Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T16:10:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RaquelGomesdaCosta_M.pdf: 2725008 bytes, checksum: e8824bf816d759438897ef63e8688a9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Orientadores: Lauro Euclides Soares Barata, Fabio Augusto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_RitadeCassiaZacardide_M.pdf: 1828503 bytes, checksum: c564b2bcd8fc2c55c0690d12a6c9dc53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho é apresentado em dois capítulos: o primeiro compreende o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de diferenciação entre duas espécies de Aniba frequentemente confundidas, Aniba parviflora e Aniba rosaeodora e o segundo compreende o estudo da composição química dos óleos essenciais de Aniba parviflora através de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG-DIC) e cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG × CGEM). Para a diferenciação das espécies foi utilizada a avaliação das suas frações voláteis (headspace) através da SPME-CG (Microextração em Fase Sólida acoplada a Cromatografia Gasosa). Foram analisadas um total de 100 amostras de folhas das duas espécies e a diferenciação foi feita através do tratamento quimiométrico dos dados obtidos. Foram analisados ainda óleos essenciais das folhas e da madeira de A. parviflora obtidos por arraste a vapor. O estudo destes forneceu além da composição química, a análise quantitativa dos seus componentes. Por fim foi realizada a comparação da técnica de CG-EM com a inovadora técnica de CGxCG-EM que possibilitou um aumento de 50% na identificação dos componentes e aproximadamente de 80% na separação e detecção. Os resultados obtidos permitem dizer que e possível diferenciar duas espécies botanicamente vizinhas através de técnicas analíticas de maneira objetiva com respaldo estatístico / Abstract: This work consists of two main parts: The first part involves the development of a differentiation methodology between two Aniba species that are often confused with one another, they are Aniba parviflora and Aniba rosaeodora. The second part involves the chemical composition study of Aniba parviflora essential oils through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC- MS). In the first part, the species differentiation was performed using SPME-GC and chemometric tools for the assessment of their volatile fraction (headspace). A total of 100 different leaf samples coming from distinct individuals of these two species were examined and the differentiation was made based on the SPME-GC chromatograms data that were treated using chemometric tools. In the second part the essential oils of A. parviflora coming both from leaves and wood were also analyzed and its study resulted in the oils chemical composition and in the quantitative analyses of its components. This work provided also a comparison between two techniques, GC-MS and the innovative GCxGC-MS. The later technique allowed an increase of at least 80 % of total components separation and detection and an increase of more than 50 % of the total identified components / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T15:52:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_PaulaFelicianode_M.pdf: 3864135 bytes, checksum: c42784d53cede985603b04a4490ab760 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O uso de compostos voláteis produzidos por fungos como parte das estratégias de biocontrole na prevenção de doenças ocasionadas por fitopatógenos vem impulsionando o mercado de biofungicidas. Neste cenário, a análise do metaboloma utilizando apenas uma técnica analítica é por vezes inviável devido à magnitude química dos compostos bem como de sua faixa de concentração. Desta forma, o trabalho utilizou a combinação de HS-SPME (Microextração em Fase Sólida) aliada à técnica GC×GC-qMS (Cromatografia Gasosa Bidimensional Abrangente acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas Quadrupolar) para a obtenção do perfil metabólico volátil inédito de duas espécies de fungos com potencial ação para biocontrole e indução de resistência a fitopatógenos na agricultura, Curvularia sp e Memnoniella sp. Através de modelagem MPCA e HCA foi possível a obtenção de um perfil cinético característico da produção de compostos voláteis das espécies que delimitou o processo de identificação tentativa destes metabólitos. Hidrocarbonetos e álcoois foram responsáveis pela maior produção volátil de ambas as espécies avaliadas, com destaque para a produção de lactonas como y-octalactona, y-hexalactona e y-hexalactona por Curvularia sp e sesquiterpenos como acoradieno, ß-chamigreno, a-chamigreno, ß-elemeno e valenceno por Memnoniella sp. A partir do perfil volátil das espécies, os estudos poderão ser direcionados à ação biocontrole e indução de resistência na agricultura / Abstract: Volatile compounds produced by fungi as part of biocontrol strategies in preventing diseases caused by pathogens has been stimulating the market of biofungicides. So, the analysis of the metabolome using only one analytic technique is sometimes not feasible due to chemical compounds as well as the magnitude of its concentration range. Thus, the study used a combination of HS-SPME technique (Solid-Phase Microextraction) coupled with GC×GC-qMS (Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled to Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry) to obtain volatile metabolic profiles of two species of fungi with potential for biocontrol activity and induction of resistance to plant pathogens in agriculture, Curvularia sp and Memnoniella sp. Through modeling MPCA and HCA was possible to obtain a typical kinetic profile of volatile compounds from the production of species which delimited the process of identification of these metabolites. Hydrocarbons and alcohols were responsible for most volatile production of both studied species, with emphasis on the production of lactones such as y-octalactona, y-hexalactona e y-hexalactona by Curvularia sp and sesquiterpenes as acoradiene, ß-chamigrene, a-chamigrene, ß-elemene and valencene by Memnoniella sp. From the profile of volatile species, the studies may be related to the biocontrol activity and induction of resistance in agriculture / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestra em Química

For the first time, germania-based hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel materials were developed for analytical sample preparation and chromatographic separation. Being an isostructural analog of silica (SiO2), germania (GeO2) is compatible with silica network. This structural similarity, which is reflected by the relative positions of germanium and silicon in the periodic table, stimulated our investigation on the development of germania-based sol-gel hybrid organic-inorganic coatings for analytical applications. Sol-gel sorbents and stationary phases reported to date are predominantly silica-based. Poor pH stability of silica-based materials is a major drawback. In this work, this problem was addressed through development of germania-based organic-inorganic hybrid sol-gel materials. For this, tetramethoxygermane (TMOG) and tetraethyoxygermane (TEOG) were used as precursors to create a sol-gel network via hydrolytic polycondensation reactions to provide the inorganic component (germania) of the organic-inorganic hybrid coating. The growing sol-gel germania network was simultaneously reacted with an organic ligand that contained sol-gel-active sites in its chemical structure. Hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and 3-cyanopropyltriethoxysilane (CPTES) served as sources of nonpolar and polar organic components, respectively. The sol-gel reactions were performed within fused silica capillaries. The prepared sol-gel germania coatings were found to provide excellent pH and thermal stability. Their extraction characteristics remained practically unchanged after continuous rinsing of the sol-gel germania-PDMS capillary for 24 hours with highly basic (pH=13) and/or acidic (pH = 1.3) solution. They were very efficient in extracting non-polar and moderately polar analytes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones. Possessing the polar cyanopropyl moiety, sol-gel germania cyanopropyl-PDMS capillaries were found to effectively extract polar analytes such as alcohols, fatty acids, and phenols. Besides, they also showed superior thermal stability compared with commercial cyano-PDMS coatings thanks to the covalent attachment of the coating to capillary surface achieved through sol-gel technology. Their extraction characteristics remained unchanged up to 330°C which is significantly higher than the maximum operation temperature ( < 280 ºC) for commercial cyano-PDMS coatings. Low ng/L detection limits were achieved for both non-polar and polar test solutes. Our preliminary results also indicated that sol-gel hybrid germania coatings have the potential to offer great analytical performance as GC stationary phases.

This thesis project describes research using headspace solid phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography (HS-SPME GC-MS) as an analytical tool for assessing textile fibres. It was found that this method required a temperature of >500oC to pyrolize the textile sample. A total of 5 minutes was determined to be the optimal time for collecting the volatile analytes. Numerous analytes were found to be chemical markers for each of the individual textile fibres. The chemical markers are qualitatively used to describe each textile uniquely, and it was found that by using the chromatographic patterns, the textiles could be identified individually and in mixtures containing two textiles. Lastly, by accelerating the age of the textile fibres by means of heat, ultra-violet light, and humidity, a comparison was made between the un-aged and aged fibres. It was found that each of the techniques arose different results and in some cases new compounds. / October 2016

Esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos. O capítulo I descreve o desenvolvimento do método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS para a determinação simultaneamente de fármacos psicotrópicos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos. A politerapia é uma prática comum no tratamento da esquizofrenia. Portanto, a monitorização terapêutica destes fármacos tem sido realizada para o ajuste das doses e individualização da terapia farmacológica. O método Column switching UHPLC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade na faixa de concentração de 0,025 a 1,25 ng mL-1 com R2 acima de 0,9950 e a falta de teste de ajuste (p > 0,05); precisão com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 12% e exatidão com erro padrão relativo inferior a 14%. Este método foi aplicado com sucesso para determinação de fármacos em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. No capítulo II, o desempenho cromatográfico de colunas C18 superficialmente e totalmente porosas com diferentes tamanhos de partícula foi avaliado para a análise de fármacos psicotrópicos por LC-MS/MS e LC-DAD. Com o sistema LC-MS/MS foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros cromatográficos: altura do prato reduzido vs velocidade linear reduzida, impedância vs velocidade linear reduzida, tempo da corrida cromatográfica vs vazão, pressão vs vazão, resolução, capacidade de pico, assimetria e fator de retenção. Já com o sistema LC-DAD foram avaliados a hidrofobicidade, atividade silanol e impurezas metálicas também foram avaliadas. As colunas com superfície carregada apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos em sua forma ionizada. Já as colunas com partículas menores que 2 µm (Cortecs 1,6 µm, Acquity 1,7 µm, e Kinetex 1,7 µm) apresentaram maior eficiência cromatográfica para os fármacos na forma parcialmente ionizada. Os modelos matemáticos gerados foram capazes de prever a pressão e o tempo da corrida cromatográfica em diferentes vazões para todas as colunas. Considerando a eficiência, impedância, resolução, capacidade de pico, fator de retenção e hidrofobicidade, as colunas Cortecs 1,6 µm e Acquity 1,7 µm apresentaram melhor desempenho durante a análise dos fármacos em amostra de plasma. O capítulo III descreve o desenvolvimento e validação dos métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS para a determinação dos endocanabinóides (AEA e 2-AG) em amostras biológicas. Para a otimização do processo SPME foram avaliadas as fases SPME (C18, C30 e HLB) e os solventes para dessorção (metanol, acetonitrila e isopropanol). Os aditivos modificadores de matriz, como cloridrato de guanidina, ácido trifluoroacético e acetonitrila foram avaliados por planejamento experimental. Os métodos SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS e Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS, com a fase HLB biocompatível, apresentaram para ambos endocanabinóides valores de LOQs de 1 ng mL-1 e 50 ng mL-1, respectivamente. O método Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS permitiu o direto acoplamento da fibra SPME ao espectrômetro de massas via dessorção/ionização nanoeletrospray que resultou em rápida determinação quantitativa dos endocanabinóides em amostras biológicas. / This thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter I describes the development of a column switching UHPLCMS/MS method to determine psychotropic drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples simultaneously. Polytherapy is a common practice in schizophrenia treatment. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring has been applied to adjust doses and to customize pharmacological therapy. The column switching UHPLCMS/MS method developed here is linear at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 1.25 ng mL-1 with R2 above 0.9950 and presents lack of fit test (p > 0.05), precision with coefficients of variation lower than 12%, and accuracy with relative standard error lower than 14%. This method was successfully applied to determine drugs in schizophrenic patients plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring. In chapter II, the chromatographic performance of C18 superficially porous columns and of C18 fully porous columns with different particle sizes were evaluated for analysis of psychotropic drugs by LC-MS/MS and LC-DAD. Within the LC-MS/MS system, the following chromatographic parameters were assessed: reduced plate height vs reduced linear velocity, impedance vs reduced linear velocity, chromatographic run time vs flow rate, backpressure vs flow rate, resolution, peak capacity, asymmetry, and retention factor. Within the LC-DAD system, hydrophobicity, silanol activity, and metal impurities were also examined. Columns with charged surface displayed improved chromatographic efficiency for drugs in the ionized form. Columns with particles smaller than 2 µm (Cortecs 1.6 µm, Acquity 1.7 µm, and Kinetex 1.7 µm) presented higher chromatographic efficiency for the drugs, which were in their partially ionized form. The generated mathematical models were able to predict the backpressure and the chromatographic run time at different flow rates for all the columns. Considering efficiency, impedance, resolution, peak capacity, retention factor, and hydrophobicity, columns Cortecs 1.6 µm and Acquity 1.7 µm provided the best performance during analysis of drugs in plasma samples. Chapter III describes the development and validation of the SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods for determination of endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG) in biological samples. To optimize the SPME process, SPME coatings (C18, C30, and HLB) and solvents for desorption (methanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol) were evaluated. Matrix modifier additives, such as guanidine hydrochloride, trifluoroacetic acid, and acetonitrile, were assessed by experimental design. The SPME-UHPC-MS/MS and the Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS methods with HLB biocompatible coating provided LOQ values of 1 ng mL-1 and 50 ng mL-1, respectively, for both endocannabinoids. The Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS method allowed direct coupling of SPME fibers to the mass spectrometer by desorption/ionization nanoelectrospray, which resulted in rapid quantitative determinations of endocannabinoids in biological samples.

No description available.

La qualité de l'air intérieur est maintenant reconnue comme une question de santé publique, notamment avec la proposition de valeurs guides de concentrations pour des polluants tels que les composés organiques volatils (COV). Ainsi, suite aux consignes émises par l'Agence Française pour la Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Environnement et du Travail (AFSSET), des stratégies d'échantillonnage et de mesure des COV émis par les matériaux de construction ont été définies dans un contexte normatif. Ces méthodes, dédies au contrôle en laboratoire, sont peu adaptées aux mesures sur site. L'identification des sources de COV, indispensable au diagnostic de la qualité de l'air intérieur, nécessite donc des outils de prélèvement simples et rapides. Une alternative, basée sur le couplage d'une cellule d'émission (FLEC*) avec un prélèvement passif par SPME (micro-extraction sur phase solide) a donc été envisagée. Le développement de cette méthodologie a été effectué sur des atmosphères étalons de COV modèles (hydrocarbures, terpènes, composés oxygénés, ...), permettant ainsi de déterminer des limites de détection de l'ordre du μg.m-3 (GC-MS) et des concentrations quantifiables (GC-FID) au-delà de 10 mg.m-3. Les performances de cette méthode ont permis son application à différents matériaux (moquette, panneau de bois et PVC), montrant ainsi la possibilité d'effectuer un rapide screening des COV émis, mais aussi de déterminer 96 % des composés d'intérêt définis par le protocole AFSSET. Enfin, l'étude d'un immeuble de bureaux a montré la faisabilité de l'utilisation sur site du couplage FLEC*-SPME pour caractériser les principales sources de COV provenant des matériaux de construction présents.

Needle trap device (NTD) is a technique that is useful for a wide variety of applications involving the sample preparation of compounds with a wide range of chemico-physico properties, and varying volatilities. A newly designed NTD that improves the performance relative to previous NTD designs is simple to produce is developed. The NTD utilizes a side-hole needle with a modified tip to improve the sealing between the NTD and narrow neck liner of the GC injector, thereby increasing the desorption efficiency. The slurry packing method was applied, evaluated, and NTDs prepared by this method were compared to NTDs prepared using the vacuum aspiration method. NTD geometries including blunt tip with a side-hole needle, tapered tip with side-hole needle, dome tapered tip with side-hole, sliding tip with side-hole and blunt tip with no side-hole needle (expanded desorptive flow) were prepared and evaluated. Sampling performance and desorption efficiency were investigated using automated headspace extraction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p¬-xylene (BTEX), anthracene and pyrene. The tapered tip and sliding tip NTDs were found to have increased desorption efficiency. SPME and NTDs are valuable sample preparation tools for on-site analysis. Combining both extraction techniques allows for the differentiation of free and particle-bound compounds in a sample matrix. Portable GC/MS instrumentation can achieve fast separation, identification, and quantitation of samples prepared by the above techniques on-site without the need for transport to the laboratory. This minimizes the effects of volatiles lost and sample degradation during storage time. Here, SPME and tapered tip NTDs combined with portable GC/MS are used to investigate free and total emissions of BTEX and select PAHs from gasoline and diesel exhaust. Using the above optimized technologies, cigarette smoke in a smoking area where people were actively smoking and inside a smoker’s car were also investigated. Target contaminants were found in the investigated matrices at ng/mL levels.

Although quality of commercial fish oil is of the upmost importance to both suppliers and consumers, it can be difficult to maintain due to rapid lipid oxidation attributable to the high levels of EPA and DHA. Fish oil quality can be assessed in a number of ways; this paper focuses on ethyl ester (EE) content and oxidation products. Fish oil supplements are sold as both triacylglycerols (TAG) and EE. TAG products are more resistant to oxidation, have better bioavailability and are generally considered to be of higher quality. Here, a method is described to quantify EE in fish oil using solid phase microextraction (SPME) headspace analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). A related aspect of quality is state of oxidation and although the causes of oxidation in fish oil are well known, there is little research on the kinetics of the oxidation process. The work presented here monitors hydroperoxides to model the kinetics of oxidation in two commercially available fish oil supplements by fitting the data to the Arrhenius model. It was determined that the same mechanisms of oxidation hold at temperatures ? 40 °C and thus, this temperature was used in the final stages of this work where accelerated stability testing of fish oil was conducted. Currently, taste panels are the only reliable method to assess the sensory properties of fish oil, but these are costly and subjective. Described here is an alternative method using SPME-GCMS to monitor volatile oxidation products. Two different statistical methods were used to identify oxidative volatiles that correlate with sensory characteristics of fish oil. First, stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to identify volatiles that could be used to classify oil as acceptable or unacceptable based on sensory analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression were then applied with greater success. Both techniques identified similar oxidative volatiles as being important to sensory properties. It is anticipated that these methods could be adopted by fish oil manufacturers as measures of quality.