Judo has developed in Britain over a period of approximately sixty years, during which time the scale of activity, the organisational form, the nature of pedagogic processes and the content of rules have changed considerably. The study initially locates Kodokan Judo in its original social context, Japan, relating its specific initial form to forces within Japanese society in the late nineteenth century. Chapter 2 gives an account of early Judo activity in Britain, before World War Two, giving detailed attention to the social composition of the practising group at the time. The central empirical focus of the study, in Chapters 3 to 6, is on Judo activity in Britain since 1945, examining authority and organisation, relations with Japan, approaches to training and contest participation, approaches to teaching, rules and refereeing activity. The material presented here indicates that Judo has become more bureaucratic, contestoriented and concerned with spectator-appeal, losing elements of 'moral/philosophical' orientation which were important in Judo's original conception and which remained so in British Judo up to the early 1960s. The final chapter provides a sociological explanation of the changes previously detailed, analysing them in the light of certain themes In the original conception of Kodokan Judo, the changing social composition of the Judo population In Britain, the nature of Judo leadership at different times and the focus of Judo activity in different periods. The overall conclusion on changes in British Judo is that Judo has moved into the 'field of sport', becoming an Olympic sport, with certain of its 'star' exponents achieving high sporting status. It is concluded that these developments are In line with certain possibilities inherent In the original formulation of Kodokan Judo, which combined traditional Japanese and modern Western elements, reflecting tensions in Japanese society in the Meiji period.

In this study, the long-term impact on family groups of the interactive science exhibits in Launch Pad (Science Museum, London) has been investigated and described both qualitatively and quantitatively. Having reviewed the literature, and sought the views of professionals working in interactive science centres, a series of research questions was evolved. It is argued that it is reasonable to use visitors' recollections of their visits in order to assess this long-term impact. Altogether, 20 subjects were observed in Launch Pad, 396 were given an interview immediately after their visit, 208 responded to a follow-up questionnaire, and 79 were given an in-depth interview about 6 months later. Various indicators have been defined in order to quantify the differences that exist between interactive exhibits, and the concept of exhibit profiles has been introduced as a way of graphically representing these differences. The exhibits were found to hold the attention of visitors, and there was little evidence of museum fatigue. Subjects reported almost unanimously that they had enjoyed their visit and that Launch Pad had made a large positive impact the effects of which lasted for at least six months. Visitors were able to recall in vivid and clear detail their experiences in Launch Pad six months later. A new method of analysing their diverse and scattered recollections was evolved by the development of a network and coding strategies. Although 59% of the elaborated memory comments were found to be descriptive, there were nearly twice as many thoughts as feelings. Also, the data showed that visitors had reflected on their experiences and related them to existing knowledge or, for example, to programmes they saw on television. Evidence of subsequent cognitive processing suggests that a visitor embarks on a process of learning and understanding following an enjoyable, inspiring and thought-provoking visit.

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