This dissertation investigates the influence that the ideology of a states has in determining its relations with its peers. The study will be performed using a classic approach to international relations, with a focus on the dichotomy rivalry – non-rivalry, and a more modern method, classifying the variable in 5 classes. I will show that ideology is important when countries engage in friendly relations, while there is no evidence this covariation is present also regarding rivalries. The findings also suggest that countries following different ideologies tend to act differently, with states with stronger ideas being less pragmatical. I will also find support for part of the liberal theory, with democracies being particularly peaceful with each other, and the realist theory, with countries being close and economically powerful being more likely to engage in extreme relations. Finally, I will use random forests to make predictions, showing my model is capable of being extremely accurate in predicting relations between states.

Trails in natural areas constitute an essential resource in tourism as they provide infrastructure for both tourists and tourism companies. Trails allow access to nature and increase safety for visitors by guiding them to the appropriate route, where places of danger are avoided and the risk of damaging ecologically sensitive areas minimized. Even so, touristic activities in natural settings are today increasing and are more diversified as there are many ‘new’ activities becoming accessible for more people, for example mountain biking, trail-running and mountaineering. These trends and changes in tourism and outdoor recreation have resulted in an increase of trail-use, which in turn entails more trail-based conflicts. Conflicts occur between different recreational activities that use the same trail, but also between trail-based recreationists and other land-use interests. Thus, planners and managers of natural areas increasingly have to handle conflicts related to trail-use. Although conflicts relating to trails are becoming more common, research on trails as a conflict management tool is limited. Research has mainly focused on conflicts between trail-based recreation activities, and not on how the trail itself can be used to handle conflicts between land-use interests. As a number of land-use interests use the trail for various purposes, it can be argued that the multi-faceted features and flexible characteristics that constitute a trail can be helpful in handling such conflicts. The point of departure for this licentiate thesis is the assumption that trails in the natural landscape can function as a conflict management tool. Through the recreational trail, dialogue and discussions are made possible among stakeholders. Trails can therefore function as facilitators for communication, and thus enhance the possibilities of building trust and promoting collaboration between actors. The results of this thesis derive from a case study of the southern Jämtland mountains in Sweden, an area where conflicts of interests exist. There are several different interests and perspectives on how the mountain landscape should be used, perspectives including those of tourism companies, reindeer herding, nature conservation interests and local population. The trails in the area are, however, important to all stakeholder groups, and collaboration around the trails is therefore examined in this thesis as an applied example where stakeholders communicate and negotiate. Data for this thesis was collected by working closely with stakeholders in the area and by organizing workshops where different interests could meet and discuss issues relating to trails. Results show that creating platforms for collaboration and dialogue are important for increasing the understanding between different interests represented within stakeholder groups. Such platforms can therefore be highly valuable in handling conflicts regarding land-use. This licentiate thesis contributes to increased knowledge on the multi-faceted roles of trails intended for tourism and outdoor recreation. This is achieved by the examination of international trail research to identify research gaps, together with the analysis of trails as a tool for collaboration and communication to handle land-use conflicts. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on handling multiple land-use interests, and adds to previous knowledge by taking on a rather new approach; that of the recreational trail as a facilitator for communication. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 2 (manuskript).</p><p>At the time of the defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 2 (manuscript)</p>

Valarkitektur är ett verktyg för nudging som handlar om att påverka individers beteenden i en önskad riktning utan att vilseleda, manipulera eller ta bort valmöjligheter. Valarkitektur handlar om att konstruera valsituationer så att det blir lätt att göra rätt, med en vänlig knuff i rätt riktning. Nudging och valarkitektur har sitt ursprung i beteendeekonomi och är något som växt fram från hur beslut fattas med eventuella felbedömningar och misstag. I vår moderna och digitaliserade tid fattas dagligen beslut i online-miljöer som också behöver designas smart för bästa utfall utifrån satta mål. I detta arbete testas valarkitektur på en redan befintlig webbshop för att undersöka hur en ny utformning av användargränssnittet påverkar konsumenters köp av biobaserade plastprodukter. Den nya designen, som testades under en månad, innebar två förändringar där en var visuell och en var informativ. Förändringarna gjordes utifrån tre designprinciper för digital nudging ur litteraturen. Resultatet tyder på att den nya designen kan ha bidragit till att produkterna gjorda av biobaserad plast ökade både i antal visningar och försäljning, utan att dölja andra alternativ och utan att vilseleda eller manipulera konsumenten. Testet utgår från en itererad modell i fyra steg, även den ur litteraturen, och kan vidareutvecklas eller återupptas i en annan kontext. / Choice architecture is a tool for nudging that involves affecting individuals’ behaviors in a desired direction without misleading, manipulating or removing choices. Choice architecture is about constructing choice situations so that it becomes easy to do right, with a friendly nudge in the right direction. Nudging and choice architecture originate in behavioral economics and are something that has emerged from how decisions are made with possible miscalculations and mistakes. In our modern and digitized era, decisions are made daily in online environments that also need to be smartly designed for the best outcomes based on set goals. In this thesis choice architecture is tested on an existing web shop to investigate how a new user interface design affects consumers' purchases of bio-based plastic products. The new design, which was tested over a month, involved two changes where one was visual, and one was informative. The changes were based on three design principles for digital nudging from the literature. The results show that the new design may have contributed to the increase in products made of bio-based plastics both in terms of views and sales, without hiding other options and without misleading or manipulating the consumer. The test is based on a four-step iterated model, also from the literature, and can be further developed or resumed in a different context.

Human error has been a key factor in grounding- and collision incidents in the past and continues to present a challenge to the maritime industry in the present day. The feasibility of a pilot framework for Bridge Resource Management (BRM) training lies at the heart of this study, its objective being to gauge the possibility of the construction of such a model. The result is thought to open up for further research and highlight the most relevant and effective BRM tools that can be used, by the bridge team, to prevent collision and grounding. The study was carried out in two stages. Firstly, four key personnel within the shipping industry were interviewed. These respondents were tasked with prioritising what they regarded as the most effective BRM tools. Secondly, the effectiveness of these tools was tested on marine incident cases. A document analysis was carried out on six collision and grounding cases, as investigated by the Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB). The majority of the respondents were in agreement regarding which three BRM tools they regarded as the most relevant and effective. The result from the interviews was repeated in the result from the document analysis.  The conclusions that were drawn are that: it is possible to construct a pilot framework for BRM training and it is also possible to measure the effectiveness of the BRM tools. Additionally, suggestions for further research that arose from this thesis pertain to the study of the relationship between different BRM tools.

In product development, lead-time reduction, cost reduction, and quality improvement are issues that companies want to improve on to increase competitiveness. One recent approach to reach this - particularly in the aerospace industry where the complexity of product offers is steadily increasing - is to manage risk by forming virtual enterprises. A virtual enterprise is a network of partner companies that join on equal terms when an opportunity arises to develop a product offer, e.g. a jet engine offer, in a more agile manner than if any of the partners would realise it by themselves. They therefore team up to share risk, investment and resources - to in return also share revenue and profit. A driver for the formation of the virtual enterprise is the ability to effectively utilise partner knowledge assets. However, when sharing and managing knowledge effectively across the virtual enterprise, current practices have yet to evolve to meet the needs of knowledge workers, who may come from different aerospace companies, have different roles, belong to different disciplines and that may also be situated in geographically dispersed locations. Improving product development includes allowing developers from all disciplines to know - as early as possible in the product development process - more about the customer needs, the desired product properties, and the downstream impact of the decisions they choose to make throughout the process. Knowing about the impact in downstream phases would allow for significant time and cost savings due to the avoidance of unnecessary and expensive rework that would otherwise occur much further on in the product's life cycle. Among other things, a virtual enterprise can start organising and mapping the knowledge assets available in their teams, and information overload can be managed by assuring that the right knowledge ends up with the right person, to mention but a few things that can facilitate the everyday work of engineers and their colleagues. When working in a product development project, the virtual enterprise needs to assess the quality of the created knowledge as early as possible to devise the correct actions early. In this thesis, a Gated Maturity Assessment technique including the concept of knowledge maturity has been developed as an example of an improved stage-gate decision-making process. With this approach development teams are able to assess the knowledge maturity level in the content and rationale that is put forward as a basis for a decision - as opposed to only assessing the raw data of the results (i.e. thrust, weight, fuel burn, etc.). Knowledge maturity is used to support decision makers when in the process of assessing a decision base to make a decision whether to go ahead, abort the process, or order rework to be done. Naturally, if the decision base is poor, a decision to go ahead should probably not be taken, as the consequences might be negative. In assessing maturity, decision makers can determine at decision points if the knowledge base is good enough to move forward to the next step in the jet engine component design, if there is need for rework, and what specific areas need to be improved. Decision makers can divert and focus resources to areas of importance due to, for instance, too low maturity levels. Knowledge maturity is a way to - using a criteria scale that prescribes the knowledge needed at each level - help development teams assess and visualise how well they know what they know, and subsequently, what they need to know. This thesis explores the feasibility of using knowledge maturity as a way of supporting knowledge engineering in the context of a development process in aeronautics. / Godkänd; 2007; 20071126 (ysko) / Fastelaboratoriet - VINNEXC

Innehållsmarknadsföring är ett begrepp som syftar på en strategi för att anpassa innehållet till målgruppens intresseområde, där målet är att skapa förtroende och driva försäljningen framåt. Enligt Clark på sociala mediekonsult förvaltningen lades det upp 94 miljoner bilder och videos dagligen på Instagram år 2018. Utöver detta finns över 25 miljoner företagskonton registrerade på kanalen. Mängderna av alla olika konton samt alla bilderna som läggs upp gör det svårare för företagen att uppmärksammas genom bruset av innehåll och nå sin eftersträvade målgrupp. Cassels är ett familjeföretag som är återförsäljare av kläder från olika varumärken och säljer även egna märken. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en strategi kan tas fram för skapandet av innehåll för publicering på Instagram till Cassels butik i Norrköping och deras eftersträvade målgrupp. För att besvara syftet har en designprocess utvecklats baserat på en enkätundersökning med målgruppen och semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Designen har utvärderats genom intervjuer med respondenter från Cassels eftersträvade målgrupp. Studien visar att en strategi för publicering av innehåll på Instagram bör planeras med tanke vad det bör innehålla och vilken tidpunkt det bör publiceras, samt bidra till enhetlig och sammanhängande tonalitet i flödet. Innehållet som skapas bör vara inspirerande, fotograferat med engagemang, och bra kvalité som exempelvis bra ljus och skärpa. Bildtexterna bör vara personliga, informativa och anspela på en känsla.

Looking back over time, the police, just like the military, have been a male-dominated profession, where in the past the admissions were based almost entirely on the physical attributes. But times has change and so has the view of the Swedish police and its working methods and thus also the view of the leadership within the police.The Swedish police force has already worked hard to become more gender equal throughout the ranks. And there are several trainee programs and classes for advancement in different areas, that can only be applied for if you are a woman. Previous studies, in other fields, have identified characteristics of leaders that have been classified as typically female or male. This research is done on police officers in one of the larger districts of the Swedish police force. In this study a quantitative approach, however with a qualitative perspective, is taken to find out if the officers out in the field have any preferences when it comes to gender-based leadership and leadership styles. The results of this study show that in all but one area, police officers who serves out in the field prefer a leader with leadership qualities that are more towards female leadership qualities rather than the stereotypical male leadership qualities.

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The purpose of this essay is to discuss how CCTV (Close Circuit Television), installed by the Swe-dish Police Authority, is used and how it can be improved to solve more crimes. The Swedish Police Authority use CCTV in crime investigations, however there might be improvements of several aspects, as positioning, how they are set and how the surroundings, like lightning and obscuring objects, are optimized to help the cameras. This study tries to highlight how to improve the use of CCTV, installed by the Swedish Police Authority, to increase the possibilities of CCTV-picture helping investigators and helping to solve more crimes. This study was performed by semi-qualitative questionnaire that asked investigators, investigation leaders and prosecutors about the Swedish Police Authority’s CCTV. The result of this study shows that if CCTV is installed in strategic places, give high quality pictures, and have cameras that focus on capturing people’s faces so that they can be identified, the respondents in this study believed that CCTV can be a very helpful tool in crime investigations. This study may contribute to the knowledge of what to think about when installing CCTV to get the most of it. If given the right conditions CCTV can help to increase the number of crimes solved by police. This study has also showed the need for more studies on how CCTV can be used in criminal investigations.

Denna uppsats avhandlar arbetet i att sätta upp ett helt ekosystem för mätning och analys av kundflöden i krogmiljö. Lösningen består av en handhållen räknare, en applikation till smartphone och en webbsida för betraktande av den insamlade datan. Under arbetet togs först en prototyp för den handhållna enheten fram. Några månader senare togs därefter den färdiga enheten fram tillsammans med applikatio- nen och hemsidan. Det färdiga ekosystemet används idag aktivt av en krog och har flera intressenter. Fler än hundra kvällars data har samlats och samma data har i sin tur använts för att fatta beslut. Målet är att på sikt utvidga systemet i hur det kan mäta data och vilka analyser som kan göras.