This work deals with flushing monitoring of spreading velocity on solder finishes Niau, OSP, Sn deposited on copper plated base material FR4 using digital cameras. After the reflow process is measured by length of spreading solder and size of wetting angle. It evaluates and compares the time dependence of velocity of spreading solder, length of solder spreading and wetting angle for NiAu, OSP, Sn finishes at different temperatures reflow and surface treatment.

Capillarity and dynamic wetting of non-Newtonian fluids are important in many natural and industrial processes, examples cover from a daily phenomenon as splashing of a cup of yogurt to advanced technologies such as additive manufacturing. The applicable non-Newtonian fluids are usually viscoelastic compounds of polymers and solvents. Previous experiments observed diverse interesting behaviors of a polymeric droplet on a wetted substrate or in a microfluidic device. However, our understanding of how viscoelasticity affects droplet dynamics remains very limited. This work intends to shed light on viscoelastic effect on two small scale processes, i.e., the motion of a wetting contact line and droplet splitting at a bifurcation tip.   Numerical simulation is employed to reveal detailed information such as elastic stresses and interfacial flow field. A numerical model is built, combining the phase field method, computational rheology techniques and computational fluid dynamics. The system is capable for calculation of realistic circumstances such as a droplet made of aqueous solution of polymers with moderate relaxation time, impacting a partially wetting surface in ambient air.   The work is divided into three flow cases. For the flow case of bifurcation tube, the evolution of the interface and droplet dynamics are compared between viscoelastic fluids and Newtonian fluids. The splitting or non-splitting behavior influenced by elastic stresses is analyzed. For the flow case of dynamic wetting, the flow field and rheological details such as effective viscosity and normal stress difference near a moving contact line are presented. The effects of shear-thinning and elasticity on droplet spreading and receding are analyzed, under inertial and inertialess circumstances. In the last part, droplet impact of both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids are demonstrated. For Newtonian droplets, a phase diagram is drawn to visualize different impact regions for spreading, splashing and gas entrapment. For viscoelastic droplets, the viscoelastic effects on droplet deformation, spreading radius and contact line motion are revealed and discussed. / <p>QC 20160329</p>

Wetting and spreading of liquid systems on solid substrates under transient conditions, driven by surface tension and viscous forces along with the interface interactions (e.g., a substrate dissolution or diffusion and/or chemical reaction) is a complex problem, still waiting to be fully understood. In this study we have performed an extensive experimental investigation of liquid aluminum alloy spreading over aluminum substrate along with corroboration with theoretical modeling, performed in separate but coordinate study. Wetting and spreading to be considered take place during a transient formation of the free liquid surface in both sessile drop and wedge-tee mating surfaces’ configurations. The AA3003 is used as a substrate and a novel self-fluxing material called TrilliumTM is considered as the filler metal. In addition, benchmark, non-reactive cases of spreading of water and silicon oil over quartz glass are considered. The study is performed experimentally by a high temperature optical dynamic contact angle measuring system and a standard and high speed visible light camera, as well as with infra read imaging. Benchmark tests of non-reactive systems are conducted under ambient environment’s conditions. Molten metal experiment series featured aluminum and silicone alloys under controlled atmosphere at elevated temperatures. The chamber atmosphere is maintained by the ultra-high purity nitrogen gas purge process with the temperature monitored in real time in situ. Different configurations of the wedge-tee joints are designed to explore different parameters impacting the kinetics of the triple line movement process. Different power law relationships are identified, supporting subsequent theoretical analysis and simulation. Under ambient temperature conditions, the non-reactive liquid wetting and spreading experiments (water and oil systems) were studied to verify the equilibrium triple line location relationships. The kinetics relationship between the dynamic contact angle and the triple line location is identified. Additional simulation and theoretical analysis of the triple line movement is conducted using the commercial computer software platform Comsol in a collaboration with a team from Washington State University within the NSF sponsored Grant #1235759 and # 1234581. The experimental work conducted here has been complemented by a verification of the Comsol phase-field modeling. Both segments of work (experimental and numerical) are parts of the collaborative NSF sponsored project involving the University of Kentucky and Washington State University. The phase field modeling used in this work was developed at the Washington State University and data are corroborated with experimental results obtained within the scope of this Thesis.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The World Wide Web brought with it an unprecedented level of information overload. Computers are very effective at processing and clustering numerical and binary data, however, the automated conceptual clustering of natural-language data is considerably harder to automate. Most past techniques rely on simple keyword-matching techniques or probabilistic methods to measure semantic relatedness. However, these approaches do not always accurately capture conceptual relatedness as measured by humans. In this thesis we propose and evaluate the use of novel Spreading Activation (SA) techniques for computing semantic relatedness, by modelling the article hyperlink structure of Wikipedia as an associative network structure for knowledge representation. The SA technique is adapted and several problems are addressed for it to function over the Wikipedia hyperlink structure. Inter-concept and inter-document similarity metrics are developed which make use of SA to compute the conceptual similarity between two concepts and between two natural-language documents. We evaluate these approaches over two document similarity datasets and achieve results which compare favourably with the state of the art. Furthermore, document preprocessing techniques are evaluated in terms of the performance gain these techniques can have on the well-known cosine document similarity metric and the Normalised Compression Distance (NCD) metric. Results indicate that a near two-fold increase in accuracy can be achieved for NCD by applying simple preprocessing techniques. Nonetheless, the cosine similarity metric still significantly outperforms NCD. Finally, we show that using our Wikipedia-based method to augment the cosine vector space model provides superior results to either in isolation. Combining the two methods leads to an increased correlation of Pearson p = 0:72 over the Lee (2005) document similarity dataset, which matches the reported result for the state-of-the-art Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA) technique, while requiring less than 10% of the Wikipedia database as required by ESA. As a use case for document similarity techniques, a purely content-based news-article recommender system is designed and implemented for a large online media company. This system is used to gather additional human-generated relevance ratings which we use to evaluate the performance of three state-of-the-art document similarity metrics for providing content-based document recommendations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wêreldwye-Web het ’n vlak van inligting-oorbelading tot gevolg gehad soos nog nooit tevore. Rekenaars is baie effektief met die verwerking en groepering van numeriese en binêre data, maar die konsepsuele groepering van natuurlike-taal data is aansienlik moeiliker om te outomatiseer. Tradisioneel berus sulke algoritmes op eenvoudige sleutelwoordherkenningstegnieke of waarskynlikheidsmetodes om semantiese verwantskappe te bereken, maar hierdie benaderings modelleer nie konsepsuele verwantskappe, soos gemeet deur die mens, baie akkuraat nie. In hierdie tesis stel ons die gebruik van ’n nuwe aktiverings-verspreidingstrategie (AV) voor waarmee inter-konsep verwantskappe bereken kan word, deur die artikel skakelstruktuur van Wikipedia te modelleer as ’n assosiatiewe netwerk. Die AV tegniek word aangepas om te funksioneer oor die Wikipedia skakelstruktuur, en verskeie probleme wat hiermee gepaard gaan word aangespreek. Inter-konsep en inter-dokument verwantskapsmaatstawwe word ontwikkel wat gebruik maak van AV om die konsepsuele verwantskap tussen twee konsepte en twee natuurlike-taal dokumente te bereken. Ons evalueer hierdie benadering oor twee dokument-verwantskap datastelle en die resultate vergelyk goed met die van ander toonaangewende metodes. Verder word teks-voorverwerkingstegnieke ondersoek in terme van die moontlike verbetering wat dit tot gevolg kan hê op die werksverrigting van die bekende kosinus vektorruimtemaatstaf en die genormaliseerde kompressie-afstandmaatstaf (GKA). Resultate dui daarop dat GKA se akkuraatheid byna verdubbel kan word deur gebruik te maak van eenvoudige voorverwerkingstegnieke, maar dat die kosinus vektorruimtemaatstaf steeds aansienlike beter resultate lewer. Laastens wys ons dat die Wikipedia-gebasseerde metode gebruik kan word om die vektorruimtemaatstaf aan te vul tot ’n gekombineerde maatstaf wat beter resultate lewer as enige van die twee metodes afsonderlik. Deur die twee metodes te kombineer lei tot ’n verhoogde korrelasie van Pearson p = 0:72 oor die Lee dokument-verwantskap datastel. Dit is gelyk aan die gerapporteerde resultaat vir Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA), die huidige beste Wikipedia-gebasseerde tegniek. Ons benadering benodig egter minder as 10% van die Wikipedia databasis wat benodig word vir ESA. As ’n toetstoepassing vir dokument-verwantskaptegnieke ontwerp en implementeer ons ’n stelsel vir ’n aanlyn media-maatskappy wat nuusartikels aanbeveel vir gebruikers, slegs op grond van die artikels se inhoud. Joernaliste wat die stelsel gebruik ken ’n punt toe aan elke aanbeveling en ons gebruik hierdie data om die akkuraatheid van drie toonaangewende maatstawwe vir dokument-verwantskap te evalueer in die konteks van inhoud-gebasseerde nuus-artikel aanbevelings.

Spreading plays an important role in coating, lubrication, printing and etc. During the spreading process, a liquid thin film forms prior to the expansion of a liquid drop. This thin film is called a precursor film. It not only changes the spreading mechanism, but impacts the wettability of a liquid. Early studies on the precursor films showed the films were stacked in a terraced structure, and the radius of each layer of the films was proportional to the square root of time. Optical techniques such as ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity solved the conformations of liquid molecules at the interfaces. However, the conformations of the interfacial molecules have rarely been correlated with their positions at the interface. In addition, the properties of the precursor films have not been fully studied yet. In this dissertation, two kinds of organic compounds, hexatriacontane (C36) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Bmim][Cl]), are proposed to be spread over octadecyltrichlorosilane partially degraded (OTSpd) patterned surfaces. Once organic molecules flow over such OTSpd surfaces, the liquids are limited within the patterned area. Characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), the structures and chemical identities and the formation mechanism of the precursor films are resolved thereafter. The precursor films formed by both compounds, C36 and [Bmim][Cl], were observed in a bilayer structure in that the molecules close to the solid substrate had different orientation from the molecules close to the air. They were called parallel layers and standing-up layers, respectively. The parallel layers of C36 formed prior to the standing-up layers through the vapor phase transport. In addition, the parallel layers were found more stable thermodynamically and the standing-up layers were more stable mechanically. The frictional study of C36 showed the standing-up layers could hold 0.49GPa pressure. The orientation of [Bmim][Cl] molecules were impacted by the polarities of the solid substrates. The achievements in this dissertation not only resolve the properties of the precursor films of two organic compounds, but provide a general method for the further studies of the precursor films.

<p>Travel demand management policies such as congestion charges encourage car-users to change among other things route, mode and departure time. Departure time may be especially affected by time-varying charges, since car-users can avoid high peak hour charges by travelling earlier or later, so called peak spreading effects. Conventional transport models do not include departure time choice as a response. For evaluation of time-varying congestion charges departure time choice is essential.</p><p>In this thesis a transport model called SILVESTER is implemented for Stockholm. It includes departure time, mode and route choice. Morning trips, commuting as well as other trips, are modelled and time is discretized into fifteen-minute time periods. This way peak spreading effects can be analysed. The implementation is made around an existing route choice model called CONTRAM, for which a Stockholm network already exists. The CONTRAM network has been in use for a long time in Stockholm and an origin-destination matrix calibrated against local traffic counts and travel times guarantee local credibility. On the demand side, an earlier developed departure time and mode choice model of mixed logit type is used. It was estimated on CONTRAM travel times to be consistent with the route choice model. The behavioural response under time-varying congestion charges was estimated from a hypothetical study conducted in Stockholm.</p><p>Paper I describes the implementation of SILVESTER. The paper shows model structure, how model run time was reduced and tests of convergence. As regards run time, a 75% cut down was achieved by reducing the number of origin-destination pairs while not changing travel time and distance distributions too much.</p><p>In Paper II car-users underlying preferred departure times are derived using a method called reverse engineering. This method derives preferred departure times that reproduce as well as possible the observed travel pattern of the base year. Reverse engineering has previously only been used on small example road networks. Paper II shows that application of reverse engineering to a real-life road network is possible and gives reasonable results.</p> / Silvester

The Mw 6.2 February 22nd 2011 Christchurch earthquake (and others in the 2010-2011 Canterbury sequence) provided a unique opportunity to study the devastating effects of earthquakes first-hand and learn from them for future engineering applications. All major events in the Canterbury earthquake sequence caused widespread liquefaction throughout Christchurch’s eastern suburbs, particularly extensive and severe during the February 22nd event. Along large stretches of the Avon River banks (and to a lesser extent along the Heathcote) significant lateral spreading occurred, affecting bridges and the infrastructure they support. The first stage of this research involved conducting detailed field reconnaissance to document liquefaction and lateral spreading-induced damage to several case study bridges along the Avon River. The case study bridges cover a range of ages and construction types but all are reinforced concrete structures which have relatively short, stiff decks. These factors combined led to a characteristic deformation mechanism involving deck-pinning and abutment back-rotation with consequent damage to the abutment piles and slumping of the approaches. The second stage of the research involved using pseudo-static analysis, a simplified seismic modelling tool, to analyse two of the bridges. An advantage of pseudo-static analysis over more complicated modelling methods is that it uses conventional geotechnical data in its inputs, such as SPT blowcount and CPT cone resistance and local friction. Pseudo-static analysis can also be applied without excessive computational power or specialised knowledge, yet it has been shown to capture the basic mechanisms of pile behaviour. Single pile and whole bridge models were constructed for each bridge, and both cyclic and lateral spreading phases of loading were investigated. Parametric studies were carried out which varied the values of key parameters to identify their influence on pile response, and computed displacements and damages were compared with observations made in the field. It was shown that pseudo-static analysis was able to capture the characteristic damage mechanisms observed in the field, however the treatment of key parameters affecting pile response is of primary importance. Recommendations were made concerning the treatment of these governing parameters controlling pile response. In this way the future application of pseudo-static analysis as a tool for analysing and designing bridge pile foundations in liquefying and laterally spreading soils is enhanced.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Rip current spacings are compared with wave energetics and directional spreading in the Southern Monterey Bay. Southern Monterey Bay affords a unique environment to study rip currents owing to their prevalence created by near-normally incident waves on a sandy shoreline. It is hypothesized that rip current spacing is a function of wave directional spreading and energy flux, based on the morphodynamic modeling by Reniers et al. 2003. A gradient of wave energy flux exists due to headlands and refraction over Monterey Canyon. Rip currents are shown to occur between cusps in the shoreline, allowing cusp spacing to be a surrogate for rip spacing. Rip current spacing was inferred from beach morphology surveys, LIDAR imagery, and Argus cameras, and found to be O(150m) at Sand City and O(300m) at Marina, separated by 6km . Measured waves during a two month period using wave-rider buoys, show a gradient of across-shore energy flux between Sand City, 2 28000( / ) F Jm x . , and Marina, 2 33000( / ) F Jm x . . The two sites have the same peak directional spreading of energy value, 14 peak ̤= o , and slightly different bulk values for Sand City, 18 bulk ̤= o , and Marina, 20 bulk ̤= o . Therefore, the variations in rip current spacing could not be attributed to directional spreading but appear related to variations in energy flux. / Ensign, United States Naval Reserve

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Caterina Scoglio / Society increasingly depends on networks for almost every aspect of daily life. Over the past decade, network science has flourished tremendously in understanding, designing, and utilizing networks. Particularly, network science has shed light on the role of the underlying network topology on the dynamic behavior of complex systems, including cascading failure in power-grids, financial contagions in trade market, synchronization, spread of social opinion and trends, product adoption and market penetration, infectious disease pandemics, outbreaks of computer worms, and gene mutations in biological networks. In the last decade, most studies on complex networks have been confined to a single, often homogeneous network. An extremely challenging aspect of studying these complex systems is that the underlying networks are often heterogeneous, composite, and interdependent with other networks. This challenging aspect has very recently introduced a new class of networks in network science, which we refer to as multilayer and interconnected networks. Multilayer networks are an abstract representation of interconnection among nodes representing individuals or agents, where the interconnection has a multiple nature. For example, while a disease can propagate among individuals through a physical contact network, information can propagate among the same individuals through an online information-dissemination network. Another example is viral information dissemination among users of online social networks; one might disseminate information received from a Facebook contact to his or her followers on Twitter. Interconnected networks are abstract representations where two or more simple networks, possibly with different dynamics over them, are interconnected to each other. For example, in zoonotic diseases, a virus can move from the network of animals, with some transmission dynamics, to a human network, with possibly very different dynamics. As communication systems are evolving more and more toward integration with computing, sensing, and control systems, the theory of multilayer and interconnected networks seems to be crucial to successful communication systems development in cyber-physical infrastructures. Among the most relevant dynamics over networks is epidemic spreading. Epidemic spreading dynamics over simple networks exhibit a clear example where interaction between non-complex dynamics at node level and the topology leads to a complex emergent behavior. A substantial line of research during the past decade has been devoted to capturing the role of the network on spreading dynamics, and mathematical tools such as spectral graph theory have been greatly useful for this goal. For example, when the network is a simple graph, the dominant eigenvalue and eigenvector of the adjacency matrix have been proven to be key elements determining spreading dynamics features, including epidemic threshold, centrality of nodes, localization of spreading sites, and behavior of the epidemic model close to the threshold. More generally, for many other dynamics over a single network, dependency of dynamics on spectral properties of the adjacency matrix, Laplacian matrix, or some other graph-related matrix, is well-studied and rigorously established, and practical applications have been successfully derived. In contrast, limited established results exist for dynamics on multilayer and interconnected networks. Yet, an understanding of spreading processes over these networks is very important to several realistic phenomena in modern integrated and composite systems, including cascading failure in power grids, financial contagions in trade market, synchronization, spread of social opinion and trends, product adoption and market penetration, infectious disease pandemics, and outbreak in computer worms. This dissertation focuses on spreading processes on multilayer and interconnected networks, organized in three parts. The first part develops a general framework for modeling epidemic spreading in interconnected and multilayer networks. The second part solves two fundamental problems: introducing the concept of an epidemic threshold curve in interconnected networks, and coexistence phenomena in competitive spreading over multilayer networks. The third part of this dissertation develops an epidemic model incorporating human behavior, where multi-layer network formulation enables modeling and analysis of important features of human social networks, such as an information-dissemination network, as well as contact adaptation. Finally, I conclude with some open research directions in the topic of spreading processes over multilayer and interconnected networks, based on the resulting developments of this dissertation.