<p>Background: Society of today is characterised by greater dynamics and a constant demand for innovation and fresh ideas. This development is often named "the new economy" or "the knowledge society". Independent of how one chooses to name this society, most individuals seem to agree upon the fact that knowledge grows more and more important. New competencies, such as new knowledge and new forms of organising, will be demanded for corporations to be successful in the future. In recent years it has become more common with corporations based on projects. In this context it is interesting to discuss the spread of knowledge. </p><p>Purpose: We aim at create understanding for the spread of knowledge, through focusing on corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer in corporation based on projects. </p><p>Realisation: This paper is based on a study of two IT-companies, Cell Network and Framfab. The empirical material, chiefly collected through interviews, has been analysed with starting-point in the frame of references. </p><p>Conclusions: We came to the conclusion that corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer, studied separately is not enough to explain the spread of knowledge. Instead the three variables co-operate. Corporate culture cerates common values, organisational routines guide behaviour, and the processes of knowledge transfer results in the actual spread of knowledge.</p>

Le marché dans lequel évoluent les bourses est devenu extrêmement concurrentiel, ce qui se traduit notamment par de nombreux mouvements de rapprochement ou de fusion. Dans ce contexte, les bourses cherchent à tout moment à améliorer la qualité du système de marché qu'elles proposent à leurs clients. La microstructure des marchés est le domaine de la finance qui étudie le lien entre organisation et qualité des marchés, et deux problématiques précises de microstructure sont traitées dans cette thèse. En matière d'asymétrie d'information, nous comparons différents modèles de décomposition de la fourchette de prix appliqués à un marché dirigé par les ordres, et proposons une recommandation quant aux modèles susceptibles de fournir les meilleurs résultats. En matière de transparence des marchés, nous commençons par fournir une revue détaillée de la littérature, avant d'analyser la question de l'anonymat pré-transactionnel selon deux méthodes : une analyse empirique du passage à l'anonymat sur Euronext Paris en avril 2001, et une étude expérimentale. Nos résultats concluent à une absence d'effet de l'anonymat sur l'asymétrie d'information, l'efficience et la liquidité, ce qui contredit d'autres résultats de la littérature. Notre analyse empirique émet aussi l'hypothèse de l'existence d'un facteur de liquidité globale, dont la prise en compte est sans doute fondamentale dans les études portant sur l'évolution de la liquidité sur les marchés./The market for financial markets has become increasingly competitive, and this leads to strategic moves such as mergers or acquisitions. In this context, stock exchanges struggle to offer the best quality system to their customers. The link between the organization of markets and their quality is one of the central themes of the research area called market microstructure. This dissertation focuses on two key aspects of microstructure research. In terms of information asymmetry, we compare the results provided by several spread decomposition models that are applied to order-driven markets, and we make a recommendation on the models that provide the best estimates. On the issue of transparency, we first review the literature and then provide two analyses of the impact of pre-trade anonymity: (i) we empirically study how the switch to anonymity in Paris in April 2001 affected market quality, and (ii) we use the experimental method to assess the consequences of disclosing the ID codes of traders in an electronic order book. Our results point to the absence of an effect due to anonymity, which is at odds with existing results in the literature. Our empirical analysis also highlights the possible existence of a “global liquidity factor”, that should ideally be taken into account when studying the evolution of liquidity on financial markets.

Background: Society of today is characterised by greater dynamics and a constant demand for innovation and fresh ideas. This development is often named "the new economy" or "the knowledge society". Independent of how one chooses to name this society, most individuals seem to agree upon the fact that knowledge grows more and more important. New competencies, such as new knowledge and new forms of organising, will be demanded for corporations to be successful in the future. In recent years it has become more common with corporations based on projects. In this context it is interesting to discuss the spread of knowledge. Purpose: We aim at create understanding for the spread of knowledge, through focusing on corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer in corporation based on projects. Realisation: This paper is based on a study of two IT-companies, Cell Network and Framfab. The empirical material, chiefly collected through interviews, has been analysed with starting-point in the frame of references. Conclusions: We came to the conclusion that corporate culture, organisational routines, and processes of knowledge transfer, studied separately is not enough to explain the spread of knowledge. Instead the three variables co-operate. Corporate culture cerates common values, organisational routines guide behaviour, and the processes of knowledge transfer results in the actual spread of knowledge.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of financial markets and institutions on the economical growth of a developing country. The IRS (interest rate spread) is used as the main tool, to examine Chile and Taiwan regarding their economical growth between 1988 and 2007. The reason Taiwan and Chile have been chosen is due to vast differences in the geographical location, and even divergence in political and economical system of these countries. The research method that has been chosen for this thesis is a quantitative method. The economic theory is mainly based on secondary data. The method of data presentation and analysis are manly descriptive even though the layout of the thesis is more of an explanation research. The carculations are made with the statictical computer program SPSS. The results of the study are expressed mathematically and in sets of tables. In order to determinate the correlation between IRS and macroeconomic factors and the correlation between IRS and Economy growth, the magnitude and trend of the IRS is analysed from 1988 to 2007. To test the hypothesis, the OLS regression and panel data model is used. The theoretical part is the base of the empirical part. The theoretical part is needed in order to understand and later on analyze the results from research on Chile and Taiwan. Different aspects of economical growth are defined to make it easier to understand and follow the thesis thoroughly. The financial markets and institutions are discussed very shortly. To understand the growth theory, Solow growth model is discussed, which is one of the most important models concerning the economical growth. The empirical part of the thesis is dealing with the test of IRS against some macro economical factors such as; costumer price index (CPI), Exchange Rate (EX), Export Volume (EXP) and Money Supply (MO) of two different countries; Taiwan and Chile. The study provides evidence of the correlation between interest rate spread and the macroeconomical factors. The result shows that the correlation between interest rate spread and the macroeconomics factors vary from country to country. This mainly depends on the difference in political situation, the different economic and political policies of various goverments, the high inflation rates and the market structure of the countries. The value of the coefficients gives the magnitude of adjustment in the event that the systems move out of equilibrium. It also provides some evidence that there is a significant relationship between interst rate spread and economical growth. The test results show clearly that in order to gain a sustainable development and economical growth the financial markets must perform well.

This work aims at studying the effect of word position in text on understanding and tracking the content of written text. In this thesis we present two uses of word position in text: topic word selectors and topic flow signals. The topic word selectors identify important words, called <i>topic words</i>, by their spread through a text. The underlying assumption here is that words that repeat across the text are likely to be more relevant to the main topic of the text than ones that are concentrated in small segments. Our experiments show that manually selected keywords correspond more closely to topic words extracted using these selectors than to words chosen using more traditional indexing techniques. This correspondence indicates that topic words identify the topical content of the documents more than words selected using the traditional indexing measures that do not utilize word position in text. The second approach to applying word position is through <i>topic flow signals</i>. In this representation, words are replaced by the topics to which they refer. The flow of any one topic can then be traced throughout the document and viewed as a signal that rises when a word relevant to the topic is used and falls when an irrelevant word occurs. To reflect the flow of the topic in larger segments of text we use a simple smoothing technique. The resulting smoothed signals are shown to be correlated to the ideal topic flow signals for the same document. Finally, we characterize documents using the importance of their topic words and the spread of these words in the document. When incorporated into a Support Vector Machine classifier, this representation is shown to drastically reduce the vocabulary size and improve the classifier's performance compared to the traditional word-based, vector space representation.

Credit granting is not only one core business but also the major profit source of banks. Non-Performing Loan Ratio (NPL Ratio) is an important index to evaluate the quality of credit granting and to influence profitability of banks. Recently, NPL ratio, which soared to record level, of local banks does not only hurt their asset quality but also threaten their surviving space due to the changes of internal structure, overbanking, internationalization of local banking industry, economic recession, the subprime crisis in 2007. Theoretically, banks have their own credit granting policy and credit examination system; however, there is soaring NPL ratio to cause huge NPL losses in banks because of the differences of credit grating practices. Nevertheless, there are some local banks which have lower NPL ratio. Therefore, this research is to help us to understand the possible factors of overdue loan that happened in corporate banking, and try to discover the key factors. Also, try to sampling those key factors from the past experiences for future crediting reference. The main profit from a bank is the margin of deposit and credit loan interest. Therefore, the overdue loan is highly related to a bank¡¦s profit. Moreover, it is necessary for banks to pay more cost to make up the losses which are caused by the NPL. Certainly, it is safest way for banks to acquire 100% collaterals for creditors¡¦ right, although 100% collaterals could be acquired, the creditors cannot ignore the impacts (on the creditors¡¦ profitability) of the necessary litigation expenses for disposing the collaterals. As a result, fully recognize the customers¡¦ credit condition before drawing is the only way to avoid the NPL loss and ensure the profit.

The fire development and flame spread in the railway carriages are investigated by performing a set of simulations using a widely accepted simulation software called &amp / #8216 / Fire Dynamics Simulator&amp / #8217 / . Two different rolling stock models / representing a train made up of physically separated carriages, and a 4-car train with open wide gangways / have been built to examine the effects of train geometry on fire development and smoke spread within the trains. The simulations incorporate two different ignition sources / a small size arson fire, and a severe baggage fire incident. The simulations have been performed incorporating variations of parameters including tunnel geometry, ventilation and evacuation strategies, and combustible material properties. The predictions of flame spread within the rolling stock and values of the peak heat release rates are reported for the simulated incident cases. In addition, for a set of base cases the onboard conditions are discussed and compared against the tenability criteria given by the international standards. The predictions of heat release rate and the onboard conditions from the Fire Dynamics Simulator case studies have been checked against the empirical methods such as Duggan&amp / #8217 / s method and other simulation softwares such as CFAST program.

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Zugl.: Berlin, Wirtschafts-Hochsch., Diss., 2009

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