Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AseneteFC_DISSERT.pdf: 1219908 bytes, checksum: bebef255f66d82cd8504a8398fd23379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Inorganic pigment comprises a host lattice, which is part of the chromophore component (usually a transition metal cation) and possible components modifiers, which stabilize, add or restate the properties pigments. Among the materials with spinel, ferrites, and the chromite stand out, because they have broad technological importance in the area of materials, applicability, pigments, catalytic hydrogenation, thin film, ceramic tiles, among others. The present work, pigments containing CuFe2O4, CuCr2O4,e CuFeCrO4, were synthesized by a method that makes use of gelatin as organic precursor using their application to ceramic pigments. The pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopy in the UV-visible and Colorimetry. The results confirmed the feasibility of the synthetic route used, with respect to powders synthesized, there is the formation of spinel phase from 500?C, with an increase in crystallinity and the formation of other phases. The pigments were shown to be crystalline and the desired phases were obtained. The copper chromite have hues ranging from green to black according to the calcination temperature, while the copper chromite doped with iron had brownish. The ferrites showed copper color and darker brown to black, which may indicate an interesting factor because of the importance of black pigment / Pigmento inorg?nico ? formado por uma rede hospedeira, na qual se integra o componente crom?foro (normalmente um c?tion de metal de transi??o) e os poss?veis componentes modificadores, que estabilizam, conferem ou reafirmam as propriedades pigmentantes. Dentre os pigmentos, as estruturas tipo espin?lio se destacam por possuir ampla import?ncia tecnol?gica na ?rea de materiais, com aplica??o em pigmentos, cat?lise de hidrogena??o, filmes finos, revestimentos cer?micos, dentre outros. No presente trabalho, pigmentos contendo CuFe2O4, CuCr2O4,e CuFeCrO4 foram sintetizados por uma nova rota qu?mica usando gelatina como precursor org?nico visando sua aplica??o para pigmentos cer?micos. Os pigmentos foram caracterizados por difra??o de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia na regi?o do Infravermelho, Microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) espectroscopia na regi?o do UV-Vis?vel e Colorimetria. Os resultados confirmaram a viabilidade da rota de s?ntese utilizada; Com rela??o aos p?s-sintetizados, observase a forma??o da fase espin?lio a partir de 500oC, com um aumento da cristalinidade, bem como a forma??o de outras fases. Os pigmentos se mostraram cristalinos e as fases desejadas foram obtidas. As cromitas de cobre possuem tonalidades que v?o do verde ao preto, de acordo com a temperatura de calcina??o, enquanto que as cromitas de cobre dopadas com ferro obtiveram colora??o marrom. As ferritas de cobre apresentaram cores bem mais escuras, do marrom ao preto, o que ? uma caracter?stica interessante devido ? grande import?ncia dos pigmentos pretos na ind?stria cer?mica

No description available.

The high temperature microstructure of the solid phases within the electric arc furnace (EAF) slag has a large effect on the process features such as foamability of the slag, chromium recovery, consumption of the ferroalloys and the wear rate of the refractory. The knowledge of the microstructural and compositional evolution of the slag phases during the EAF process stages is necessary for a good slag praxis. In supplement 1, an investigation of the typical characteristics of EAF slags in the production of the AISI 304L stainless steel was carried out. In addition, compositional and microstructural evolution of the slag during the different EAF process stages was also investigated. Computational thermodynamics was also used as a tool to predict the equilibrium phases in the top slag as well as the amount of these phases at the process temperatures. Furthermore, the influence of different parameters (MgO wt%, Cr2O3 wt%, temperature and the top slag basicity) on the amount of the spinel phase in the slag was studied. In supplement 2, a novel study to characterize the electric arc furnace (EAF) slags in the production of duplex stainless steel at the process temperatures was performed. The investigation was focused on determining the microstructural and compositional evolution of the EAF slag during and at the end of the refining period. Slag samples were collected from 14 heats of AISI 304L steel (2 slag samples per heat) and 7 heats of duplex steel (3 slags sample per heat). Simultaneously with each slag sampling, the temperature of the slag was measured. The selected slag samples were studied both using SEM-EDS and LOM. In some cases (supplement 2), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed on fine-powdered samples to confirm the existence of the observed phases. It was observed that at the process temperature and at all process stages, the stainless steel EAF slag consists mainly of liquid oxides, magnesiochromite spinel particles and metallic droplets. Under normal operation and at the final stages of the EAF, 304L steelmaking slag contains 2-6 wt% magnesiochromite spinel crystals. It was also found that, within the compositional range of the slag samples, the only critical parameter affecting the amount of solid spinel particles in the slag is the chromium oxide content. Petrographical investigation of the EAF duplex stainless steelmaking showed that, before FeSi-addition, the slag samples contain large amounts of undissolved particles and the apparent viscosity of the slag is higher, relative to the subsequent stages. In this stage, the slag also includes solid stoichiometric calcium chromite. It was also found that, after FeSi-injection into the EAF and during the refining period, the composition and the basicity of the slag in the EAF duplex steelmaking and EAF stainless steelmaking are fairly similar. This indicates that, during the refining period, the basic condition for the utilization of an EAF foaming-slag praxis, in both austenitic and duplex stainless steel cases, is the same. Depending on the slag basicity, the slag may contain perovskite and/or dicalcium silicate too. More specifically, the duplex stainless steel slag samples with a higher basicity than 1.55 found to contain perovskite crystals. / QC 20110413

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os óxidos de enxofre (SOx) são um dos maiores poluentes atmosféricos e um dos precursores da chuva ácida. Um levantamento feito na Petrobrás mostrou que cerca de 17% dos SOx emitidos numa refinaria são oriundos do processo de FCC. Com o avanço dos controles ambientais, traduzido numa legislação mais restritiva, a técnica de incorporação de aditivos para remoção de SOx em UFCCs apresenta-se como a alternativa de menor custo frente outras tecnologias de abate das emissões de SOx. No presente trabalho, foram estudados aditivos constituídos por compostos derivados de hidrotalcitas com a substituição parcial do magnésio e do alumínio por cobre e/ou manganês, sendo estes impregnados ou não por dióxido de cério. Estes aditivos foram submetidos a testes de desempenho em uma unidade multi-propósito acoplada a um micro-GC/TCD. Em todos os testes, a corrente gasosa para a etapa de adsorção oxidativa foi de 1700 ppm de SO2 e 1,5% O2 em He e, para a etapa de regeneração, 30% H2/He. No primeiro conjunto de testes, realizou-se uma adsorção a 720C de 10 min e regeneração com um patamar a 530C, seguido de um TPR até 800C. Observou-se que as amostras impregnadas com cério apresentaram o melhor desempenho na remoção de SO2, indicando que o cério pode ter um papel de promotor da oxidação de SO2 a SO3. Os resultados do TPR mostram que as amostras com cério e com manganês parecem apresentar menores temperaturas de redução dos sulfatos, apesar das maiores liberações de H2S serem identificadas nas amostras com cobre. No segundo conjunto de testes, a adsorção foi a 720C durante 35 min e a regeneração a 650C por 5 minutos em um patamar de 5 minutos, seguida de um TPR até 800C. Para os tempos de sulfatação curtos (5 e 10 min), os resultados confirmaram o efeito positivo que a incorporação de CeO2 apresenta sobre a adsorção oxidativa do SO2. Todavia, para tempos de reação maiores (35 min), não se observou uma correlação clara entre a composição química do catalisador e a quantidade total de SOx removida. Os aditivos foram ainda testados em ciclos de reação-regeneração em condições equivalentes ao segundo conjunto de testes descrito. De um modo geral, os aditivos que contêm cobre têm uma vida útil superior aos demais, possivelmente, pelo fato do cobre ter importante papel na regeneração do aditivo / The sulfur dioxide emissions are one of the most atmospheric pollutant and precursor of acid rain. A survey carried out by Petrobras shows that around 17% of the SOx emissions of its refineries derive from the FCC process. In recent years, the strengthening of environmental controls with more restrictive legislation turns the incorporation of additives for SOx removal into a low-cost alternative technique compared with other technologies of SOx abatement. The purpose of this work is to study additives composed by derivated hydrotalcite compounds with partial substitution of magnesium and aluminium for copper and/or manganese, and with or without dioxide cerium impregnation. The performance of these additives has been tested in a multi-proposal unit coupled with a micro-GC/TCD. In all the tests it was used a gas stream of 1700 ppm of SO2 and 1,5% O2 in He for the oxidative adsorption step and for the regeneration step a 30% H2 in He stream. In the first test, it was carried out an adsoprtion step at 720C for 10 minutes and a regeneration step at a 530C level, flollowed by an TPR until 800C. The cerium dioxide impregnated samples showed a better result for SO2 removal, which implies cerium may play a role as catalyst for SO2 to SO3 oxidation. The TPR results show cerium and manganese may diminish the temperature of sulfates reduction, besides copper samples releases more H2S gases. In the second test, the adsorption step was carry out at 720C for 35 minutes and the regeneration step at 650C for 5 minutes folloewd by a TPR until 800C. In short times reaction (5 or 10 min) the results confirm the positive effect of cerium in the SO2 oxidantion adsorption. However, for longer time reaction (35 min), it cant be observed a relationship between chemical composition of the aditive and the total amount of SOx removed. Additives were still tested in reaction-regeneration cycles in the same conditions of the second test described above. In general, the additives without copper in their composition has a life time minor than that with copper; possibly, because copper plays an important role in the additive regeneration

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os óxidos de enxofre (SOx) são um dos maiores poluentes atmosféricos e um dos precursores da chuva ácida. Um levantamento feito na Petrobrás mostrou que cerca de 17% dos SOx emitidos numa refinaria são oriundos do processo de FCC. Com o avanço dos controles ambientais, traduzido numa legislação mais restritiva, a técnica de incorporação de aditivos para remoção de SOx em UFCCs apresenta-se como a alternativa de menor custo frente outras tecnologias de abate das emissões de SOx. No presente trabalho, foram estudados aditivos constituídos por compostos derivados de hidrotalcitas com a substituição parcial do magnésio e do alumínio por cobre e/ou manganês, sendo estes impregnados ou não por dióxido de cério. Estes aditivos foram submetidos a testes de desempenho em uma unidade multi-propósito acoplada a um micro-GC/TCD. Em todos os testes, a corrente gasosa para a etapa de adsorção oxidativa foi de 1700 ppm de SO2 e 1,5% O2 em He e, para a etapa de regeneração, 30% H2/He. No primeiro conjunto de testes, realizou-se uma adsorção a 720C de 10 min e regeneração com um patamar a 530C, seguido de um TPR até 800C. Observou-se que as amostras impregnadas com cério apresentaram o melhor desempenho na remoção de SO2, indicando que o cério pode ter um papel de promotor da oxidação de SO2 a SO3. Os resultados do TPR mostram que as amostras com cério e com manganês parecem apresentar menores temperaturas de redução dos sulfatos, apesar das maiores liberações de H2S serem identificadas nas amostras com cobre. No segundo conjunto de testes, a adsorção foi a 720C durante 35 min e a regeneração a 650C por 5 minutos em um patamar de 5 minutos, seguida de um TPR até 800C. Para os tempos de sulfatação curtos (5 e 10 min), os resultados confirmaram o efeito positivo que a incorporação de CeO2 apresenta sobre a adsorção oxidativa do SO2. Todavia, para tempos de reação maiores (35 min), não se observou uma correlação clara entre a composição química do catalisador e a quantidade total de SOx removida. Os aditivos foram ainda testados em ciclos de reação-regeneração em condições equivalentes ao segundo conjunto de testes descrito. De um modo geral, os aditivos que contêm cobre têm uma vida útil superior aos demais, possivelmente, pelo fato do cobre ter importante papel na regeneração do aditivo / The sulfur dioxide emissions are one of the most atmospheric pollutant and precursor of acid rain. A survey carried out by Petrobras shows that around 17% of the SOx emissions of its refineries derive from the FCC process. In recent years, the strengthening of environmental controls with more restrictive legislation turns the incorporation of additives for SOx removal into a low-cost alternative technique compared with other technologies of SOx abatement. The purpose of this work is to study additives composed by derivated hydrotalcite compounds with partial substitution of magnesium and aluminium for copper and/or manganese, and with or without dioxide cerium impregnation. The performance of these additives has been tested in a multi-proposal unit coupled with a micro-GC/TCD. In all the tests it was used a gas stream of 1700 ppm of SO2 and 1,5% O2 in He for the oxidative adsorption step and for the regeneration step a 30% H2 in He stream. In the first test, it was carried out an adsoprtion step at 720C for 10 minutes and a regeneration step at a 530C level, flollowed by an TPR until 800C. The cerium dioxide impregnated samples showed a better result for SO2 removal, which implies cerium may play a role as catalyst for SO2 to SO3 oxidation. The TPR results show cerium and manganese may diminish the temperature of sulfates reduction, besides copper samples releases more H2S gases. In the second test, the adsorption step was carry out at 720C for 35 minutes and the regeneration step at 650C for 5 minutes folloewd by a TPR until 800C. In short times reaction (5 or 10 min) the results confirm the positive effect of cerium in the SO2 oxidantion adsorption. However, for longer time reaction (35 min), it cant be observed a relationship between chemical composition of the aditive and the total amount of SOx removed. Additives were still tested in reaction-regeneration cycles in the same conditions of the second test described above. In general, the additives without copper in their composition has a life time minor than that with copper; possibly, because copper plays an important role in the additive regeneration

In the last few years a renewed interest has reappeared in materials that were highly investigated in the 50s-70s, like manganese perovskites, spinel chalcogenides and vanadium oxides. The first two classes of materials are nowadays intensively studied due to the colossal magnetoresistance effect, which is the magnetoresistance associated with a ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition. Vanadium oxides are known to form many compounds and most of them undergo metal-to-insulator phase transitions, with a high increase in the electrical conductivity (MIT). Many technological applications derive from the variation of the physical properties around the phase transition temperature. Although many efforts have been done in order to understand their electronic structures and to elucidate the MIT mechanisms, the vanadium oxides are still matter of debate in science.The present study has been performed in order to understand the electronic structure of these very intriguing materials. The role of different dopants that induce strong changes in the electronic and magnetic properties has been investigated making use of two spectroscopic techniques, namely X-ray photoelectron and X-ray emission spectroscopy.