Product elimination had been mostly associated with industrial products, considering their material end-of-life, but recently it had been also associated with the software products, a common perception, is that, product managers are speculative of eliminating their products, due to many reasons, which result in significant lose for those companies, previous publications had shed some light on the benefits of end-of-life practices and how it can enhance the overall product portfolio performance. Purpose – This study is an attempt to investigate how the software product managers in approach the product end of life in Sweden, focusing on the reasons for doing it, how the decisions are made, and the different processes used. Also trying to understand the perceptiveness of it among product managers and customers. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on 5 in-depth interviews with Product managers with diverse level of experiences, from 5 different companies. Findings – Indicates that most of the companies considers product elimination as an ad-hoc project that triggers by some problem, and mostly not approaching it in a strategically, nevertheless they all agree on its importance and benefits. Originality/value – This study represents the first empirical attempt to shed light on the end-of-life aspect and generates insights about the practices used with the software market in Sweden.    Keywords Product life-cycle, Product end-of-life, Product elimination, Product Portfolio, Product manager.

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En kvalitativ intervjustudie med syfte att undersöka hur ett vattenbolag och en region arbetar för minska antibiotika i kretskloppet. Metoden som användes var semistrukturerade intervjuer där tre personer som arbetar på en region och en person som som arbetar på ett vattenboleg någonstand i mellersta Sverige intervjuades.  De fick beskriva hur de arbetar för minskad antibiotika i vårt kretslopp. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys visade resultatet att regionen och vattenbolaget följer de styrdokujment och riktlinjer som finns idag. Informanterna som deltog i studien gav en positiv bild av sitt arbete mot minskad antibiotika i kretsloppet och informanterna anser att Sverige har kommit långt i arbetet med antibiotika då det finns tydliga styrdokument och riktlinjer att följa. Det framkom dock att vattenbolag inte har samma tillgång till riktlinjer som regionen att följa idag. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att samverkan mellan olika aktörer är en viktig faktor för att deras arbete mot antibiotikaresistens och antibiotika i kretsloppet ska kunna fortgå och utveckla arbetet ännu mer

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Nigeria is home to the second-largest HIV epidemic in the world. Due to its neglected healthcare system, dwindling economy and persistent cultural beliefs, and stigmatization of people with HIV, the virus has been transmitted relatively freely for decades. This long-running crisis has recently transformed due to China's One Belt, One Road Initiative. This initiative has led to large and unintended consequences through infrastructure projects on healthcare in general and the HIV epidemic in particular. This research focuses on the effects of BRI on the HIV epidemic through the theoretical framework of the 5 A's, availability, accommodation, financial accessibility, acceptability, and geographical accessibility (Otu, 2018), that reflect the individual needs and the factors that need to be realized before the access to healthcare is satisfied. The importance of geographical accessibility (Williams & Wilkins, 2012) and cultural, political, and economic factors that play a significant role in the epidemic are discussed in the case study. The research uses a qualitative approach. A literature review and a case study analyze BRI and Nigeria's HIV epidemic based on primary and secondary data. The case study is complemented by in-depth unstructured interviews with experts of BRI or Nigeria's HIV epidemic.  The results acknowledge that BRI is both an opportunity and a challenge for Nigeria's HIV epidemic. BRI is an opportunity to cope with Nigeria's socio-economic and political causes and consequences. Nigeria's economy is boosted by constructing roads, railways, and airports. Due to this, Nigeria will be more accessible for people, goods, and services, and since the economy and health are connected, their healthcare system will be improved. A challenge of BRI is the lack of transparency and vagueness of the Chinese government to fully understand their intentions for the country and the danger of falling into a debt-trap. Nonetheless, Nigeria is highly in need of funding and BRI can be seen as a step in the right direction regarding Nigeria's HIV epidemic through long-term funding and information sharing.  This research touches upon humanitarian and scientific values. Only by fully understanding the effects of BRI on the HIV epidemic can transmissions be efficiently and effectively contained. As there is little academia written about the effects of BRI on public health and since China's role as a humanitarian actor and world power is increasing, it will be interesting to learn more about tomorrow's humanitarian aid.

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During the Cold War, small states were often side-lined as unimportant or too weak to make an impact on the world stage. However, as the Cold War ended, more smaller states emerged along the emergence of several international institutions and increased focus on international laws, which smaller states sought to uphold through participation in the international forums such as the UN. Small states are present on all sides of the world and greatly differ from each other in terms of their geography, history, language, culture, economy, and population.  However, previous research on small states are relatively scarce, and are dominated by a handful of theoretical perspective that have existed since the Cold War. Much have changed since the end of the Cold War, with new international norms and many new global challenges. The emergence of new small states that were established after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia brought new complex security challenges. The young state of North Macedonia is both small state that is located in an area of potential conflict and instability.     The aim of this study is to renew the discussion on small states and assess whether the dominant theories are adaptable to our contemporary world, by applying each theory on the case of North Macedonia. The study has been conducted as a qualitative case study of North Macedonia by using previous research on small states and North Macedonia itself. Four theoretical approaches are included in the study, those being realism, critical/Marxism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism. The study draws from both abductive and deductive approach.  The study showed that although each theory is applicable to North Macedonia, they were not sufficient enough on their own, as independent theories, in understanding the case as a whole. The study concludes that despite the shortcomings of the theories, they should not be regarded as trivial when analysing other small states since future findings may greatly differ from the case of North Macedonia. In short, there needs to be more research on small states.

Vid utbyggnad av samhället behövs flertal analyser, bland annat volymberäkningar, markanvändningsanalyser, deformationsövervakning och avrinningsanalyser. Gemensamt för analyserna är att de behöver en terrängmodell för att kunna utföras. God kvalitet på DTM är en förutsättning för att analyserna ska vara pålitliga. Även tid och lämplighet är avgörande vid framställande av analyserna, därmed tillämpas ofta UAS-LiDAR och UAS-fotogrammetri vilket är två insamlingsmetoder som snabbt och lämpligt kan framställa detaljerad DTM. För att göra metoderna mer tillämpbara krävs mer forskning som utvärderar deras möjligheter inom framställande av DTM. Denna studie utförs i samarbete med 5D Konsulterna för att utvärdera hur DTM framställda genom UAS-LiDAR och UAS-fotogrammetri skiljer sig åt. För att bilda en fullständig förståelse måste påverkande faktorer tas hänsyn till, därmed utförs studien över 4 olika marktyper med varierande terräng och vegetation. Variationen i marktyperna kommer göra det möjligt att dra slutsatser angående hur kvaliteten påverkas av olika marktyper. I studien jämförs marktyperna grus, berg i dagen, skog och asfalt och de kontrolleras genom kontrollprofiler utformade efter tekniska specifikationen SIS-TS 21144:2016. Standarden handlar om att utvärdera DTM. Kontrollen kommer möjliggöra utvärdering av kvalitet i höjd. Studien visar att både UAS-LiDAR och UAS-fotogrammetri kan framställa DTM över de öppna ytorna grus och asfalt med låga avvikelser. Båda metoderna klarade kraven enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016. När marktypen berg i dagen provades klarade också båda metoderna kraven enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016. Däremot visades en ökning av avvikelser, huvudsakligen i RMS och variationsvidd vilket orsakats av den mer kuperade terrängen. I marktypen skog visades stora kvalitetsskillnader där UAS-LiDAR fick medelavvikelse på 3,8 cm och UAS-fotogrammetri fick medelavvikelse på 12,8 cm. Liknande tendens sågs även i RMS där UAS-LiDAR fick RMS på 6,1 cm och UAS-fotogrammetri fick RMS på 26 cm. Resultatet visade att endast UAS-LiDAR klarade kraven för marktypen skog enligt SIS-TS 21144:2016. Med stöd från tidigare studier drogs slutsatsen att kvalitetsskillnaden beror på vegetationen inom marktypen skog. Vegetationen har större inverkan på kvalitet för UAS-fotogrammetri än UAS-LiDAR, således bör UAS-LiDAR användas för att uppnå god kvalitet när marktyper med vegetation ska analyseras genom DTM. / When expanding the society a variety of analyses are needed, for instance volume calculation, land use analyses, deformation monitoring and drainage analyses. All these analyses are based on DTM. High quality on DTM is a condition to make the analyses applicable. Time and suitability are also crucial when producing the analyses, therefore UAS-LiDAR and UAS-photogrammetry are often applied, these are two data collecting methods that quickly and suitably can produce detailed DTM. To make the methods more applicable more research is needed that evaluate the methods possibilities when producing DTM. The study is performed in association with 5D Konsulterna to evaluate how DTM produced with UAS-photogrammetry and UAS-LiDAR compare. To create a complete understanding the contributing factors need to be taken into consideration, therefore the study is performed over 4 different land types with different terrain and vegetation. The variation of land types will make it possible to draw conclusions concerning how quality is affected by different land types. The study will compare the land types outcrop, asphalt, gravel and forest and they will be controlled using control profiles which will be created according to SIS-TS 21144:2016. The control will enable evaluation of the quality in height. The study show that both UAS-LiDAR and UAS-photogrammetry can produce DTM that represent the open areas gravel and asphalt with low deviations. Both methods met the requirements in SIS-TS 21144:2016. When the land type outcrop was evaluated both methods met the requirements in SIS-TS 21144:2016. However, both methods showed an increase of deviation mainly in RMS and variation width which was caused by the tilting terrain. The big differences in quality was seen in the land type forest where UAS-LiDAR had an average deviation at 3,8 cm and UAS-photogrammetry had an average deviation at 12,8 cm. The same tendency was seen when evaluating RMS where UAS-LiDAR had a RMS at 6,1 cm and UAS-photogrammetry had at RMS at 2,6 dm. The result showed that only UAS-LiDAR met the requirements for the land type forest in SIS-TS 21144:2016. With support from previous studies the conclusion that the difference in quality was due to vegetation in the land type forest was drawn. Vegetation has a larger impact on UAS-photogrammetry than UAS-LiDAR, therefore UAS-LiDAR should be used to achieve high quality when land types with vegetation are analysed using DTM.

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Bakgrund: Bålstabilitet är nödvändigt för att hålla balansen och möjliggör kraftöverföring genom kroppen. Detta gör bålstabilitet viktigt i vardagliga sysslor, sportutföranden och för att minska risken för skada. En bättre förståelse över bålstabiliteten i olika sporter kan utveckla träningsprogram, inte bara för att förbättra bålstabiliteten, utan även för att förbättra den generella prestationen. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka skillnader i båluthållighet mellan unga kvinnliga ryttare och fotbollsspelare, och associationen med handgrepp styrka och rotationsrörlighet i ryggen. Metod:  Båluthålligheten undersöktes med McGill’s båluthållighets test, mellan kvinnliga ryttare (n = 10) och fotbollsspelare (n = 10), ålder 16 – 20. Handgreppsstyrkan undersöktes med en handdynamometer och användes som en indikation av generell styrka. Ryggrotations testet undersöktes men en Myrinmätare. Shapiro-Wilks användes för att bekräfta normalfördelning av data. Oberoende t-test användes för att jämföra båluthållighet (sek.) mellan ryttarna och fotbollsspelarna. Signifikansnivån fastställdes till <0,05. Ett styrkeförhållande räknades ut (kg/kg kroppsvikt) och Pearsons korrelationskoefficient användes sedan för att undersöka associationen med båluthållighet (sek.). Pearsons korrelationskoefficient användes också för att undersöka associationen mellan medelvärdet av ryggrotation (°) och båluthållighet (sek.). Hög korrelation fastställdes när r> (0,7), måttlig korrelation när r = (0,3 – 0,7) och låg korrelation när r <0,3.  Resultat: Resultaten visade att ryttarna hade bättre uthållighet i bålextensionen, jämfört med fotbollsspelarna (p = 0,006). Lateralflexionen av bålen visade ingen skillnad mellan ryttarna och fotbollsspelarna (p = 0,924; p = 0,423). Handgrepp styrkan visade måttlig korrelation med bålextensionen (r = 0,631; r² = 0,398) och båda sidor av lateralflexionen av bålen (r = 0,411; r² = 0,169; r = 0,615; r² = 0,378). Rotationsrörligheten i ryggen visade låg korrelation med samtliga båluthållighets tester (r >0,3). Slutsats: Resultaten indikerar få skillnader mellan ryttare och fotbollsspelare, vilket inte är tillräckligt för att fastställa någon slutsats. Korrelationen mellan handgreppsstyrkan och båluthållighet indikerar att bättre bålstabilitet associerar med mer generell styrka. / Background: Core stability is necessary to keep balance and enables force to be transmitted through the body. This makes core stability important in everyday chores, sport performance and to reduce risk of injuries. A better understanding of the core stability in different sports can develop athletes training programs, not only to improve the core stability itself, but also to improve overall performance. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the differences in core endurance between young female horseback riders and soccer players, and the core endurance association with hand grip strength and spinal rotation mobility. Methods: The McGill’s core endurance test was used to examine the core endurance between female horseback riders (n = 10) and soccer players (n = 10), age 16-20. The hand grip strength was examined with a hand grip dynamometer and was used to get an indication of overall body strength. The spinal rotation mobility was examined with a Myrin goniometer. Shapiro-Wilks was used to confirm the normality of the data. Independent sample t-test was used to compare core endurance time (sec.) between the horseback riders and the soccer players. The significant level was set at < 0.05. A strength ratio was calculated (kg/kg body weight), and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for examining the association to core endurance (sec.). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was also used to examine the association between the spinal rotation mobility (°) and core endurance (sec.). High correlations were set at r > (0.7), moderate when r = (0.3- 0.7) and low when r < (0.3). Results: The result showed that horseback riders had better endurance in the trunk extensor test than the soccer players (p = 0.006). Hand grip strength showed moderate correlation with the endurance time of the trunk extensor test (r = 0.631, r² = 0.398), and with the lateral flexor tests (r = 0.411, r² = 0.169; r = 0.615, r² = 0.378). Low correlation was shown with the trunk flexor test (r = 0.197, r² = 0.039). The spinal rotation mobility test showed low correlation with all the core endurance tests (r >0.3). Conclusion: The results indicates few differences between the horseback riders and the soccer players, which is not enough to draw a conclusion. The correlation between hand grip strength and the core endurance tests indicates that a better core stability might be associated to an increased overall body strength.