Scientists are now able to collect ubiquitous data on individual-level movement at increasingly fine spatial and temporal resolutions. Despite this surge in data availability, methods for extracting relevant information about spatial-temporal movement patterns remain limited in scope and sophistication. The objective of this PhD research is to develop novel quantitative approaches for analyzing spatial-temporal patterns in modern movement datasets. A review of the state-of-the-art in quantitative movement analysis identifies the current breadth of available methods, while highlighting key limitations and fragmentation in the literature across multiple disciplines. Existing theory from the geographical literature, namely time geography is applied to a novel application – wildlife movement ecology (termed the PPA home range), in an attempt to expose these ideas to wildlife researchers. The PPA home range method has several advantages over existing methods, most notably its ability to identify omission and commission error in existing home range techniques. Next, an advance to time geography theory is proposed for incorporating object kinetics (i.e., velocity and acceleration) into a probabilistic movement model termed kinetic-based probabilistic time geography. Kinetic-based probabilistic time geography provides a more accurate model for predicting object movement when object kinetics are relevant (e.g., with fast moving vehicles, or athletes). A novel method (termed the DI index) for quantifying dynamic interactions between moving objects is presented, focusing specifically on examining cohesive movement behaviour. The DI index is advantageous over existing dynamic interaction measures in that it is computed at the local level, facilitating a finer treatment of interactive movement behaviour. The DI index is then contrasted with seven alternative measures of dynamic interaction to examine the effectiveness of each at identifying expected and unexpected interactive behaviour, at a range of sampling resolutions, in the context of wildlife movement ecology. The results highlight the value of the DI index, especially as a local level index, capable of identifying variable and infrequent interactions in pairs of moving objects. In summary, this dissertation contributes to the rapidly expanding body of quantitative movement research by providing: 1) a cross-disciplinary methodological review, 2) expanding the application of core time geography theory to wildlife ecology, 3) advancing time geographic theory in development of kinetic-based probabilistic time geography, 4) developing a novel index (the DI index) for measuring inter-object interactions, and 5) examining the effectiveness of available dynamic interaction measures, and their sensitivity across sampling resolutions, in the context of wildlife ecology. / Graduate / 0366 / 0463 / 0329

Uma análise espaço-temporal da leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) humana no município de Bauru foi conduzida baseada em 239 casos diagnosticados entre junho de 2003 a outubro de 2008. O georreferenciamento, tomando como unidade os setores censitários, foi realizado a partir de informações cedidas pela Secretaria de Saúde de Bauru a respeito do endereço residencial dos pacientes acometidos pela enfermidade. A análise da distribuição espacial da doença demonstrou que os casos ocorreram especialmente na área urbana do município. As incidências cumulativas anuais de LVA, considerando os casos adotados por ano e as respectivas projeções populacionais, foram calculadas, evidenciando que a taxa mais elevada foi observada em 2006. Tal fato foi confirmado pelo delineamento da série histórica, que também derivou o cálculo da tendência, demonstrando que esta foi positiva durante o período analisado. O índice sazonal obtido foi confrontado com dados referentes às médias mensais de precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura do município, o que nos permitiu inferir que meses que obtiveram índices com valores superiores a um, eram, de maneira geral, precedidos por períodos chuvosos. A variável temperatura, por sua vez, apesar de provavelmente estar relacionada à ocorrência da enfermidade na região, aparentemente não exerceu influência na sazonalidade da doença por se apresentar sem oscilações importantes no período. A análise de clusters, utilizando o método estatístico espaço-temporal scan, detectou um provável aglomerado localizado nas regiões sudoeste e central do município no ano de 2006. Uma análise descritiva univariada, comparando setores censitários que apresentaram LVA com relação aos que não relataram casos da doença, foi conduzida. Apesar da diferença significativa observada entre os dois grupos, novos estudos são necessários para se confirmar a hipótese de que variáveis socioeconômicas são prováveis fatores de risco para a infecção na região. / A space-time analysis of human American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) was carried out based on 239 cases diagnosed from June 2003 through October 2008. The georeferencing, taking the census tracts as units, was performed according to information supplied by the Bauru Health Department about AVL patient addresses. The disease spatial analysis showed that cases occurred specially at the urban area of the city. AVL annual incidence rates, considering adopted cases per year and the respective projected population, were calculated, demonstrating that the highest rate was observed in 2006. It was confirmed by the time series analysis, which also resulted the tendency calculation, showing that it was positive during the analyzed moment. The obtained seasonal indices were confronted with data about the citys average rainfall and temperature, which allowed us to infer that months with indices higher than one, were, generally, preceded by rainy periods. The temperature, on the other hand, although is probably related to the infection occurrence at the region, seemingly did not exert influence on the disease seasonality because it was presented without important fluctuations in the period. The cluster analysis, using scan space-time statistics, detected a most likely cluster located in the Southwest and Central city side in 2006. A univariate descriptive analysis, comparing census tracts that presented AVL with those that did not report case disease, was carried out. Although the significant difference observed between both groups, new researchers are needed to confirm the hypothesis that socioeconomic variables were likely infection risk factors in the region.

Uma análise espaço-temporal da leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) humana no município de Bauru foi conduzida baseada em 239 casos diagnosticados entre junho de 2003 a outubro de 2008. O georreferenciamento, tomando como unidade os setores censitários, foi realizado a partir de informações cedidas pela Secretaria de Saúde de Bauru a respeito do endereço residencial dos pacientes acometidos pela enfermidade. A análise da distribuição espacial da doença demonstrou que os casos ocorreram especialmente na área urbana do município. As incidências cumulativas anuais de LVA, considerando os casos adotados por ano e as respectivas projeções populacionais, foram calculadas, evidenciando que a taxa mais elevada foi observada em 2006. Tal fato foi confirmado pelo delineamento da série histórica, que também derivou o cálculo da tendência, demonstrando que esta foi positiva durante o período analisado. O índice sazonal obtido foi confrontado com dados referentes às médias mensais de precipitação pluviométrica e temperatura do município, o que nos permitiu inferir que meses que obtiveram índices com valores superiores a um, eram, de maneira geral, precedidos por períodos chuvosos. A variável temperatura, por sua vez, apesar de provavelmente estar relacionada à ocorrência da enfermidade na região, aparentemente não exerceu influência na sazonalidade da doença por se apresentar sem oscilações importantes no período. A análise de clusters, utilizando o método estatístico espaço-temporal scan, detectou um provável aglomerado localizado nas regiões sudoeste e central do município no ano de 2006. Uma análise descritiva univariada, comparando setores censitários que apresentaram LVA com relação aos que não relataram casos da doença, foi conduzida. Apesar da diferença significativa observada entre os dois grupos, novos estudos são necessários para se confirmar a hipótese de que variáveis socioeconômicas são prováveis fatores de risco para a infecção na região. / A space-time analysis of human American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) was carried out based on 239 cases diagnosed from June 2003 through October 2008. The georeferencing, taking the census tracts as units, was performed according to information supplied by the Bauru Health Department about AVL patient addresses. The disease spatial analysis showed that cases occurred specially at the urban area of the city. AVL annual incidence rates, considering adopted cases per year and the respective projected population, were calculated, demonstrating that the highest rate was observed in 2006. It was confirmed by the time series analysis, which also resulted the tendency calculation, showing that it was positive during the analyzed moment. The obtained seasonal indices were confronted with data about the citys average rainfall and temperature, which allowed us to infer that months with indices higher than one, were, generally, preceded by rainy periods. The temperature, on the other hand, although is probably related to the infection occurrence at the region, seemingly did not exert influence on the disease seasonality because it was presented without important fluctuations in the period. The cluster analysis, using scan space-time statistics, detected a most likely cluster located in the Southwest and Central city side in 2006. A univariate descriptive analysis, comparing census tracts that presented AVL with those that did not report case disease, was carried out. Although the significant difference observed between both groups, new researchers are needed to confirm the hypothesis that socioeconomic variables were likely infection risk factors in the region.

Les multifractals universels (UM) sont un outil puissant et abondement utilisé d'analyse et de simulation de champs géophysiques, comme la pluie, extrêmement variables sur une large gamme d'échelle. Ils sont basés sur le concept de cascade multiplicative qui repose sur la notion physique d'invariance d'échelle pour explorer le phénomène fondamental qu'est l'intermittence. Dans ce cadre, toute la variabilité du champ est caractérisée à l'aide de simplement trois paramètres qui ont en plus une interprétation physique. Dans cette thèse on utilise ce cadre théorique pour quantifier l'impact de la variabilité à petite échelle de la pluie en hydrologie urbaine. La première étape consiste à analyser la variabilité spatio-temporelle de données radar de précipitation à l'aide d'un modèle multifractal anisotrope simple. Divers évènements pluvieux sont analysés. Un comportement scalant a été observé sur deux gammes d'échelles séparées par une rupture à 16 km qui est discutée. Ces données sont globalement en accord avec un modèle spatio-temporel simple reposant un exposant d'anisotropie entre l'espace et de temps. Les résultats suggèrent une possible universalité des paramètres UM pour les précipitations. Cette thèse aborde également un autre aspect de l'intermittence, particulièrement important pour les longues séries temporelles pluviométriques, que sont les nombreuses mesures nulles de la pluie (c'est-à-dire un pixel où aucune pluie n'est relevée), i.e. les longues périodes sèches. L'ancienne question de la source de cette intermittence, et notamment la nécessité d'un modèle dédié, est revisitée. D'abord les effets d'un seuil sur un champ multifractal sont analysés et ensuite un « toy model » qui introduit des zéros au sein du processus de cascade et conditionnellement aux valeurs du champ est développé. Cela permet d'expliquer la plupart des comportements observés, e.g. les différences entre les statistiques évènementielles et globales. L'impact de la variabilité de la pluie est analysé à travers l'étude de la sensibilité de modèles d'hydrologie/hydraulique urbaine à la donnée de pluie. Deux bassins versants essentiellement urbains (un de 3 400 ha en Seine-Saint-Denis à proximité de Paris, et un de 900 ha à Londres) modélisés avec des modèles opérationnels semi-distribués sont pris comme cas d'études. Par ailleurs le modèle distribué Multi-Hydro (en développement au LEESU) est testé sur une portion de 145 ha du cas d'étude parisien. L'impact de la variabilité à petites échelles non mesurée des précipitations (i.e. se produisant à des échelles plus petites que 1 km en espace et 5 min en temps qui sont disponibles avec les données radar à bande C) est d'abord évalué. Ceci est réalisé par la génération d'un ensemble de pluie réaliste désagrégée en continuant stochastiquement le processus sous-jacent de cascade au-delà de l'échelle d'observation, puis la simulation de l'ensemble correspondant d'hydrographes. Il apparaît que la variabilité à petites échelles de la pluie engendre une variabilité hydrologique qui ne doit pas être négligée. De plus le modèle Multi-Hydro génère une variabilité plus importante et pas seulement au niveau du pic de débit, i.e. même pour les pluies modérées. Ces résultats mettent en lumière la nécessité d'installer des radars en bande X (dont la résolution est hectométrique) en milieu urbain. Dans un deuxième temps les outils multifractals sont employés sur les pluies et les débits simulés qui présentent aussi un comportement scalant. Il apparaît que le réseau d'assainissement transmet simplement la variabilité des précipitations sans l'atténuer, au moins en termes de statistiques multifractals / The Universal Multifractals (UM) are a powerful tool which has been extensively used to analyze and simulate geophysical fields, such as rainfall, that are extremely variable over wide range of scales. It is based on the concept of cascade phenomenology that relies on the physical notion of scale invariance to explore the fundamental phenomenon of intermittency. In this framework the whole variability of a field is characterized with the help of only three parameters that are furthermore physically meaningful. In this PhD thesis we use this theoretical framework to quantify the impacts of small scale rainfall variability in urban hydrology. The first step consists in analysing radar rainfall space-time variability with the help of a simple anisotropic multifractal model. A variety of rainfall events are analyzed. It appears that a scaling behaviour was observed on two distinct ranges of scales separated by a break at roughly 16 km that is discussed. These data sets are in overall agreement with a simple space-time scaling model relying on single anisotropy exponent between space and time. The results hint at a possible universality of the UM parameters for rainfall. This thesis also explores another facet of intermittency, which is particularly important for long time series of precipitation, that of numerous zero rainfall measurements (a pixel or a time step with no recorded rainfall), i. e. long “dry” periods. We revisit the long lasting discussion on the source of this intermittency, e.g. whether it requires a specific modelling. First the effects of a threshold on a universal multifractal field are investigated and second a toy model that introduces some zeros within the cascade process conditioned by the field value is developed. This enables to explain most of the observed behaviour, e.g. the difference between event statistics and overall statistics. The impact of rainfall variability is investigated through the analysis of the sensitivity to the rainfall input of urban hydrologic-hydraulic models. Two predominantly urban catchments (a 3 400 ha one in Seine-Saint-Denis near Paris, and a 900 ha one in London) modelled with the help of operational semi-distributed models are used as case studies. The fully distributed model Multi-Hydro (under development at LEESU) is also tested on a 147 ha portion of the Paris case study. First the impact of unmeasured small scale rainfall variability (i.e. occurring at scales smaller than 1 km in space and 5 min in time which are available with C-band radar data) is evaluated. This is achieved by generating an ensemble of realistic downscaled rainfall fields by continuing the stochastic cascade process below the observation scale and then simulating the corresponding ensemble of hydrographs. It appears that the small scale rainfall variability generates significant hydrological variability that should not be neglected. Furthermore the Multi-Hydro model generates a larger variability not only during the peak flow, but during the whole event, i.e. for moderate rain rates. These findings highlight the need to implement X-band radars (whose resolution is hectometric) in urban areas. In a second part multifractal tools are used on both rainfall and simulated discharges that also exhibit a scaling behaviour. It appears that the rainfall drainage system basically transmits the rainfall variability without damping it, at least in terms of multifractal statistics

No description available.

L’action humaine dans une séquence vidéo peut être considérée comme un volume spatio- temporel induit par la concaténation de silhouettes dans le temps. Nous présentons une approche spatio-temporelle pour la reconnaissance d’actions humaines qui exploite des caractéristiques globales générées par la technique de réduction de dimensionnalité MDS et un découpage en sous-blocs afin de modéliser la dynamique des actions. L’objectif est de fournir une méthode à la fois simple, peu dispendieuse et robuste permettant la reconnaissance d’actions simples. Le procédé est rapide, ne nécessite aucun alignement de vidéo, et est applicable à de nombreux scénarios. En outre, nous démontrons la robustesse de notre méthode face aux occultations partielles, aux déformations de formes, aux changements d’échelle et d’angles de vue, aux irrégularités dans l’exécution d’une action, et à une faible résolution. / Human action in a video sequence can be seen as a space-time volume induced by the concatenation of silhouettes in time. We present a space-time approach for human action recognition, which exploits global characteristics generated by the technique of dimensionality reduction MDS and a cube division into sub-blocks to model the dynamics of the actions. The objective is to provide a method that is simple, inexpensive and robust allowing simple action recognition. The process is fast, does not require video alignment, and is applicable in many scenarios. Moreover, we demonstrate the robustness of our method to partial occlusion, deformation of shapes, significant changes in scale and viewpoint, irregularities in the performance of an action, and low-quality video.

Le Rhin dans son parcours franco-allemand a été aménagé depuis deux siècles pour la protection contre les inondations, la navigation et la production hydro-électrique. La rectification (19ème siècle), la régularisation (1930) et la construction du Grand Canal d’Alsace (1928-1959) ont profondément altéré le fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire du « Vieux Rhin », tronçon de 50 km court-circuité entre les barrages de Kembs et de Breisach, conduisant à une réduction de la complexité du tracé en plan, une incision, un pavage du fond du lit et une simplification des habitats aquatiques et riverains. La possibilité de restaurer le transport sédimentaire et la dynamique alluviale du Vieux Rhin est évaluée au sein de projets portés par la Région Alsace et EDF. Dans ce cadre, la présente thèse repose sur deux types d’approches de la géomorphologie fluviale, historique et expérimentale, afin de répondre à la problématique de restauration morpho-écologique du tronçon fluvial. Ce travail, basé sur la collecte de données anciennes et de terrain, ainsi que sur la quantification des évolutions morphologiques à différents niveaux scalaires, a conduit à une meilleure compréhension de la trajectoire temporelle d’ajustement de l’hydrosystème et à une estimation de sa sensibilité aux changements. Le suivi géomorphologique d’un test de recharge sédimentaire conduit sur un site-pilote a servi également à évaluer la pertinence de ce type d’intervention, à travers l’analyse des bénéfices et des risques environnementaux potentiels. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus a permis d’apporter aux gestionnaires des éléments d'aide à la réflexion pour orienter les stratégies de restauration ainsi que des indicateurs physiques d’évaluation des futures actions / The Upper Rhine River has undergone several anthropogenic modifications since the last two centuries for flood protection, navigation and hydropower generation. Channel rectification, groyne fields and lateral “Grand Canal of Alsace” construction heavily altered the hydro-sedimentary functioning of the 50 km-long "Old Rhine" by-passed between Kembs and Breisach: channel pattern simplification, bed incision, armouring and ecological habitats alterations. Two complementary projects have been initiated to restore the sediment transport and the reach alluvial dynamics. This thesis investigated space-time and experimental geomorphic approaches within the morpho-ecological restoration of a modified fluvial system. The archive and field data-based work aimed at understanding the Old Rhine historical trajectory. The geomorphological monitoring of a gravel input experiment also consisted in evaluating environmental benefits and potential risks for society and proposing physical assessment indicators. Results will help river stakeholders to define strategies to restore morphological processes and associated ecological functions in the Old Rhine.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Dunas costeiras exercem um importante papel na manutenÃÃo do fluxo de sedimentos da zona costeira. O Parque Nacional de Jericoacoara, localizado no estado do CearÃ, regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil, possui uma morfologia pouco frequente, trata-se de um promontÃrio associado com um campo de dunas mÃveis denominadas barcanas, dunas individuais, de grande porte com formato de ferraduras que se deslocam em direÃÃo L â O. Elas realizam o by-pass, o transporte de sedimentos, essencial para a manutenÃÃo da linha de costa. Neste trabalho, foi priorizada a definiÃÃo da evoluÃÃo morfodinÃmica de dunas mÃveis isoladas (dunas Papai Noel, PÃr-do-Sol e Arraia), tendo como referencial teÃrico a anÃlise das paisagens e como procdimento tÃcnico principal a anÃlise espaÃo-temporal do recobrimento de imagens multitemporais dos satÃlites Landsat e Quickbird entre os anos de 1973 a 2014. AtravÃs da comparaÃÃo da distribuiÃÃo espaÃo temporal das morfologias dunares, nesse perÃodo de 41 anos, evidenciaram-se mudanÃas significativas na Ãrea, perÃmetro e deslocamento das dunas. Foi possÃvel constatar a aÃÃo dos fluxos de matÃria e energia vinculados com migraÃÃo continuada direcionada para a faixa de praia (setor de bypassing de sedimentos). A dinÃmica de migraÃÃo das dunas, quando analisadas apÃs as imagens de 2000, evidenciou possibilidades de alteraÃÃes dos aspectos morfolÃgicos influenciados pelo incremento do fluxo turÃstico, quando instituÃdo o PARNA de Jericoacoara. As mudanÃas foram mais significativas, sobretudo, entre os anos de 2001 a 2005, o que pode estar relacionado a uma maior intervenÃÃo humana (fluxo de turistas). A utilizaÃÃo das tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento para o mapeamento da evoluÃÃo morfodinÃmica do campo de dunas do Parque Nacional de Jericoacoara constituiu- se uma ferramenta essencial para a produÃÃo de informaÃÃes que certamente subsidiarÃo a continuidade do planejamento ambiental da referida, que se constitui como uma Unidade de ConservaÃÃo de ProteÃÃo Integral. / Coastal dunes play an important role in the sediment flow of the coastal zone. The unique morphology of the Jericoacoara National Park in the northeastern Brazilian state of Cearà consists of a promontory covered by a mobile dune field consisting of large, horseshoe-shaped dunes known locally as barcanas that migrate from east to west. These dunes are responsible for the by-pass, the transport of sediments essential for the maintenance of the coastline. The present study focused on the morphodynamic evolution of these isolated mobile dunes through the recovery of multitemporal Landsat and Quickbird satellite images from the years between 1975 and 2014. The comparison of the spatio-temporal distribution of the morphology of these dunes over this 41-year period revealed significant shifts in their area, perimeter, and movement. It was possible to confirm that the flow of material and energy were linked to a process of continuous migration in the direction of the beach (sediment bypassing sector). The dynamics of the dune migration in the years following 2000, when the national park was established, indicate possible impacts of the increase in tourism within the area on the morphology of the dunes. The changes were most significant between 2001 and 2005, possibly reflecting a greater influx of tourists and thus more intense anthropogenic impacts. The different geoprocessing techniques applied to the mapping of the morphodynamic evolution of the dune field of the Jericoacoara National Park proved to be an essential tool for the production of information that will guarantee the long-term environmental planning of this integral conservation unit.