation ionization process (LAb-CosmOrbitrap) is demonstrated on organic matter analyses in the framework of a future space mission. Univocal identification of pure organics compounds and complex organic mixtures, analytical performances such as mass resolving power, mass accuracy and isotopic abundances determination as well as the impact of the pressure on the mass resolution of organics are part of this dissertation. The study of laboratory analogs of Titan aerosols (named tholins) shows capabilities of the LAb-CosmOrbitrap to provide a deep chemical analysis of exobiological environment.

Devido ao grande número de otimizações fornecidas pelos compiladores modernos e à ampla possibilidade de ordenação dessas transformações, uma eficiente Exploração do Espaço de Projeto (DSE) se faz necessária para procurar a melhor sequência de otimização de uma determinada função ou fragmento de código. Como esta exploração é uma tarefa complexa e dispendiosa, apresentamos uma nova abordagem de DSE capaz de reduzir esse tempo de exploração e selecionar sequências de otimização que melhoraram o desempenho dos códigos transformados. Nossa abordagem utiliza um conjunto de funções de referência, para as quais uma representação simbólica do código (DNA) e a melhor sequência de otimização são conhecidas. O DSE de novas funções é baseado em uma abordagem de agrupamento aplicado sobre o código DNA que identifica similaridades entre funções. O agrupamento utiliza três técnicas para a mineração de dados: distância de compressão normalizada, algoritmo de reconstrução de árvores filogenéticas (Neighbor Joining) e identificação de grupos por ambiguidade. As otimizações das funções de referência identificadas como similares formam o espaço que é explorado para encontrar a melhor sequência para a nova função. O DSE pode utilizar o conjunto reduzido de otimizações de duas formas: como o espaço de projeto ou como a configuração inicial do algoritmo. Em ambos os casos, a adoção de uma pré-seleção baseada no agrupamento permite o uso de algoritmos de busca simples e rápidos. Os resultados experimentais revelam que a nova abordagem resulta numa redução significativa no tempo total de exploração, ao mesmo tempo que alcança um desempenho próximo ao obtido através de uma busca mais extensa e dispendiosa baseada em algoritmos genéticos. / Due to the large number of optimizations provided in modern compilers and to compiler optimization specific opportunities, a Design Space Exploration (DSE) is necessary to search for the best sequence of compiler optimizations for a given code fragment (e.g., function). As this exploration is a complex and time consuming task, we present new DSE strategies to reduce the exploration time and still select optimization sequences able to improve the performance of each function. The DSE is based on a clustering approach which groups functions with similarities and then explore the reduced search space provided by the optimizations previously suggested for the functions in each group. The identification of similarities between functions uses a data mining method which is applied to a symbolic representation of the source code. The DSE strategies uses the reduced optimizations set identified by clustering in two ways: as the design space or as the initial configuration of the algorithm. In both ways, the adoption of a pre-selection based on clustering allows the use of simple and fast DSE algorithms. Several experiments for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed approach address the exploration of compiler optimization sequences. Besides, we investigate the impact of each technique or component employed in the selection process. Experimental results reveal that the use of our new clustering-based DSE approach achieved a significant reduction on the total exploration time of the search space at the same time that obtained performance speedups close to a traditional genetic algorithmbased approach.

Sistemas para análise de imagens partem da premissa de que o conjunto de dados sob investigação está corretamente representado por características. Entretanto, definir quais características representam apropriadamente um conjunto de dados é uma tarefa desafiadora e exaustiva. Grande parte das técnicas de descrição existentes na literatura, especialmente quando os dados têm alta dimensionalidade, são baseadas puramente em medidas estatísticas ou abordagens baseadas em inteligência artificial, e normalmente são caixas-pretas para os usuários. A abordagem proposta nesta dissertação busca abrir esta caixa-preta por meio de representações visuais criadas pela técnica Multidimensional Classical Scaling, permitindo que usuários capturem interativamente a essência sobre a representatividade das características computadas de diferentes descritores. A abordagem é avaliada sobre seis conjuntos de imagens que contém texturas, imagens médicas e cenas naturais. Os experimentos mostram que, conforme a combinação de um conjunto de características melhora a qualidade da representação visual, a acurácia de classificação também melhora. A qualidade das representações é medida pelo índice da silhueta, superando problemas relacionados com a subjetividade de conclusões baseadas puramente em análise visual. Além disso, a capacidade de exploração visual do conjunto sob análise permite que usuários investiguem um dos maiores desafios em classificação de dados: a presença de variação intra-classe. Os resultados sugerem fortemente que esta abordagem pode ser empregada com sucesso como um guia para auxiliar especialistas a explorar, refinar e definir as características que representam apropriadamente um conjunto de imagens / Image analysis systems rely on the fact that the dataset under investigation is correctly represented by features. However, defining a set of features that properly represents a dataset is still a challenging and, in most cases, an exhausting task. Most of the available techniques, especially when a large number of features is considered, are based on purely quantitative statistical measures or approaches based on artificial intelligence, and normally are black-boxes to the user. The approach proposed here seeks to open this black-box by means of visual representations via Multidimensional Classical Scaling projection technique, enabling users to get insight about the meaning and representativeness of the features computed from different feature extraction algorithms and sets of parameters. This approach is evaluated over six image datasets that contains textures, medical images and outdoor scenes. The results show that, as the combination of sets of features and changes in parameters improves the quality of the visual representation, the accuracy of the classification for the computed features also improves. In order to reduce this subjectiveness, a measure called silhouette index, which was originally proposed to evaluate results of clustering algorithms, is employed. Moreover, the visual exploration of datasets under analysis enable users to investigate one of the greatest challenges in data classification: the presence of intra-class variation. The results strongly suggest that our approach can be successfully employed as a guidance to defining and understanding a set of features that properly represents an image dataset