O interesse da Medicina Veterinária nas espécies silvestres tem aumentado gradativamente, principalmente no estudo dos contextos ecológicos de saúde. Dentro desse contexto, autores realizaram estudos com o objetivo de conhecer a importância de Salmonella sp. na saúde das aves silvestres e seu potencial de transmissão para humanos e outros animais. Informações sobre a prevalência e distribuição dos sorovares de salmonelas na população de animais silvestres e domésticos são essenciais para relacionar os possíveis reservatórios que possam ser responsáveis pela transmissão dessa zoonose. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a detecção de Salmonella sp. em psitacídeos clinicamente sadios por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Foram coletados suabes cloacais de 280 psitacídeos mantidos em cativeiro no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, pertencentes a treze espécies, provenientes de um zoológico, um criadouro conservacionista e um criadouro comercial. O DNA das amostras foi extraído pelo método de fenol-clorofórmio e examinados pela PCR com a utilização de um par de iniciadores que amplifica um fragmento de 284 pb do gene invA pertencente ao gênero Salmonella, resultando em 37 amostras positivas. Não houve diferença na prevalência de salmonela entre os três plantéis nem entre as 13 espécies analizadas. Não foi possível a detecção desse patógeno pela PCR com iniciadores para a identificação de S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Pullorum e S. Gallinarum, nem através da Técnica Microbiológica Convencional nas amostras detectadas pela PCR genérica, provavelmente devido a maior sensibilidade e especificidade da PCR genérica. De acordo com a revisão bibliográfica realizada, este foi o primeiro trabalho de detecção direta de Salmonella em psitacídeos utilizando a PCR. Os resultados indicaram que aproximadamente 13,2% dos psitacídeos mantidos em cativeiro eram portadores assintomáticos ou eram transientemente infectados pelo gênero Salmonella.

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-04-02T13:25:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Eliesio Vasconcelos.pdf: 2479214 bytes, checksum: 207de9d99fc3fb2e0e9af0b11374ce7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T13:25:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Eliesio Vasconcelos.pdf: 2479214 bytes, checksum: 207de9d99fc3fb2e0e9af0b11374ce7e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM / Yam bean is an Amazonian species, which yields toxic seeds and edible tuberous roots. Yet, It is still unknown whether the Amazonian environments influence in physical-chemical composition of roots. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate genotype x environment interaction (GxE) in 56 yam bean genotypes. They were carry out in nonflooded land (Manaus-AM) and flooded land (Iranduba-AM) without flower pruning. In each local, the experiment followed the completely random design with three blocks and eight plants per plot, spaced 1 x 0.5 m between rows and plants respectively. The evaluated characteristics were: root yield, dry matter, ash, protein; coloration and pH. The findings indicate there to be interaction GxE for all of them. For root yield, the most adapted genotype to nonflooded land was P13 (33.16 t ha- 1), and to flooded land was P49 (9.95 t ha-1). The most stable genotypes were P49 (nonflooded land = 9.69 t ha-1 and floodplain = 9.95 t ha-1) and P24 (nonflooded land = 11.23 and floodplain = 9.20 t ha-1). Therefore, the environment influences the nutritional quality of roots. New tests should to be carry out in nonflooded land with P13, P49 and P24 genotypes and in flooded land with the two last genotypes. / O feijão-macuco é uma planta adaptada à região Amazônica. Ela produz sementes tóxicas e raízes tuberosas comestíveis. Mas, nas raízes, ainda se desconhece a influência dos ambientes Amazônicos na sua composição físico-química. Assim, o presente trabalho avaliou a interação genótipo x ambiente (GxA) dessas variáveis em 56 genótipos plantados em terra firme (Manaus-AM) e várzea (Iranduba-AM), e conduzidos sem poda de flores. O delineamento adotado em cada local foi de blocos completamente casualizados com três repetições e oito plantas por parcela, com espaçamento de 1 ,0 x 0,5 m entre linhas e plantas respectivamente. As características avaliadas foram: 1 produtividade de raízes, 2 teores de matéria seca, 3 cinzas, 4 proteína; 5 coloração e 6 pH. Os resultados indicam que há interação GxA para todas estas características. Considerando a produtividade de raízes, o genótipo adaptado à terra firme foi o P13 (33,16 t ha-1), e à várzea P49 (9,95 t ha-1). Os genótipos mais estáveis foram P49 (em terra firme=9,69 t ha-1 e em várzea=9,95 t ha-1) e P24 (em terra firme=11,23, em várzea=9.20 t ha-1). Portanto, o ambiente influencia a qualidade nutricional das raízes, e novos experimentos em outros locais de terra firme deveriam ser realizados com os genótipos P13, P49 e P24. E em várzea com os dois últimos.

Submitted by Jorge Cativo (jorge.cativo@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-08-23T14:38:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Matheus Miranda Caniato.pdf: 2877850 bytes, checksum: 9f5a34aab328acaeb1c5681aefacab65 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:38:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Matheus Miranda Caniato.pdf: 2877850 bytes, checksum: 9f5a34aab328acaeb1c5681aefacab65 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-30 / The use of rhizobacteria to increase crop productivity by promoting growth and management of the target spot through the induction of systemic resistance to plant diseases are shown as tool capable of allowing the expansion of tomato North region. Thus, the objectives of this work were to evaluate the influence of biochar in the population of cultivable soil bacteria, besides the root colonization capacity of bacterial isolates, growth promotion, phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid production and induction of resistance to Corynespora almost. The influence of the isolates origin on the mentioned variables was also evaluated. As well as the identification of the bacterial isolates. The influence of the bio-carbon on the population of cultivable soil bacteria was carried out using the colony-forming unit counting methodology. Verification of root colonization was performed using techniques for visualizing turbidity zones in tubes with agar-water (0.8%), optical microscopy and root plating. Growth promotion and induction of resistance were evaluated in greenhouse and the experimental design adopted for both experiments was completely randomized and inoculation of the bacteria was performed by microbiolization. Identification was performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The results indicate that doses up to 34 t ha-1 positively influence the population of cultivable soil bacteria in the 0-10 cm layer. The three methods used to evaluate root colonization were efficient and complement each other in the interpretation of the results. The isolates ISO4T2, ISO22T3, ISO53T1, ISO17T3 and ISO113T1 promoted an increment in the confirmation test and present potential to be evaluated in the field in the future. Isolates 7T1, 114T1 and 52T2 induced partial resistance against C. cassiicola and present potential to be evaluated under field conditions. The origin of the isolates has influence on the ability to colonize the root system of tomato plants and solubilize phosphate, but does not affect the other variables. The partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene allowed the identification of 23 isolates at the genus and group level, but not in species. / A inoculação de rizobactérias visando o aumento da produtividade das culturas, por meio da promoção de crescimento e o manejo da mancha alvo por meio da indução de resistência sistêmica a doenças em plantas, mostram-se como ferramentas capazes de permitirem a expansão do cultivo de tomate na Região Norte. Assim, os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar a influência do biocarvão sobre a população de bactérias cultiváveis do solo, além da capacidade de colonização radicular dos isolados bacterianos, promoção de crescimento, solubilização de fosfato, produção de ácido indól acético e indução de resistência a Corynespora casiicola. A influência da origem dos isolados sobre as variáveis mencionadas também foi avaliada. Assim como foi realizada a identificação dos isolados bacterianos. A influência do biocarvão sobre a população de bactérias cultiváveis do solo foi realizada por meio da metodologia de contagem de unidade formadora de colônias. A verificação da colonização radicular foi realizada por meio das técnicas de visualização de zonas de turbidez em tubos com ágar-água (0,8%), microscópia de luz e plaqueamento de raízes. A promoção de crescimento e a indução de resistência foram avaliadas em casa de vegetação e o delineamento experimental adotado para ambos os experimentos foi o inteiramente casualizado e a inoculação das bactérias foi realizada por microbiolização. A identificação foi realizada por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. Os resultados indicaram que doses até 34 t ha-1 influenciaram de forma positiva a população de bactérias cultiváveis do solo na camada de 0-10 cm. Os três métodos utilizados para avaliação da colonização radicular se mostraram eficientes e se complementaram na interpretação dos resultados. Os isolados ISO4T2, ISO22T3, ISO53T1, ISO17T3 e ISO113T1 promoveram incremento no teste de confirmação e apresentaram potencial para serem avaliados futuramente em campo. Os isolados, 7T1, 114T1 e 52T2 induziram resistência parcial a C. cassiicola e apresentaram potencial para serem avaliados em condição de campo. A origem dos isolados influenciou a capacidade de colonizar o sistema radicular de plântulas de tomateiro e de solubilizar fosfato. O sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA, permitiu identificar 23 isolados em nível de gênero e grupo, mas não em espécie.

Devido à escassez de estudos sobre larvas da ordem Pleuronectiformes principalmente no Brasil, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a ocorrência das larvas da ordem na plataforma continental Sudeste. As amostras foram coletadas com redes bongô e Multi Plankton Sampler (MPS) no verão e inverno de 2002. A composição, abundância, densidade, distribuição horizontal e vertical e, as fases de desenvolvimento larval foram estudadas. Foram coletadas, no total, 352 larvas de Pleuronectiformes no verão e 343 no inverno, com três famílias identificadas e 14 espécies. Os grupos mais abundantes foram Etropus spp., Syacium spp, Bothus ocellatus e Monolene antillarum. Etropus spp., Syacium spp. e M. antillarum ocorreram preferencialmente na zona intermediária até a isóbata de 200m, os dois primeiros gêneros próximos a cabo Frio e M. antillarum em Ubatuba. B. ocellatus ocorreu predominantemente na zona oceânica tanto em Ubatuba quanto no Rio de Janeiro. Em relação à distribuição vertical, as maiores densidades médias dessas espécies ocorreram nos estratos de 0 a 20 m de profundidade, no verão e entre 20 a 40m no inverno. Larvas em pré-flexão foram abundantes próximas à costa. As variáveis estipuladas, proximidade da costa, época do ano e local, e a salinidade apresentaram diferenças significativas com relação à distribuição observada. / There are few studies about Pleuronectiformes larvae mostly in Brazil. Due to that, this study aims to describe the occurrence of Pleuronectiformes larvae in the southeastern Brazilian coast. Samples were collected using bongo and Multi Plankton Sampler (MPS) nets in the summer and winter of 2002. Composition, abundance, density, horizontal and vertical distributions and stage of larval development were studied. A total of 352 larvae in summer and 343 in winter were collected. Three families and 14 species were identified. The most abundant species were Etropus spp., Syacium spp., Bothus ocellatus and Monolene antillarum. Etropus spp., Syacium spp. and M. antillarum occurred preferentially in the intermediate zone until the 200m isobath. The first two genera occurred near Cape Frio and the last one near Ubatuba. B. ocellatus occurred predominantly in the oceanic zone in Ubatuba and Rio de Janeiro. Regarding to the vertical distribution, the highest average densities of these species were in the strata of 0 - 20 m of depth in summer and between 20 - 40 m in winter. Pre-flexion larvae were abundant near the coast. The stipulated variables: proximity to the coast, season, location and salinity, showed significant differences in relation to the larval distribution observed.

In den vorliegenden Studien wurden verschiedene diagnostische Verfahren zum Nachweis von Protozoen und Nematoden im Hinblick auf Sensitivität, Arbeitsaufwand und Kosten miteinander verglichen. Zudem wurde die Eignung der PCR zur molekularen Charakterisierung der Cryptosporidium spp. exemplarisch an Igelkotproben getestet. Bei der Untersuchung von 90 Ferkelkotproben auf I. suis war die Sensitivität eines Kotausstriches mit nachfolgender Autofluoreszenzmikroskopie (AM) signifikant höher als bei einem Flotationsverfahren (FV) mit NaCl-Zucker-Lösung und bei dem kombinierten Sedimentations-Flotations-Verfahren (KSFV) mit verschiedenen Flotationslösungen (NaCl, ZnSO4, NaCl-Zucker-Lösung) mit nachfolgender Lichtmikroskopie. Zudem ist der Arbeitsaufwand für die AM deutlich geringer als bei dem FV und KSFV. Die höheren apparativen Kosten für die AM sind bei hohem Probendurchsatz durch den geringeren Zeitaufwand und der höheren Sensitivität gerechtfertigt. Die Anzahl Kryptosporidien-positiver Proben war bei der Untersuchung von 103 Kälberkotproben auf Cryptosporidium sp. mittels Enzymimmunoassays (EIA; ProSpecT® Cryptosporidium Microplate Assay) im Vergleich zur Karbolfuchsin-Färbung (CF) nach HEINE (1981) und der modifizierten-Ziehl-Neelsen-Färbung (MZN) nach HENRIKSEN u. POHLENZ (1982) am höchsten und signifikant höher als bei der Anwendung der MZN, wenn 10 Blickfelder durchmustert wurden. Bei der Untersuchung von 74 Igelkotproben auf Cryptosporidium sp. mittels EIA (ProSpecT®), einem immunochromatographischen Verfahren (FASTest® CRYPTO Strip), der MZN nach HENRIKSEN u. POHLENZ (1981) und einem direkten Immunfluoreszenz-Test (IFA; MERIFLUOR Cryptosporidium/Giardia) wurden in 9 (EIA), 10 (FASTest®), 11 (MZN) und 12 (IFA) Proben Cryptosporidium sp. nachgewiesen. Der Arbeitsaufwand des FASTest® und der CF ist mit dem EIA vergleichbar, während der IFA und die MZN mehr Zeit benötigen. Die Anwendung des FASTest®, des IFA und des EIA ist mit höheren Kosten verbunden als bei den Färbemethoden, können aber gut in den Arbeitsablauf eines diagnostischen Labors eingefügt werden und sind einfach auszuwerten. Darüber hinaus wurden 45 Kotproben, welche bis zu 27 Tage bei verschiedenen Temperaturen (+6 °C, +16 °C, +30 °C, +40 °C) gelagert wurden, untersucht, um einen Einfluss der Temperatur auf das Untersuchungsergebnis von EIA, CF und MZN zu ermitteln. Während sich die Anzahl positiver Proben bei der Untersuchung mit den Färbemethoden temperatur- und zeitabhängig reduzierte, wurde das Untersuchungsergebnis mittels EIA von der Lagerungstemperatur nicht beeinflusst, so dass ungekühlt transportierte Proben vorzugsweise mit dem EIA untersucht werden sollten. Dagegen ist die CF aufgrund ihrer einfachen und preiswerten Durchführung zur Untersuchung einer hohen Anzahl an Proben geeignet, sofern eine ununterbrochene Kühlung der Proben gewährleistet ist und diese innerhalb von drei Tagen untersucht werden. Der FASTest® ist zur Anwendung in Tierarztpraxen und Ställen geeignet, da zur Untersuchung kein Mikroskop benötigt wird und die Resultate schnell vorliegen. Die Verwendung des IFA, der Kryptosporidien-Oozysten und Giardien-Zysten nachweist, bietet sich vor allem bei Proben an, die auf beide Protozoen untersucht werden sollen. Das Vorkommen der Kryptosporidiose bei unterentwickelten und geschwächten Igeln, welche zum Überwintern in Igelstationen aufgenommen werden, ist hoch. Von 188 untersuchten Igelkotproben konnten in 29,8 % der Proben Cryptosporidium spp. nachgewiesen werden. Durch die Genotypisierung der Kryptosporidien aus 15 positiven Igelkotproben mittels RFLP-PCR basierend auf dem 18S rRNA-Gen konnte in allen untersuchten Proben die Präsenz von C. parvum gezeigt werden. Mit Hilfe der Multilocus-Sequenz-Typisierung der Fragmente des 60kDa Glycoprotein-Gens, des 18S rRNA-Gens, des Actin-Gens und des 70 kDa Hitzeschockprotein-Gens konnten drei verschiedene Subtypen-Familien (IIa, IIc und eine neue als VIIa vorgeschlagene Subtypen-Familie) erkannt werden. Die von den Igeln ausgeschiedenen Kryptosporidien-Oozysten mit zum Teil nachgewiesenem zoonotischen Potential (IIa Subtypen-Familie) könnten eine Infektionsquelle für den Menschen sein, aber auch ein antropozoonotisches Potential (IIc Subtypen-Familie) sollte in Betracht gezogen werden, so dass die Hygiene in den Igelstationen einen hohen Stellenwert einnehmen sollte. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Nachweis von Eimeria-Arten beim Kalb von 70 Sammelkotproben, hergestellt aus 10 Einzelkotproben (SKP10), bzw. von 30 Sammelkotproben, zusammengesetzt aus 5 Einzelkotproben (SKP5), wurden mit denen der zugehörigen Einzelkotproben (EKP) verglichen. Die Resultate der EKP (arithmetischer Mittelwert) und der zugehörigen SKP weisen mit den signifikant häufigeren Abweichungen im Bereich von bis zu 100 Oozysten pro Gramm Kot (OpG) eine geringe Differenz zwischen den beiden Verfahren auf. Durch den sicheren Nachweis von Eimeria-Oozysten bei einem erwarteten Oozystengehalt von nur 202 OpG (SKP10) und 122 OpG (SKP5) ist die Untersuchung von Kälbersammelkotproben, eine Methode mit geringem Arbeitsaufwand und geringen Untersuchungskosten, zum Nachweis einer klinischen oder subklinischen Kokzidiose geeignet. Bei 51 Pferdekotproben wurde jeweils dreimal das kombinierte Sedimentations-Flotations-Verfahren (KSFV), wobei die Entnahme von verschiedenen Lokalisationen der Kotprobe (aus der Randregion, dem Inneren oder aus beiden Lokalisationen) erfolgte, und jeweils dreimal das KSFV mit vorheriger Homogenisierung einer größeren Kotmenge zum Nachweis von Nematodeneier durchgeführt. Eine Anhäufung der Strongyliden- und Ascarideneier in einem bestimmten Bereich der Proben konnte durch die Untersuchungen der verschiedenen Lokalisationen (á 10 g Kot) nicht nachgewiesen werden, so dass eine weitgehend homogene Verteilung dieser Nematodeneier in einer Pferdekotprobe wahrscheinlich ist. Zudem konnten die Untersuchungsergebnisse des KSFV, bei welchem 10 g Kot untersucht werden, durch die vorherige Homogenisierung einer größeren Probenmenge nicht verbessert werden. Zum Nachweis von Nematoden beim Pferd sollte dem Labor eine ausreichende Probenmenge (ca. 50 g) zugesandt werden. Die Homogenisierung einer größeren Probenmenge vor der Durchführung einer diagnostischen Methode, bei der Aliquote von mindestens 10 g Kot Verwendung finden, ist unnötig. / The studies presented were carried out to compare different diagnostic methods for detection of protozoa and nematodes regarding sensitivity, expenditure of human labour and costs. Besides, the ability of the PCR for the molecular characterization of the Cryptosporidium spp. was tested exemplarily in faecal samples of hegdehogs. The examination of ninety faecal samples of suckling piglets showed a significantly higher sensitivity of faecal smears examined by autofluorescence microscopy (AM) compared to the flotation method (FV) using NaCl-sucrose solution and the combined sedimentation-flotation method (KSFV) using different flotation solutions (NaCl, ZnSO4, NaCl-sucrose) scanned by bright field microscopy. Moreover the expenditure of human labour by AM is considerably lower than FV and KSFV. The costs related to equipment for AM is justified in case of high sample throughput and by superior sensitivity. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA; ProSpecT® Cryptosporidium Microplate Assay) was the most sensitive method for diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in calves (n = 103) compared to the carbol fuchsin (CF; HEINE 1981) and modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN; HENRIKSEN a. POHLENZ 1982) staining techniques. The sensitivity of the EIA was significantly higher than the MZN, if ten fields of view were scanned. 74 faecal samples of hedgehogs were examined with the EIA (ProSpecT®), an immunochromatographic method (FASTest® CRYPTO Strip), the MZN (HENRIKSEN u. POHLENZ (1981)) and a direct immunofluorescent assay (IFA; MERIFLUOR Cryptosporidium/Giardia). Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in 9 (EIA), 10 (FASTest®), 11 (MZN) und 12 (IFA) faecal samples. The hands on time of the FASTest® and CF is comparable to EIA while the IFA and MZN are more time-consuming. The examination of the FASTest®, IFA and EIA is combined with higher costs than the staining techniques, but they can be integrated in the work flow of a routine diagnostic laboratory easily and evaluation is simple. Moreover 45 faecal samples stored up to 27 days at different temperature (+6 °C, +16 °C, +30 °C, +40 °C) were examined to evaluate the influence of temperature on the results of EIA, CF and MZN. While the number of the positive samples of stained smears decreased in a temperature and time-dependent manner, the results of the EIA were not influenced by sample storage at any temperature, so that samples transported without cooling should be examined preferably by EIA. Nevertheless the CF due to its simplicity and low costs is suited for scanning of a high number of samples, if they were cooled continuously and examined within three days. The FASTest® is qualified for use in veterinary practice and stables, because the examination requires no microscope and the results are obtained immediately. The IFA, which can detect Crypotsporidium oocysts as well as Giardia cysts, is suited especially for faecal samples suspected to contain both protozoa. Cryptosporidial infections are very frequent in hedgehogs which are admitted for hibernation to hedgehog rehabilitation centres because of their insufficient body weight and weakness. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 29.8 % of 188 faecal samples of hedgehogs. The genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR and RFLP-PCR based on the 18S ribosomal RNA gene were performed on 15 faecal samples of hedgehogs positive for Cryptosporidium spp. and suggested the presence of C. parvum in all samples. Multilocus sequence typing on partial 60 kDa glycoprotein gene, 18S rRNA gene, actine gene, 70 kDa heat shock protein gene sequences revealed 3 different subtype families: IIa, IIc and a new proposed as VIIa subtype family. Some of the Cryptosporidium oocysts excreted from hedgehogs are zoonotical (IIa subtype family) or anthropozoonotic(IIc subtype family). Thus hygienic measurements to avoid transmission are essential in hedgehog rehabilitation centres. The results of examination of 70 pooled faecal samples originating from 10 calves (SKP10) and 30 pooled faecal samples originating from 5 calves (SKP5) for detection of Eimeria spp. were compared with the arithmetic means of opg (oocysts per gram of faeces) counts of the respective single 10 or 5 samples. A low difference between both methods of less than 100 opg was significantly more frequently observed than higher differences. Low values of 202 opg and 122 opg were reliably detected in SKP10 und SKP5, respectively, and thus examination of pooled faecal samples appears to be suitably sensitive and cost effective to detect clinical and subclinical coccidiosis in calves. 51 faecal samples of horses were examined three times by KSFV for nematode eggs by taking aliquots from different locations of the same faecal samples (from the margin, from inside and from both locations). Thereafter the KSFV with the homogenisation of a larger amount of faeces was also carried out three times. The examination of samples from the different locations (each 10 g of faeces) delivered no evidence for accumulation of nematode eggs (strongyles and Parascaris equorum) in the faeces and thus the distribution of the nematode eggs appears sufficiently homogeneous in faecal samples of horses. Homogenisation of a larger amount of faeces did not improve the results of coproscopy. For diagnostic purposes 50 g faeces per sample should be shipped to the laboratory. The homogenisation of a larger amount of faeces before using a diagnostic method is dispensable, if aliquots of 10 g faeces are examined.

Accroading to the rapid development of broadband network technology, the Internet video sharing platform YouTube has a number of amateur performers sharing their own shot creative video in order to attract the attention of the audience and the mass media. The study based on famous online amateur performers the spectacle / performance paradigm behavior to discuss the relationship in panopticon surroundings. Also the perspective of Attention Economy explain the amateur performers how to attract user¡¦s attention and maintain the relationship and the labor relationship between manufactures when they have opportunity with them. The study use Virtual Ethnography to watch and participate YouTube of amateurs and depth interviews to understand the motivation of amateurs. Accroading to the result of study, the amateur desire been watching from others, the relationship on the Internet reverse the power. At the beginning, the amateur create video by their self-awareness and enjoy others watching. When they become famous , the user¡¦s watching and beloved restrict creative of the amateur. Based on the continued, the culture of the labor process with manufactures was different form the traditional, the users opinion is more important than manufactures.

No description available.

Using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), fruit surface and pericarp anatomy were investigated in the African species of Bolboschoenits (Ascherson) Palla [B. maritimus (L.) Palla; B. glaucus (Lam.) S.G. Smith; B. nobilis (Ridley) Goetghebeur & D.A. Simpson; B. grandispicus (Steud.) K. Lewejohann & W. Lobin] and extended worldwide to cover most known species. There was consideration of type specimens wherever possible. Two main patterns of pericarp construction were revealed, with modifications. Using fruit samples from field populations, a surveillance of embryos was carried out to gain some information on percentages of perfect embryo development and variability in embryo outline (as seen in optical, median sagittal section), within and between selected species. Inflorescence structure within African species was studied and illustrated photographically and diagrammatically. The collective information obtained was directed towards better understanding of species limits within the genus and towards gaining evidence of the significance of natural hybridisation as a cause of morphological variability within some taxa. Formal taxonomy including a key to the identification of the African species is provided. Profuse illustrations of pericarp structure of world species are given, as are colour photographs of the African species, excepting B. grandispicus. A tentative pattern for subgeneric division of Bolboschoenus based primarily on pericarp morphology, is suggested supplemented by a world map illustrating the presently known distribution of the suggested groupings. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

Members of the genus Ledebouria Roth (Hyacinthaceae), which occur in South Africa, are revised. This genus occurs throughout Africa, India and Madagascar. 33 Species are recognized and placed into nine provisional infrageneric groups. A multidisciplinary approach was used in an attempt to provide natural groupings. The following characters were analysed; morphology, micromorphology, palynology and caryology. Aspects of ovary structure and leaf micromorphology proved especially useful in the synthesis of infrageneric and specific concepts. Keys, descriptions, illustrations, distributional, ecological, medicinal and toxicological data are provided. This study is based on plants in their natural habitat, cultivated specimens and representative herbarium specimens from herbaria in South Africa and in Europe. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1993.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-12T16:07:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA074.pdf: 2480663 bytes, checksum: 26fb5ceef2b21f799b8a35512121fad5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-12T16:07:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA074.pdf: 2480663 bytes, checksum: 26fb5ceef2b21f799b8a35512121fad5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / The objective of this work is to extract different dendrometric variable such as tottal forest height (h), stem diameter at the breast height (DBH), volume (V) and stem diameter at regular height intervals (Hx) directly from cloud points data derived from a sensor coupled to Unmanned Aircraft Veicle System (UAVS) alone. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a extração de variáveis dendrométricas tais como a altura total (h), diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) e diâmetro em diferentes alturas do tronco a partir de dados derivados de TLS, sensores embarcados em VANT bem como a sua integração. A área de estudo consiste em um plantio misto, com espécies dos gêneros Pinus spp. e Eucapyptus spp., e área aproximada de 4.200 m². Os dados TLS foram coletados à campo, empregando o método de varreduras múltiplas. O recobrimento foi realizado com VANT a uma máxima de 120 metros. Todos os dados foram referenciados ao Sistema Geodésico Brasileiro mediante a coleta de observações para o campo. Para a validação dos resultados foram coletados dados utilizando técnicas e equipamentos tradicionais. O pré-processamento e processamento dos dados foram realizados empregando os aplicativos computacionais Scene, CloudCompare e Photoscan/Agisoft. Para a extração das variáveis dendrométrica empregaram-se os aplicativos Python e DetecTree. A detecção das árvores a partir de dados TLS obteve um acerto de 98,98%. Por outro lado, a detecção das árvores individual de árvores, usando somente a ortoimagem não obteve bons resultados. Quando comparada a verdade de campo, os diâmetros obtidos a 1,30 m (DAP) e a 3,3 metros de altura, apresentaram igualdade estatística ao nível de significância de 5%. No entanto, a metodologia usada para extração da altura total neste estudo, não apresentou igualdade estatística ao nível de significância de 5%