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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Use of environmental variables to infer gene flow and population structure in the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) and predict the seroprevalence of an emerging infectious disease

Clostio, Rachel Wallace 05 August 2010 (has links)
Understanding worldwide declines in reptiles due to factors such as habitat loss and emerging infectious disease has become an increasingly important focus in conservation biology. Here, I use novel approaches from the field of landscape genetics to combine spatial genetic data with landscape data at both regional and local spatial scales to explore natural and anthropogenic landscape features that shape population structure and gene flow in a federally threatened reptile, Gopherus polyphemus. I also utilize approaches from the field of spatial epidemiology to examine the extent to which environmental variables can be used to predict the seroprevalence of an associated pathogen Mycoplasma agassizzi in gopher tortoise populations. Using mitochondrial data, I find evidence of a historical barrier to gene flow that appears to coincide with the Apalachicola River. I also discover low genetic diversity and evidence of population bottlenecks in the western portion of the range. My evaluation at the regional scale shows that dispersal is limited by geographic distance, areas of low elevation and major roads ways. A finescale study reveals no evidence of spatial genetic structure within a 14 x 35 km area. However, soil type is significantly correlated with pairwise genetic distances between individuals, suggesting that this variable influences fine-scale population structure in the gopher tortoise. In addition to soil, high density canopy cover is an important factor impeding gene flow at the local level for females, while land cover type explains some of the genetic variance between males. Finally, temperature and precipitation appear to be important predictors of the seroprevalence of the pathogen Mycoplasma agassizii in gopher tortoises. The probability of an individual testing seropositive for exposure to this disease increased with high temperature and low precipitation values. The methods presented in this dissertation evaluate novel approaches for assessing the influence of environmental variables on population structure, dispersal and disease occurrence and could be applied in future studies of other threatened and endangered taxa.
2

Diversidade Genética, Fluxo Gênico e Sistema de Cruzamento de Anadenanthera colubrina (VELL.) Brenan e Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg: duas Espécies que ocorrem em Alta Densidade no Interior do Estado de São Paulo / Genetic Diversity, Gene Flow and Mating System of Anadenanthera colubrina (VELL.) Brenan and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg: Two Species that occur at a High Density in São Paulo State

Feres, Juliana Massimino 14 February 2014 (has links)
Anadenanthera é um gênero botânico pertencente à família Mimosaceae e endêmico da América Latina e Caribe. Compreende duas espécies arbóreas tropicais: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan. (angico, angico vermelho, angico branco, curupay) e Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (angico, angico preto, angico de casca, angico do cerrado, yopo ou cohoba). As duas espécies são de ocorrência frequente na paisagem da região de Ribeirão Preto, apresentando-se em aglomerados quase monoespecíficos popularmente conhecidos como angicais. Visando contribuir para futuras medidas conservacionistas, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a diversidade genética, o sistema de reprodução, a estrutura genética espacial e o fluxo gênico contemporâneo de A. colubrina e A. peregrina em angicais da Região de Ribeirão Preto SP usando como ferramenta de análise um conjunto de marcadores moleculares microssatélites (SSR). Para isso, foram construídas duas bibliotecas enriquecidas para microssatélites usando a espécie A. colubrina que resultaram em 20 marcadores SSR testados para a espécie e subsequentemente transferidos para A. peregrina. Desses 20 marcadores, 14 foram polimórficos em cada uma das espécies. Através dessa ferramenta molecular, foi possível realizar os estudos de diversidade genética, endogamia e distribuição genética espacial em A. colubrina e A. peregrina na região de Ribeirão Preto, que acusaram de uma maneira geral, muitas semelhanças entre as duas espécies, bem como entre os angicais de uma mesma espécie. A diferença mais marcante encontrada entre elas foi com relação a estrutura genética espacial, pois todos os angicais de A. colubrina apresentaram forte estruturação, enquanto que os de A. peregrina demonstraram ter uma dispersão aleatória dos indivíduos. O sistema reprodutivo e o fluxo de pólen nas duas espécies foi acessado usando sete marcadores moleculares microssatélites. Para essas análises foram genotipados indivíduos juvenis e adultos (totalizando 352 de A. colubrina e 355 de A. peregrina) presentes nos angicais Acol/PB, Aper/SP255 e Aper/Faz. Através das análises constatou-se que ambas as espécies tem sistema de acasalamento misto, embora A. colubrina tenha apresentado uma proporção maior de autofecundação (tm Acol = 0,619; tm Aper= 0,905). Também foram encontrados elevados índices de cruzamento entre parentes (tm-ts Acol = 0,159; tm-ts Aper = 0,216) e parentesco (coancestria), o que resultou num baixo tamanho efetivo populacional para ambas as espécies. As estimativas das taxas de cruzamentos multilocos individuais apresentaram grande variação nas duas espécies, mostrando a flexibilidade do sistema reprodutivo no gênero Anadenanthera. O número efetivo de doadores de pólen foi muito baixo para um mesmo fruto (1,10 em A. colubrina e 1,24 em A. peregrina) e mais alto entre frutos de uma mesma árvore (2,61 em A. colubrina e 3,35 em A. peregrina), usando a estimativa indireta de correlação de paternidade. Análises de paternidade revelaram distâncias de dispersão de pólen em duas escalas para ambas as espécies. Dessa forma, ocorreram muitos cruzamentos locais, entre árvores próximas no mesmo angical, mas também foram encontradas grandes distâncias de dispersão de pólen. A média da distância de dispersão em A. colubrina foi de 299,88 m e de 214,369 m em A. peregrina. Alto fluxo de pólen oriundo de árvores externas aos angicais de ambas as espécies foi detectado, indicando que os grupos não são isolados reprodutivamente. Por outro lado, o fluxo gênico crítico foi também muito elevado nas estimativas, provavelmente devido ao baixo poder de exclusão que os locos apresentaram dentro dos angicias de ambas as espécies. / Anadenanthera is a genus of Mimosaceae that is endemic to Latin America and the West Indies and comprises two tropical tree species: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan. (popularly known as angico, angico vermelho, angico branco or curupay) and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (angico, angico preto, angico de casca, angico do cerrado, yopo or cohoba). Both species are commonly found in the Ribeirão Preto region, usually as nearly monospecific agglomerates known as angicais. To aid future conservationist measures, this work investigated the genetic diversity, gene flow, spatial genetic structure and contemporary mating system of A. colubrina and A. peregrina in the angicais of Ribeirão Preto Region SP by analyzing a sample of simple sequence repeat markers (SSR). Two microsatellites libraries were created from A. colubrina, providing 20 SSR markers that were tested for that species and later applied to A. peregrina. Fourteen out of the 20 markers were polymorphic between the species, allowing an examination of the genetic diversity, endogamy and spatial genetic structure in A. colubrina and A. peregrina in the Ribeirão Preto region, which revealed several similarities between the two species, as well as among the angicais of a single species. The most remarkable difference between the species was related to the spatial genetic structure, as all angicais of A. colubrina presented strong structuration, whereas those of A. peregrina exhibited an aleatory dispersion of individuals. The mating system and pollen flow in both species were analyzed through seven SSR. Adults and juveniles from the angicais Acol/PB, Aper/SP255 and Aper/Faz were genotyped for those analyses (352 specimens of A. colubrina and 355 of A. peregrina), revealing that both species undergo a mixed mating system, although A. colubrina presented a higher percentage of self-mating (tm Acol = 0.619; tm Aper= 0.905). High indices of mating among relatives (tm-ts Acol = 0.159; tm-ts Aper = 0.216) and coancestry were also found, resulting in a low effective population size for both species. A wide range in the estimate of the mutilocus breeding rate was found for both species, reflecting the plasticity of the mating system in the genus Anadenanthera. The effective number of pollen donors was very low for a single fruit (1.10 in A. colubrina and 1.24 in A. peregrina) and higher between fruits from the same tree (2.61 in A. colubrina and 3.35 in A. peregrina), using an indirect estimate of the paternity correlation. Paternity analyses revealed the distance of pollen dispersion on two different scales: many local outcrossings (between close trees from the same angical) in addition to long-distance pollen dispersion. The average dispersion distance was 299.88 m in A. colubrina and 214.369 m in A. peregrina. A high pollen flux from trees outside the angicais of both species was observed, indicating a lack of reproductive isolation. However, the gene flow was also very high, likely due to the low power of exclusion presented by loci from both species inside the angicais.
3

Estudos genéticos em populações naturais da Macaúba em Reservas Legais de assentamentos rurais no Pontal do Paranapanema / Genetic studies in natural populations of macaw palm in Legal Reserves of rural settlements at Pontal do Paranapanema

Coelho, Natália Helena Pesso 15 February 2017 (has links)
A espécie Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. é uma palmeira nativa, popularmente conhecida como macaúba, que possui ampla utilização desde a indústria alimentícia até na produção de biodiesel. Para estudos genéticos, foram coletados e extraído DNA de 50 indivíduos da espécie em três assentamentos no Pontal do Paranapanema-SP (FU, PJ e GB) e em Amparo-SP (AM) toatalizando 200 amostras. Os objetivos do trabalho foram caracterizar a diversidade genética, a estrutura genética espacial (EGE) e o sistema reprodutivo da espécie no Pontal do Paranapanema. A diversidade genética foi caracterizada pelos parâmetros: número de alelos por loco (Â ), heterozigosidades observada (Ĥo) e esperada (Ĥe) e índice de fixação (F^ ). As estatísticas F foram utilizadas como parâmetro de diferenciação genética entre ( F^ ST) e dentro das subpopulações ( F^IS). A EGE foi realizada pela estimativa do coeficiente de coancestria (θ^xy ) entre pares de árvores em relação a posição espacial destas. As populações de macaúba estudadas apresentaram níveis relativamente altos de polimorfismo, pois dos nove locos utilizados obteve-se um total de 103 alelos, sendo que 34 alelos são privados. O Ĥo médio variou de 0,410 a 0,531; O Ĥe médio variou de 0,547 a 0,615. O F apresentou valores positivos e significativos (0,119, 0,173 e 0,276) nas médias de PJ, GB e AM, respectivamente. As estatísticas F mostraram 16,8% de diferenciação entre as populações, ou seja, a maior parte da diversidade genética se encontra dentro das populações. Apenas para a população FU a EGE não foi significativa, na população PJ foi significativa na distância de 810 m (θ^xy =0,0211), porém foi considerado sem significado biológico. Nas outras o θ^xy foi significativo nas distâncias de 38 m (θ^xy = 0,0182 a θ^xy = 0,0418) e 71 (θ^xy =0,0213 a θ^xy =0,0934) para GB e AM, respectivamente, indicando que indivíduos dentro destas distâncias possuem algum grau de parentesco. Os parâmetros para estudar o sistema de reprodução foram calculados pelo MLTR e foram utilizadas 246 progênies (20 mães) da população FU, obtendo os parâmetros t^m =0,97, t^s =0,928, t^m - t^s=0,042, r^s =0,1 e r^p(m) =0,015. O número efetivo de doadores de pólen foi 66,66, a porcentagem de meio-irmãos, irmãos de autofecundação e cruzamento, irmãos completos e irmãos de autofecundação foram 92,7%, 5,8%, 1,4% e 0,09%, respectivamente. O tamanho efetivo foi 3,10, a coancestria foi θ^ =0,134 e o número de matrizes foi m^ =48,29. A macaúba é uma palmeira alógama, não houve correlação significativa de paternidade e o número de matrizes para coleta de sementes deve ser pelo menos 15 sementes de 49 árvores. / Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. is a native palm, also known as Macaw, which has widespread utilization in the food industry as well as for biodiesel oil production. Samples were collected and DNA was extracted from 50 adult individuals in each of the three rural settlements at Pontal do Paranapanema (FU, PJ and GB) and at Amparo-SP (AM), totaling 200 samples. The study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure (SGS) and the mating system in the Pontal do Parapanema. Genetic diversity was estimated by number of aleles per locus (Â), observed (Ĥo) and expected heterozygozity (Ĥe), fixation index (F^). The F^ statistics were used as genetic differentiation parameter among and within subpopulations. The SGS was studied by coancestry coeficiente (θ^xy ) between pair of trees. The studied populations showed relatively high levels of polymorphism using nine microsatellites loci with a total of 103 alleles, where 34 of these are private. The average of Ĥo and Ĥe ranged from 0.410 to 0.531 and 0.547 to 0.615, respectively. The fixation index (F^) presented positive and significant values in average for PJ (0.119), GB (0.173) and AM (0.276), respectively. The genetic differentiation ( F^ ST) was 16,8%, so most of the diversity is within populations. Only in the FU population the SGS was not significant, was significant up to 810 m (θ^xy=0.0211) for PJ with no ecological meaning. This parameter (θ^xy) was significant at up to 38 m (θ^xy = 0.0182 a θ^xy = 0.0418) and 71 m (θ^xy =0.0213 a θ^xy =0.0934) for GB and AM, respectively, indicating that individuals within these distances are related. The parameters to study the mating system were calculated using MLTR with 246 siblings of open pollination of 20 maternal families trees of the FU population, showing values of t^m=0,97, t^s =0,928, t^m - t^s=0,042, r^s =0,1 e r^p(m) =0,015. The number of effective pollen donors was 66,66, the percentage of the pairwise half sibs self-half-sibs, full sibs and sef sibs were 92,7%, 5,8%, 1,4% and 0,09%, respectively. The effective size was 3,10, the coancestry was θ^ =0,134 and the number of matrices m^ =48,29. The macaw palm is an outcrossing palm, there was no significant correlation of paternity and the collection of seeds should be in at least 15 seeds from more than 49 trees to keep a high genetic diversity.
4

Effects of Rotational Shepherding on Plant Dispersal and Gene Flow in Fragmented Calcareous Grasslands

Rico Mancebo del Castillo, Yessica 05 March 2014 (has links)
Understanding dispersal and gene flow in human-modified landscapes is crucial for effective conservation. Seed dispersal governs colonization, recruitment, and distribution of plant species, whereas both pollen and seed dispersal determine gene flow among populations. This PhD thesis tests the effect of rotational shepherding on seed dispersal and gene flow in fragmented calcareous grasslands. Calcareous grasslands (Gentiano-Koelerietum pyramidatae vegetation) in Central Europe are semi-natural communities traditionally used for rotational grazing that experienced a decline of plant species during the 20th century due to abandonment of shepherding. This PhD profits from a management project started in 1989 in Bavaria, Germany to reconnect previously abandoned calcareous grasslands in three non-overlapping shepherding systems. Two vegetation surveys in 1989 and 2009 revealed colonizations in previously abandoned grasslands reconnected by shepherding. First, I propose a comprehensive approach to identify determinants of community-level patch colonization rates based on 48 habitat specialist plants by testing competing models of pre-dispersal and dispersal effects and accounting for post-dispersal effects. Mean source patch species occupancy in 1989, and structural elements in focal patches related to establishment explained community-level patch colonization rates. Secondly, by adapting the community analysis to all 31 individual species of the same community with sufficient data, I corroborate the role of shepherding to support dispersal for a range of species, even if they lack seed morphological traits related to zoochory. Thirdly, for the habitat specialist Dianthus carthusianorum, I genotyped 1,613 individuals from 64 populations at eleven microsatellites to test the effect of dispersal by sheep on spatial genetic structure at the landscape scale. Genetic distances between grazed patches of the same herding system were related to distance along herding routes, whereas ungrazed patches showed isolation by geographic distance. Lastly, within individual grassland patches, shepherding significantly decreases the degree of relatedness among neighboring individuals (kinship structure) and increases genetic diversity. My thesis contributes towards understanding the effects of zoochory on spatial dynamics in plant populations across scales.
5

Effects of Rotational Shepherding on Plant Dispersal and Gene Flow in Fragmented Calcareous Grasslands

Rico Mancebo del Castillo, Yessica 05 March 2014 (has links)
Understanding dispersal and gene flow in human-modified landscapes is crucial for effective conservation. Seed dispersal governs colonization, recruitment, and distribution of plant species, whereas both pollen and seed dispersal determine gene flow among populations. This PhD thesis tests the effect of rotational shepherding on seed dispersal and gene flow in fragmented calcareous grasslands. Calcareous grasslands (Gentiano-Koelerietum pyramidatae vegetation) in Central Europe are semi-natural communities traditionally used for rotational grazing that experienced a decline of plant species during the 20th century due to abandonment of shepherding. This PhD profits from a management project started in 1989 in Bavaria, Germany to reconnect previously abandoned calcareous grasslands in three non-overlapping shepherding systems. Two vegetation surveys in 1989 and 2009 revealed colonizations in previously abandoned grasslands reconnected by shepherding. First, I propose a comprehensive approach to identify determinants of community-level patch colonization rates based on 48 habitat specialist plants by testing competing models of pre-dispersal and dispersal effects and accounting for post-dispersal effects. Mean source patch species occupancy in 1989, and structural elements in focal patches related to establishment explained community-level patch colonization rates. Secondly, by adapting the community analysis to all 31 individual species of the same community with sufficient data, I corroborate the role of shepherding to support dispersal for a range of species, even if they lack seed morphological traits related to zoochory. Thirdly, for the habitat specialist Dianthus carthusianorum, I genotyped 1,613 individuals from 64 populations at eleven microsatellites to test the effect of dispersal by sheep on spatial genetic structure at the landscape scale. Genetic distances between grazed patches of the same herding system were related to distance along herding routes, whereas ungrazed patches showed isolation by geographic distance. Lastly, within individual grassland patches, shepherding significantly decreases the degree of relatedness among neighboring individuals (kinship structure) and increases genetic diversity. My thesis contributes towards understanding the effects of zoochory on spatial dynamics in plant populations across scales.
6

Estudos genéticos em populações naturais da Macaúba em Reservas Legais de assentamentos rurais no Pontal do Paranapanema / Genetic studies in natural populations of macaw palm in Legal Reserves of rural settlements at Pontal do Paranapanema

Natália Helena Pesso Coelho 15 February 2017 (has links)
A espécie Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. é uma palmeira nativa, popularmente conhecida como macaúba, que possui ampla utilização desde a indústria alimentícia até na produção de biodiesel. Para estudos genéticos, foram coletados e extraído DNA de 50 indivíduos da espécie em três assentamentos no Pontal do Paranapanema-SP (FU, PJ e GB) e em Amparo-SP (AM) toatalizando 200 amostras. Os objetivos do trabalho foram caracterizar a diversidade genética, a estrutura genética espacial (EGE) e o sistema reprodutivo da espécie no Pontal do Paranapanema. A diversidade genética foi caracterizada pelos parâmetros: número de alelos por loco (Â ), heterozigosidades observada (Ĥo) e esperada (Ĥe) e índice de fixação (F^ ). As estatísticas F foram utilizadas como parâmetro de diferenciação genética entre ( F^ ST) e dentro das subpopulações ( F^IS). A EGE foi realizada pela estimativa do coeficiente de coancestria (θ^xy ) entre pares de árvores em relação a posição espacial destas. As populações de macaúba estudadas apresentaram níveis relativamente altos de polimorfismo, pois dos nove locos utilizados obteve-se um total de 103 alelos, sendo que 34 alelos são privados. O Ĥo médio variou de 0,410 a 0,531; O Ĥe médio variou de 0,547 a 0,615. O F apresentou valores positivos e significativos (0,119, 0,173 e 0,276) nas médias de PJ, GB e AM, respectivamente. As estatísticas F mostraram 16,8% de diferenciação entre as populações, ou seja, a maior parte da diversidade genética se encontra dentro das populações. Apenas para a população FU a EGE não foi significativa, na população PJ foi significativa na distância de 810 m (θ^xy =0,0211), porém foi considerado sem significado biológico. Nas outras o θ^xy foi significativo nas distâncias de 38 m (θ^xy = 0,0182 a θ^xy = 0,0418) e 71 (θ^xy =0,0213 a θ^xy =0,0934) para GB e AM, respectivamente, indicando que indivíduos dentro destas distâncias possuem algum grau de parentesco. Os parâmetros para estudar o sistema de reprodução foram calculados pelo MLTR e foram utilizadas 246 progênies (20 mães) da população FU, obtendo os parâmetros t^m =0,97, t^s =0,928, t^m - t^s=0,042, r^s =0,1 e r^p(m) =0,015. O número efetivo de doadores de pólen foi 66,66, a porcentagem de meio-irmãos, irmãos de autofecundação e cruzamento, irmãos completos e irmãos de autofecundação foram 92,7%, 5,8%, 1,4% e 0,09%, respectivamente. O tamanho efetivo foi 3,10, a coancestria foi θ^ =0,134 e o número de matrizes foi m^ =48,29. A macaúba é uma palmeira alógama, não houve correlação significativa de paternidade e o número de matrizes para coleta de sementes deve ser pelo menos 15 sementes de 49 árvores. / Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. is a native palm, also known as Macaw, which has widespread utilization in the food industry as well as for biodiesel oil production. Samples were collected and DNA was extracted from 50 adult individuals in each of the three rural settlements at Pontal do Paranapanema (FU, PJ and GB) and at Amparo-SP (AM), totaling 200 samples. The study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure (SGS) and the mating system in the Pontal do Parapanema. Genetic diversity was estimated by number of aleles per locus (Â), observed (Ĥo) and expected heterozygozity (Ĥe), fixation index (F^). The F^ statistics were used as genetic differentiation parameter among and within subpopulations. The SGS was studied by coancestry coeficiente (θ^xy ) between pair of trees. The studied populations showed relatively high levels of polymorphism using nine microsatellites loci with a total of 103 alleles, where 34 of these are private. The average of Ĥo and Ĥe ranged from 0.410 to 0.531 and 0.547 to 0.615, respectively. The fixation index (F^) presented positive and significant values in average for PJ (0.119), GB (0.173) and AM (0.276), respectively. The genetic differentiation ( F^ ST) was 16,8%, so most of the diversity is within populations. Only in the FU population the SGS was not significant, was significant up to 810 m (θ^xy=0.0211) for PJ with no ecological meaning. This parameter (θ^xy) was significant at up to 38 m (θ^xy = 0.0182 a θ^xy = 0.0418) and 71 m (θ^xy =0.0213 a θ^xy =0.0934) for GB and AM, respectively, indicating that individuals within these distances are related. The parameters to study the mating system were calculated using MLTR with 246 siblings of open pollination of 20 maternal families trees of the FU population, showing values of t^m=0,97, t^s =0,928, t^m - t^s=0,042, r^s =0,1 e r^p(m) =0,015. The number of effective pollen donors was 66,66, the percentage of the pairwise half sibs self-half-sibs, full sibs and sef sibs were 92,7%, 5,8%, 1,4% and 0,09%, respectively. The effective size was 3,10, the coancestry was θ^ =0,134 and the number of matrices m^ =48,29. The macaw palm is an outcrossing palm, there was no significant correlation of paternity and the collection of seeds should be in at least 15 seeds from more than 49 trees to keep a high genetic diversity.
7

Diversidade Genética, Fluxo Gênico e Sistema de Cruzamento de Anadenanthera colubrina (VELL.) Brenan e Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg: duas Espécies que ocorrem em Alta Densidade no Interior do Estado de São Paulo / Genetic Diversity, Gene Flow and Mating System of Anadenanthera colubrina (VELL.) Brenan and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg: Two Species that occur at a High Density in São Paulo State

Juliana Massimino Feres 14 February 2014 (has links)
Anadenanthera é um gênero botânico pertencente à família Mimosaceae e endêmico da América Latina e Caribe. Compreende duas espécies arbóreas tropicais: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan. (angico, angico vermelho, angico branco, curupay) e Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (angico, angico preto, angico de casca, angico do cerrado, yopo ou cohoba). As duas espécies são de ocorrência frequente na paisagem da região de Ribeirão Preto, apresentando-se em aglomerados quase monoespecíficos popularmente conhecidos como angicais. Visando contribuir para futuras medidas conservacionistas, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a diversidade genética, o sistema de reprodução, a estrutura genética espacial e o fluxo gênico contemporâneo de A. colubrina e A. peregrina em angicais da Região de Ribeirão Preto SP usando como ferramenta de análise um conjunto de marcadores moleculares microssatélites (SSR). Para isso, foram construídas duas bibliotecas enriquecidas para microssatélites usando a espécie A. colubrina que resultaram em 20 marcadores SSR testados para a espécie e subsequentemente transferidos para A. peregrina. Desses 20 marcadores, 14 foram polimórficos em cada uma das espécies. Através dessa ferramenta molecular, foi possível realizar os estudos de diversidade genética, endogamia e distribuição genética espacial em A. colubrina e A. peregrina na região de Ribeirão Preto, que acusaram de uma maneira geral, muitas semelhanças entre as duas espécies, bem como entre os angicais de uma mesma espécie. A diferença mais marcante encontrada entre elas foi com relação a estrutura genética espacial, pois todos os angicais de A. colubrina apresentaram forte estruturação, enquanto que os de A. peregrina demonstraram ter uma dispersão aleatória dos indivíduos. O sistema reprodutivo e o fluxo de pólen nas duas espécies foi acessado usando sete marcadores moleculares microssatélites. Para essas análises foram genotipados indivíduos juvenis e adultos (totalizando 352 de A. colubrina e 355 de A. peregrina) presentes nos angicais Acol/PB, Aper/SP255 e Aper/Faz. Através das análises constatou-se que ambas as espécies tem sistema de acasalamento misto, embora A. colubrina tenha apresentado uma proporção maior de autofecundação (tm Acol = 0,619; tm Aper= 0,905). Também foram encontrados elevados índices de cruzamento entre parentes (tm-ts Acol = 0,159; tm-ts Aper = 0,216) e parentesco (coancestria), o que resultou num baixo tamanho efetivo populacional para ambas as espécies. As estimativas das taxas de cruzamentos multilocos individuais apresentaram grande variação nas duas espécies, mostrando a flexibilidade do sistema reprodutivo no gênero Anadenanthera. O número efetivo de doadores de pólen foi muito baixo para um mesmo fruto (1,10 em A. colubrina e 1,24 em A. peregrina) e mais alto entre frutos de uma mesma árvore (2,61 em A. colubrina e 3,35 em A. peregrina), usando a estimativa indireta de correlação de paternidade. Análises de paternidade revelaram distâncias de dispersão de pólen em duas escalas para ambas as espécies. Dessa forma, ocorreram muitos cruzamentos locais, entre árvores próximas no mesmo angical, mas também foram encontradas grandes distâncias de dispersão de pólen. A média da distância de dispersão em A. colubrina foi de 299,88 m e de 214,369 m em A. peregrina. Alto fluxo de pólen oriundo de árvores externas aos angicais de ambas as espécies foi detectado, indicando que os grupos não são isolados reprodutivamente. Por outro lado, o fluxo gênico crítico foi também muito elevado nas estimativas, provavelmente devido ao baixo poder de exclusão que os locos apresentaram dentro dos angicias de ambas as espécies. / Anadenanthera is a genus of Mimosaceae that is endemic to Latin America and the West Indies and comprises two tropical tree species: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan. (popularly known as angico, angico vermelho, angico branco or curupay) and Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (angico, angico preto, angico de casca, angico do cerrado, yopo or cohoba). Both species are commonly found in the Ribeirão Preto region, usually as nearly monospecific agglomerates known as angicais. To aid future conservationist measures, this work investigated the genetic diversity, gene flow, spatial genetic structure and contemporary mating system of A. colubrina and A. peregrina in the angicais of Ribeirão Preto Region SP by analyzing a sample of simple sequence repeat markers (SSR). Two microsatellites libraries were created from A. colubrina, providing 20 SSR markers that were tested for that species and later applied to A. peregrina. Fourteen out of the 20 markers were polymorphic between the species, allowing an examination of the genetic diversity, endogamy and spatial genetic structure in A. colubrina and A. peregrina in the Ribeirão Preto region, which revealed several similarities between the two species, as well as among the angicais of a single species. The most remarkable difference between the species was related to the spatial genetic structure, as all angicais of A. colubrina presented strong structuration, whereas those of A. peregrina exhibited an aleatory dispersion of individuals. The mating system and pollen flow in both species were analyzed through seven SSR. Adults and juveniles from the angicais Acol/PB, Aper/SP255 and Aper/Faz were genotyped for those analyses (352 specimens of A. colubrina and 355 of A. peregrina), revealing that both species undergo a mixed mating system, although A. colubrina presented a higher percentage of self-mating (tm Acol = 0.619; tm Aper= 0.905). High indices of mating among relatives (tm-ts Acol = 0.159; tm-ts Aper = 0.216) and coancestry were also found, resulting in a low effective population size for both species. A wide range in the estimate of the mutilocus breeding rate was found for both species, reflecting the plasticity of the mating system in the genus Anadenanthera. The effective number of pollen donors was very low for a single fruit (1.10 in A. colubrina and 1.24 in A. peregrina) and higher between fruits from the same tree (2.61 in A. colubrina and 3.35 in A. peregrina), using an indirect estimate of the paternity correlation. Paternity analyses revealed the distance of pollen dispersion on two different scales: many local outcrossings (between close trees from the same angical) in addition to long-distance pollen dispersion. The average dispersion distance was 299.88 m in A. colubrina and 214.369 m in A. peregrina. A high pollen flux from trees outside the angicais of both species was observed, indicating a lack of reproductive isolation. However, the gene flow was also very high, likely due to the low power of exclusion presented by loci from both species inside the angicais.
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Etude des processus de dispersion et des flux géniques chez un champignon phytopathogène : le cas de Mycosphaerella fijiensis à l’échelle d’un bassin de production Camerounais. / Study of dispersal and gene flow in a plant pathogenic fungus : The case of Mycosphaerella fijiensis at the scale of a Cameroonian producing area

Rieux, Adrien 17 June 2011 (has links)
La dispersion est un processus clef dans la dynamique et l'évolution des populations naturelles. En plus de son rôle primordial dans les processus de colonisation, la dispersion influence également les processus d'adaptation des organismes. Chez les pathogènes, une meilleure compréhension des processus de dispersion apparaît de ce fait être un enjeu majeur pour mieux les contrôler. Durant cette thèse, nous avons étudié les processus de dispersion et quantifié les flux de gènes qui en découlent chez le champignon parasite du bananier Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Cette étude a été réalisée à l'échelle locale d'un bassin de production du Cameroun (la région dite du Moungo) et nous avons combiné plusieurs approches complémentaires considérant différentes échelles spatio-temporelles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons décrit, à l'aide de marqueurs génétiques neutres, la structuration spatiale des populations de M. fijiensis dans la région du Moungo qui présente différentes barrières potentielles à la dispersion. Nous n'avons décelé aucun effet du paysage ni de la distance géographique sur la structuration génétique. Cependant, une rupture spatiale dans les fréquences alléliques, vraisemblablement de nature historique a été mise en évidence. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence de grandes populations de M. fijiensis s'écartant de l'équilibre mutation-dérive. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilisé la théorie des clines génétiques pour étudier les forces à l'origine de la mise en en place et de l'évolution de gradients spatiaux de fréquences alléliques. En particulier, l'analyse de la variation spatio-temporelle de la discontinuité génétique précédemment détectée par un modèle de clines neutres nous a permis d'estimer l'intensité des flux géniques ( =1175 m/génération). Finalement, nous avons mesuré la distribution des distances de dispersion des deux types de spores produites par M. fijiensis à partir d'une source d'inoculum primaire. Cette expérimentation nous a permis de confirmer que les ascospores participent à une dispersion à grande distance alors que les conidies sont impliquées dans une dispersion à très courte distance. Nous avons estimé une distance moyenne de dispersion de 3,12 et de 283 mètres/génération respectivement pour les conidies et les ascospores et montré que le noyau de dispersion des ascospores est caractérisé par une queue lourde. Cette thèse a permis de préciser comment M. fijiensis se disperse et les estimations réalisées pourront être intégrées dans des modèles théoriques afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution des résistances aux fongicides et de définir des stratégies durables d'utilisation raisonnée des traitements chimiques. / Dispersal is a key process for both the dynamics and evolution of natural populations. In addition to being crucial for colonization, dispersal also influences the processes occurring during adaptation. For pathogens, a better understanding of dispersal processes may improve our capacity to control the diseases that they cause. In this thesis, we studied dispersal processes and quantified gene flow in the banana plant pathogen Mycosphaerella fijiensis at the local scale of a production area in South-West Cameroon (named Moungo). For this purpose, several approaches differing in the spatio-temporal scale to which they refer were combined. First, neutral markers were used to describe the spatial genetic structure of this pathogen in the Moungo area, which includes several potential ecological barriers to dispersal. No effects on genetic structure of landscape elements or geographical distance were found. However, we detected a spatial break in allelic frequencies that appeared to be explained by an historical event. This result suggests the existence of large M. fijiensis populations out of the mutation-migration-drift genetic equilibrium. Second, genetic cline theory was applied to study the evolutionary forces implicated in the installation and evolution of spatial gradients in allelic frequencies. More specifically, we analysed the spatio-temporal variation of the genetic discontinuity previously detected through a neutral cline model to estimate the intensity of gene flow in this area ( =1175 m/generation). Lastly, we measured the distribution of dispersal distances of M. fijiensis spores from a primary source of inoculum was. Such an experiment allowed us to confirm that conidia are implicated in short-distance dispersal whereas ascospores are responsible for spread of the disease over longer distances. The estimated mean dispersal distance travelled by spores was 3.12 and 283 metres/generation for conidia and ascospores, respectively, and the ascospore dispersal kernel was shown to be fat-tailed. This thesis adds to global knowledge of M. fijiensis dispersal and the measures of dispersal estimated in this work will be useful in parameterizing models aimed at a better understanding of the spatial patterns of fungicide resistance evolution under different management strategies.
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Effects of habitat degradation on the evolutionary dynamics of populations in a rainforest cycad (Gymnospermae)

Lopez-Gallego, Cristina 18 May 2007 (has links)
In addition to habitat loss and fragmentation, habitat degradation can have important consequences for biodiversity and population persistence, including effects on ecological and genetic processes beyond decreased demographic viability and the loss of genetic variation. Particularly interesting is the potential for evolutionary changes and adaptation to degraded habitats, that can affect population viability even in the short-term. Here, I explore how environmental changes after habitat degradation affect the evolutionary dynamics of populations of the rainforest cycad Zamia fairchildiana, specifically how habitat degradation affects gene dispersal, inbreeding, directional selection, and genotype-by-environment interactions, and the potential for genetic differentiation between populations. Colonies of Z. fairchildiana showed little genetic differentiation in neutral molecular markers across study sites, thus can be considered as subpopulations. Subpopulations in the disturbed habitat are experiencing different environmental conditions when compared to subpopulation in their native habitat. Disturbed-habitat subpopulations showed a faster life-history. This faster life history is associated with a weaker spatial genetic structure and higher levels of inbreeding in the disturbed-habitat subpopulations. In addition, higher light availability in the disturbed habitat seems to be a major agent of selection on traits like leaf production that have the potential to respond to selection in these subpopulations. Different traits were under selection in the native-habitat subpopulations, suggesting the potential for genetic differentiation between native and disturbed-habitat subpopulations. Genotype by environment interactions in seed germination and seedling survival, in response to light and water availability, further suggested that subpopulations can adaptively diverge between habitats, but the relative role of genetic and environmental factors, particularly maternal effects, on the magnitude and rate of genetic differentiation between subpopulations remains to be evaluated. These results suggest that habitat degradation can have important consequences for the evolutionary dynamics of populations of this cycad, not necessarily typical of habitat loss and fragmentation. This study identified factors and processes important for population persistence in degraded habitats, but population responses to habitat degradation are complex. Thus further studies and long-term experiments are required for better understanding the effects of habitat degradation on population viability.
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Diversidade, estrutura genética e domesticação de piquiazeiros (Caryocar villosum) em duas localidades da Amazônia brasileira / Diversity, genetic structure and domestication of piquiás (Caryocar villosum) in two localities of the Brazilian Amazon

Francisconi, Ana Flávia 12 December 2018 (has links)
O piquiazeiro (Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.) é uma arbórea presente no bioma Amazônico, sendo seus principais usos os alimentícios e madeireiros. O piquiazeiro encontra-se incipientemente domesticado, e a seleção e manejo feitos por populações tradicionais pode estar promovendo a continuidade desse processo, que se iniciou na Amazônia por volta do final do Pleistoceno e inicio do Holoceno, e hoje está sendo retomado por populações tradicionais que fazem cultivos em seus quintais, entre elas o piquiazeiro. Apesar de seu uso por populações tradicionais e do potencial comercial, a diversidade e distribuição do piquiazeiro ainda foram pouco estudadas. Os objetivos desse estudo foram analisar a diversidade genética e a estrutura genética de piquiazeiros em duas situações. A primeira foi examinando o processo de domesticação do C. villosum por populações tradicionais na Floresta Nacional (FLONA) do Tapajós e a segunda foi comparando a população da FLONA do Tapajós, no Pará, com outra localizada na Reserva Extrativista (RESEX) Rio Ouro Preto, em Rondônia. Na FLONA foram genotipados, com o uso de sete marcadores microssátelites, 67 indivíduos da mata e 26 cultivados nos quintais. Maior riqueza alélica, número de alelos, número de alelos efetivos, alelos privados e heterozigosidade observada foram encontrados na mata, assim como estruturação genética espacial nos indivíduos de quintal, o que indica a domesticação da espécie, apesar da baixa estruturação genética encontrada entre os grupos mata/quintal nos métodos aplicados. Na segunda parte foram genotipados 130 piquiazeiros, sendo 92 do Pará, os mesmos utilizados no estudo da domesticação, somados a 38 de Rondônia. O Pará apresentou valores superiores para número médio de alelos/loco, número efetivo de alelos, número de alelos privados, riqueza alélica e heterozigosidade esperada, indicando um possível centro de origem da espécie. A estrutura genética espacial foi significativa em ambas as localidades, o que sugere correlações de parentesco entre os indivíduos, provavelmente devido ao comportamento forrageiro de seus polinizadores e dispersores. A estruturação genética entre as duas localidades foi observada em todos os métodos, sendo que a maior parte da variação (89%) ocorre dentro das populações. A diferenciação entre as populações (11%) pode ser explicada por fatores históricos e pelo elevado fluxo gênico (Nm = 2,043). Foi também feita uma modelagem de nicho ecológico para determinar a distribuição da espécie. Foi observada a predominância de ocorrência da espécie no bioma Amazônico, com maior adaptação a climas quentes, com médias superiores a 18°C em todos os meses, e úmido, apresentando de 1 a 3 meses de seca. / Piquiá (Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.) is a tree species present in the Amazon biome, used mainly for food and timber. Piquiá is incipiently domesticated, and the selection and management by traditional populations may be promoting the continuity of this process. This process began in the Amazon around the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene, and today is being resumed by traditional populations, which cultivate different species in their backyards, among them is the piquiá. Despite its constant use by traditional populations and commercial potential, the diversity and distribution of piquiá have been little studied. The objectives of this study were to analyze the genetic diversity and the genetic structure of piquiás in two different cases. The first was to examine the process of domestication of C. villosum by traditional populations in the Floresta Nacional (FLONA) do Tapajós. The second one was to compare the piquiás populations from the FLONA do Tapajós, in Pará, with another one located in the Reserva Extrativista (RESEX) Rio Ouro Preto, in Rondônia. Sixtyseven individuals from the forest and 26 cultivated in the backyards were genotyped, with the use of seven microsatellite markers, in FLONA. Higher allelic richness, number of alleles, number of effective alleles, private alleles and observed heterozygosity were found in the forest, as well as spatial genetic structuring in backyard individuals, which indicates the domestication of the species, despite the low genetic structure found between the forest/backyards groups in the applied methods. In the second part, 130 piquiás were genotyped, being 92 of Pará, the same ones used in the study of domestication, and 38 of Rondônia. Pará presented higher values for average number of alleles/locus, effective number of alleles, number of private alleles, allelic richness and expected heterozygosity, indicating a possible center of origin of the species. The spatial genetic structure was significant in both localities, suggesting kinship correlations among the individuals, probably due to the forage behavior of their pollinators and dispersers. Genetic structuring between the two localities was observed in all methods, with most of the variation (89%) occurring within populations, according to AMOVA. The differentiation between populations (11%) can be explained by historical factors and high gene flow (Nm = 2,043). According to the Ecological Niche Modeling, used to verify the species distribution, the piquiá occurs predominantly in the Amazonian biome, with best suitability in hot climates, with temperature averages above 18°C, and humid, presenting between 1 and 3 months of drought.

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