Syftet med studien var att jämföra den muskulära aktiviteten i hamstrings och quadriceps på ett motoriserat mot ett icke-motoriserat löpband, genom mätning med elektromyografi (EMG) från Mbody3 byxor. Sju löpare, varav fyra kvinnor 33.7 ± 8.1 år och tre män 30.3 ± 2.9 år deltog frivilligt i studien. Samtliga personer fick under 2x10min löpa på respektive band med fem minuters vila emellan. Under tiden bar deltagarna Mbody3 byxor, som mätte EMG- aktiviteter i quadriceps och hamstrings. Statistiska analyser inkluderade Parat t-test, med Bland-Altmans plottar för jämförelse av hamstrings/quadriceps ratio mellan banden. Det icke-motoriska löpbandet uppvisade en signifikant högre muskelaktivering i hamstrings (icke- motoriskt 60% / motoriskt 57% p=0.0019) och en signifikant lägre aktivering i quadriceps (icke-motorisk 40% / motorisk 43% p=0.0019). Slutsatsen av studien är att Mbody3 byxor är ett reliabelt verktyg för att studera skillnader i muskulär aktivitet mellan icke-motoriserade och motoriserade löpband, och att icke-motoriserade löpband är ett bra alternativ till motoriserade löpband i syfte att ge en större, muskulär aktivering i hamstringsmuskulaturen som mer efterliknar utomhuslöpning. / The purpose of the study was to compare muscular strength activity in hamstrings and quadriceps between Motorized and Non-motorized treadmills using Mbody3 to measure electromyography (EMG). Seven runners (women n=4 age 33.7 ± 8.1, men n=3 age 30.3 ± 2.9) performed a 2x10 min trial on each treadmill with 5 minutes rest between. During the test each participant wore Mbody3 pants to measure EMG-activity in quadriceps and hamstrings muscles. Statistical analytics included t-test using Bland-Altman plots to measure mean difference between Motorized and Non-motorized treadmill. Mean EMG-hamstrings was 60% Non-motorized / 57% Motorized showing a statistical higher difference (p=0.0019) between treadmills. Mean EMG-quadriceps was 40% Non-motorized / 43% Motorized showing a statistical lower mean (p=0.0019) between treadmills. In conclusion, Mybody3 pants is a reliable tool to measure difference in muscle load between Non-motorized and Motorized treadmill, and Non-motorized treadmill can be an alternative equipment to Motorized treadmill in purpose to use a greater, muscular reqruitment in hamstrings which also reflects more to outdoor running.

Epidemiological data is important to better understand injury and illness patterns in para athletes. Medical teams used a web-based injury and illness surveillance system (WEB-IISS system) to all the para-athlete injuries and illnesses during the 2012 London Paralympic games. All team physicians could access the system at any time to log data, providing a vast database for potential research. The relative ease of data collection permits large amounts of data to be analysed, providing important surveillance data on injury and illness. Data on the South African para-athletes, provided by the team's Chief Medical Officer, were assessed and compared to all countries. This study aimed to describe the illness and injury profiles in South African elite paraathletes who participated in the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games; and compare these profiles to data from the other countries that participated. A retrospective sub-analysis of the data-set collected from a large prospective study of injury and illness at the London Summer Paralympic Games in 2012 was compared to data collected on all para-athletes from input by team physicians into the WEB-ISS system. In total, 62 South African para-athletes presented with 19 injuries, with an injury rate of 21.9 per 1000 athlete days. Twenty-five para-athletes presented illness, with an illness rate of 28.8 per 1000 athlete days. The overall injury and illness rate in the South African para-athletes was higher than the injury and illness rate in all para-athlete participants at the London Paralympic Games. The anatomical distribution of injuries (lower limbs, axial and upper limbs) and the nature of illness (respiratory, skin & subcutaneous and digestive systems) were however similar. Causative factors are not evident and need to be further studied. Increased efforts in injury and illness surveillance and preventative programmes should be employed to reduce the incidence of injury and illness, and their severity . Such efforts in para-athlete care should be ongoing with surveillance to monitor and manage trends to ensure the culmination of Paralympic competition does not result in high rates of injury and illness. Education of healthcare providers, para-athletes, coaches and others in the management of para-athletes, is key.

The main objectives of this dissertation was: 1) to review the available evidence with respect to the period prevalence of pre-race upper respiratory tract infections (the week before a distance running event) in distance runners, the relationship between exercise and infections, and the possible health consequences of participating in sport whilst suffering from an acute infective illness; 2) to document the period prevalence of runners with an acute illness in the 7-day period prior to an endurance race; 3) to determine the period prevalence of runners who "fail" the "neck check", and would be advised not to participate in the race, 4) to determine the incidence of runners with an acute illness, and who received educational information and guidelines, and who then not start the race, 5) to determine the incidence of runners with an acute illness who chose to start the race, but do not finish the race, and 6) to determine the incidence of runners with an acute illness who chose to start the race, but develop medical complications during the race.

Aim The present thesis aimsto provide scientific based evidence that might expand the limited information available regarding the post-activation potentiation (PAP) effects on the rate of torque development (RTD) and muscle activity during repeated isokinetic concentric maximal voluntary contractions(MVC). Additionally, we aim to provide new insights related to the possible effects that such repeated maximal contractions might have on the muscle tendon unit (MTU) stiffness. Methods Nine active participants were tested in two separate sessions. Participants performed plantar flexor supra-maximal twitches evoked via electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve and concentric MVC sat 60°/s. These were evoked/performed before and from 5s to 15 minutes after a 6s plantar flexion maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Twitch RTD and time to peak torque (TTP) were measured. Concentric MVC peak torque (PT), soleus, medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscle activation, as well as RTD during different portions of the rising torque curve (e.g.50-100ms) were assessed. Passive stiffness index of the MTU was calculated using the torque-angle relation attained during the 5°/spassive ankle angle rotation that followed each maximal concentric contraction. Results TwitchRTD significantly increased immediately after the conditioning contraction (CC)and remained enhanced for 5s-8min, with increases of 59.7%-6.0%. Twitch TTP significantly decreased from 5s-1min postCC by 9.9%-2.0%. TTP then increased by 4.6%-2.2% from 3-8min. In the maximal voluntary concentric contractions, there was a significant increase of 5.7, 6.0 and 5.9% at 1.5, 3, and 5min respectively in the PT. Voluntary RTD showed significant increases during the 100-200ms, 50-200ms and 0-200ms phases. These increases were seen at 3min (7.3%), 1.5-5min (8.0-6.9%), and 1.5-5min (8.6-9.5%) respectively. Stiffness showed no significant changes and any changes in EMG do not appear to be due to PAP effects. Conclusions The results from the current study show that PAP affects voluntary performance at a lower angular velocitythan previously reported and in a time frame where twitch contractile properties were also potentiated. The lack of stiffness changes suggests that the acute effects might be mainly related to mechanisms within the muscle and that similar testing protocols should expect low interference from factors related to passive MTU stiffness changes. / <p>Kursen Projektarbete.</p>

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Bakgrund: Fysisk aktivitet på recept (FaR) är en patientcentrerad metod för fysioterapeuter att använda i sitt kliniska arbete. Förskrivning av FaR kan användas som både behandlande och preventiv åtgärd. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka fysioterapeuters erfarenheter och upplevelser av att använda FaR som behandlingsmetod samt om det fanns en efterfrågan av mer utbildning kring FaR. Metod: En enkät har använts till en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv ansats. Det gjordes utskick av en länk till enkäten till 294 e-postadresser ur författarens eget kontaktnät av fysioterapeuter. Även officiellt spridit länken via fysioterapeuternas sektion fysisk aktivitet och idrottsmedicin. Totalt svarade 252 fysioterapeuter på enkäten. Resultat: Denna studie visade att fysioterapeuter ofta upplever att förskrivning av FaR är en relevant metod att använda, det sker dock få förskrivningar per fysioterapeut och år. De flesta jobbar med levnadsvanor i samband med FaR och tycker att utbudet av aktiviteter för FaR mottagaren är för få. Konklusion: Övervägande del av fysioterapeuterna i denna studie använder sig av FaR upp till 5ggr/år och upplever att det ofta är en relevant metod att använda.

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In this study, a qualitative interview method was used to answer the scientific purpose. The purpose of the study is to investigate what is required of young athletes in order for them to experience flow in their sport, both in training and competitions and to investigate the experience of flow so athletes both individually and in collaboration with their coach can develop and improve their performance. The informants on who the study is based on are four men and one woman who all are athletes. This was done through Csikszentmihalyi's theory of the nine flow components: clear goal, unambiguous feedback, balance between challenge and skill, concentration on the task at hand, merging of action and consciousness, experience of control, lost self-awareness, changed perception of time and the autotelic experience. The results of the study were that the most important factors were clear goals, balance between challenge and skill and unambiguous feedback, which are the factors you have a direct influence over. The coach's role is therefore important when it comes to how athletes experience flow. Competitionstress caused the respondent's concentration to increase. Succeeding in overcoming the stress of competition is considered to be one of the major factors in achieving flow during a competition, along with the merging of consciousness and action.

Syfte och frågeställning: Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur fysiskt aktiva elever från olika socioekonomiska områden är under undervisningen i idrott och hälsa (IDH) samt om motivation/tilltro till sin egen förmåga och fysisk aktivitet (FA) på fritiden kan ha ett samband med FA-nivå i ämnet IDH. Detta besvarades genom följande frågeställningar: (1) Finns det skillnader i FA-nivå under IDH undervisningen hos elever från områden med olika socioekonomisk status? (2) Ser skillnaderna i FA-nivå under IDH undervisningen olika ut för flickor och pojkar med olika socioekonomisk status? (3) Har den FA-nivån under IDH undervisningen något samband med motivation/tilltro till sin egen förmåga samt FA på fritiden? Metod: Deltagarna i studien bestod av 116 högstadieungdomar i åldrarna 14-15 år från två skolor placerade i två låga SES områden (64st) och en skola placerad i ett högt SES område (52 st). Rekrytering skedde genom mejlkontakt med de kommunala grundskolor som låg i de lägsta respektive högsta SES områdena i Stockholms samt Västmanlands län. Eleverna deltog i två standardiserade lektioner, en i bollspel och en i rörelse till musik där deras hjärtfrekvens mättes med pulsband. Eleverna besvarade även en enkät i tre delar: bakgrundsfrågor, motivation The Basic Psychological Need in Physical Education Scale (BPN-PE; Vlachopoulos et al., 2011) och tilltro till sin egen förmåga Physical Education Predisposition Scale (PEPS; Hilland et al., 2009). Resultat: Resultatet visade inte på några signifikanta skillnader i FA under IDH undervisningen utifrån socioekonomisk status (SES). Ingen interaktion hittades heller mellan kön och SES i fysisk aktivitetsnivå. Resultatet visade att varken motivation, tilltro till sin egen förmåga eller fysisk aktivitet på fritiden inte predicerade den fysiska aktivitetsnivån i ämnet IDH. I uppföljningsanalyserna identifierades däremot könsskillnader i motivation och tilltro till sin egen förmåga, där pojkar var mer motiverade/högre tilltro till sin egen förmåga. Även SES hade ett samband med tilltro till sin egen förmåga i ämnet IDH där ungdomar från högt SES område hade en större tilltro till sin egen förmåga än de från lågt SES område. Resultaten visade även att ungdomar från områden med låg SES var mindre fysisk aktiva på fritiden än ungdomar från områden med hög SES. Slutsats: Studien indikerar inte på att det finns några skillnader i fysisk aktivitetsnivå underIDH undervisningen kopplat till SES och kön. För de elever som deltar på idrottslektionerna verkar alla oavsett bakgrund tillgodogöra sig den fysiska aktiviteten likvärdigt. Motivation, tilltro till sin egen förmåga eller fysisk aktivitet på fritiden predicerar inte den fysiska aktivitetsnivån under IDH undervisningen. / Aim: The aim of the study was to examine how physically active students from different socio-economic areas are during physical education (PE) in Sweden, and whether motivation /self-efficacy and their physical activity in leisure time can be related to the level of physical activity (FA) in PE. This was answered through the following questions: (1) Are there differences in the level of PA during PE in students from areas with different socio-economic status? (2) Do the differences in PA level during sports and health education look different for girls and boys with different socio-economic status? (3) Does the level of PA during sports and health education have any connection with motivation / confidence in one's own ability and PA in leisure time? Method: The participants in the study consisted of 116 high school students aged 14-15 years from two schools located in two low SES areas (64) and one school that was located in a high SES area (52). The recruitment of participants took place through email contact with municipal public schools located in the lowest and highest socio-economic areas in Stockholm- and Västmanland Community. The students participated in two standardized lessons, one in ball games and one in movement to music where their heart rate was measured with a heart rate monitor. The students also answered a questionnaire consisting of three parts: background questions, motivation The Basic Psychological Need in Physical Education Scale (BPN-PE; Vlachopoulos et al., 2011) and self-efficacy Physical Education Predisposition Scale (PEPS; Hilland et al., 2009). Results: The results from this study did not show any significant differences in PAlevel during PE based on socio-economic status (SES). Neither was there any interaction between gender and SES at the level of physical activity. The results did not show that motivation, self-efficacy, or PA in leisure time did predict the level of PA in PE. In the analytical follow up, on the other hand, gender differences in motivation and self-efficacy were identified, where boys were more motivated and had a higher self-efficacy. SES was also associated with self-efficacy in PE, where the students from the high SES area had a greater self-efficacy than the students from the low SES area. The results also showed that students from areas with low SES were less physically active in their free time than students from areas with high SES. Conclusion: The study does not indicate that there are any differences in PA level during PE correlated to SES and gender. For the students who participate in the sports lessons, everyone, regardless of background, seems to assimilate the PA equally. Motivation, self-efficacy, or PA in leisure time does not predict the level of PA during PE.

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