This work investigates diffusion in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. The diffusion, more precisely subdiffusion, in such systems is induced by the intrinsic chaotic behavior of trajectories and thus is called chaotic diffusion''. Its properties are studied on the example of one- or two-dimensional lattices of harmonic or nonlinear oscillators with nearest neighbor couplings. The fundamental observation is the spreading of energy for localized initial conditions. Methods of quantifying this spreading behavior are presented, including a new quantity called excitation time. This new quantity allows for a more precise analysis of the spreading than traditional methods. Furthermore, the nonlinear diffusion equation is introduced as a phenomenologic description of the spreading process and a number of predictions on the density dependence of the spreading are drawn from this equation. Two mathematical techniques for analyzing nonlinear Hamiltonian systems are introduced. The first one is based on a scaling analysis of the Hamiltonian equations and the results are related to similar scaling properties of the NDE. From this relation, exact spreading predictions are deduced. Secondly, the microscopic dynamics at the edge of spreading states are thoroughly analyzed, which again suggests a scaling behavior that can be related to the NDE. Such a microscopic treatment of chaotically spreading states in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems has not been done before and the results present a new technique of connecting microscopic dynamics with macroscopic descriptions like the nonlinear diffusion equation. All theoretical results are supported by heavy numerical simulations, partly obtained on one of Europe's fastest supercomputers located in Bologna, Italy. In the end, the highly interesting case of harmonic oscillators with random frequencies and nonlinear coupling is studied, which resembles to some extent the famous Discrete Anderson Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation. For this model, a deviation from the widely believed power-law spreading is observed in numerical experiments. Some ideas on a theoretical explanation for this deviation are presented, but a conclusive theory could not be found due to the complicated phase space structure in this case. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the techniques and results presented in this work will help to eventually understand this controversely discussed case as well. / Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Phänomen der Diffusion in nichtlinearen Systemen. Unter Diffusion versteht man normalerweise die zufallsmäss ige Bewegung von Partikeln durch den stochastischen Einfluss einer thermodynamisch beschreibbaren Umgebung. Dieser Prozess ist mathematisch beschrieben durch die Diffusionsgleichung. In dieser Arbeit werden jedoch abgeschlossene Systeme ohne Einfluss der Umgebung betrachtet. Dennoch wird eine Art von Diffusion, üblicherweise bezeichnet als Subdiffusion, beobachtet. Die Ursache dafür liegt im chaotischen Verhalten des Systems. Vereinfacht gesagt, erzeugt das Chaos eine intrinsische Pseudo-Zufälligkeit, die zu einem gewissen Grad mit dem Einfluss einer thermodynamischen Umgebung vergleichbar ist und somit auch diffusives Verhalten provoziert. Zur quantitativen Beschreibung dieses subdiffusiven Prozesses wird eine Verallgemeinerung der Diffusionsgleichung herangezogen, die Nichtlineare Diffusionsgleichung. Desweiteren wird die mikroskopische Dynamik des Systems mit analytischen Methoden untersucht, und Schlussfolgerungen für den makroskopischen Diffusionsprozess abgeleitet. Die Technik der Verbindung von mikroskopischer Dynamik und makroskopischen Beobachtungen, die in dieser Arbeit entwickelt wird und detailliert beschrieben ist, führt zu einem tieferen Verständnis von hochdimensionalen chaotischen Systemen. Die mit mathematischen Mitteln abgeleiteten Ergebnisse sind darüber hinaus durch ausführliche Simulationen verifiziert, welche teilweise auf einem der leistungsfähigsten Supercomputer Europas durchgeführt wurden, dem sp6 in Bologna, Italien. Desweiteren können die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Erkenntnisse und Techniken mit Sicherheit auch in anderen Fällen bei der Untersuchung chaotischer Systeme Anwendung finden.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Mid-ocean ridges are a fundamental but insufficiently understood component of the global plate tectonic system. Mid-ocean ridges control the landscape of the Earth's ocean basins through seafloor spreading and influence the evolution of overriding plate margins during midocean ridge subduction. The majority of new crust created at the surface of the Earth is formed at mid-ocean ridges and the accretion process strongly influences the morphology of the seafloor, which interacts with ocean currents and mixing to influence ocean circulation and regional and global climate. Seafloor spreading rates are well known to influence oceanic basement topography. However, I show that parameters such as mantle conditions and spreading obliquity also play significant roles in modulating seafloor topography. I find that high mantle temperatures are associated with smooth oceanic basement, while cold and/or depleted mantle is associated with rough basement topography. In addition spreading obliquities greater than > 45° lead to extreme seafloor roughness. These results provide a predictive framework for reconstructing the seafloor of ancient oceans, a fundamental input required for modelling ocean-mixing in palaeoclimate studies. The importance of being able to accurately predict the morphology of vanished ocean floor is demonstrated by a regional analysis of the Adare Trough, which shows through an analysis of seismic stratigraphy how a relatively rough bathymetric feature can strongly influence the flow of ocean bottom currents. As well as seafloor, mid-ocean ridges influence the composition and morphology of overriding plate margins as they are consumed by subduction, with implications for landscape and natural resources development. Mid-ocean ridge subduction also effects the morphology and composition of the overriding plate margin by influencing the tectonic regime experienced by the overriding plate margin and impacting on the volume, composition and timing of arc-volcanism. Investigation of the Wharton Ridge slab window that formed beneath Sundaland between 70 Ma and 43 Ma reveals that although the relative motion of an overriding plate margin is the dominant force effecting tectonic regime on the overriding plate margin, this can be overridden by extension caused by the underlying slab window. Mid-ocean ridge subduction can also affect the balance of global plate motions. A longstanding controversy in global tectonics concerns the ultimate driving forces that cause periodic plate reorganisations. I find strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that the plates themselves drive instabilities in the plate-mantle system rather than major mantle overturns being the driving mechanism. I find that rapid sub-parallel subduction of the Izanagi mid-ocean ridge and subsequent catastrophic slab break o_ likely precipitated a global plate reorganisation event that formed the Emperor-Hawaii bend, and the change in relative plate motion between Australia and Antarctica at approximately 50 Ma

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas A & M University, 1983. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-120).

Thesis (M.S.)--Pennsylvania State University, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-70).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1980. / Supervised by Tanya Atwater. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-213).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2008. / Includes graphs and tables. Includes list of publications. Title from title screen (viewed December 16, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Division of Geology and Geophysics, School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

Η ραγδαία ανάπτυξη του Διαδικτύου τόσο σε επίπεδο πλήθους χρηστών όσο και σε επίπεδο παρεχόμενων υπηρεσιών αποτελεί χαρακτηριστικό της σύγχρονης κοινωνίας. Η ανάγκη λοιπόν προστασίας των υπολογιστικών και δικτυακών συστημάτων από απειλές που μπορούν να τα καταστήσουν τρωτά είναι επιτακτική!Η προστασία των υπολογιστικών συστημάτων και δικτύων απαιτεί σε προηγούμενο στάδιο την κατανόηση και ανάλυση του είδους, της ταυτότητας και του τρόπου διάδοσης της απειλής. Η ανάπτυξη και η αναζήτηση αξιόπιστων μοντέλων ικανών να περιγράψουν τον τρόπο διάδοσης μίας απειλής αποδεικνύεται ιδιαίτερα χρήσιμη και ωφέλιμη με πολλαπλούς τρόπους , όπως το να προβλέψει μελλοντικές απειλές ή να αναπτύξει νέες μεθόδους αναχαίτισης. Η αναζήτηση μοντέλων αποτελεί πλέον ένα σημαντικό τομέα έρευνας στην ακαδημαϊκή και όχι μόνο κοινότητα. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση κάποιων βασικών επιδημιολογικών μοντέλων και η προσομοίωση του επισημιολογικού μοντέλου SI. Τα μοντέλα αυτά χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα ευρέως για τη μοντελοποίηση της διάδοσης αρκετών απειλών στα δίκτυα υπολογιστών, όπως είναι για παράδειγμα οι ιοί και τα σκουλήκια ( viruses and worms). Τα επιδημιολογικά αυτά μοντέλα είναι εμπνευσμένα από την επιστήμη της βιολογίας, όπου περιγράφουν την εξάπλωση μολυσματικών ασθενειών σε ανθρώπινους πληθυσμούς. Παρουσιάζοντας πιο αναλύτικά τη δομή της παρούσας εργασίας περιγράφουμε συνοπτικά το περιεχόμενο των πέντε κεφαλαίων που ακολουθούν: Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή στον πρόγωνο του Διαδικτύου, το APRAnet. Παρουσιάζονται κάποιες βασικές έννοιες των δικτύων καθώς και τα ευρέως γνωστά μοντέλα δόμησης του Διαδικτύου, το μοντέλο αναφοράς OSI και το μοντέλο TCP/IP. Ακολουθεί μία σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή στο κακόβουλου λογισμικού και συνοπτική αναφορά στους βασικούς τύπους κακόβουλου λογισμικού. Παρουσιάζοναι τα χαρακρηριστικά του κακόβουλου λογισμικού που επηρεάζουν την εξάπλωση του, καθώς και κάποιες τεχνικές περιορισμού της. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο επιχειρεί να παρουσιάσει κάποιες βασικές τοπολογίες σύνθετων δικτύων που συναντάμε σήμερα και κάποια βασικά μεγέθη που χαρακτηρίζουν τα δίκτυα αυτά. Η γνώση αυτή, που αφορά στην τοπολογία και στα χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη των σύνθετων δικτύων, είναι απαραίτητη για τη μελέτη της διάδοσης μολύνσεων στα δίκτυα. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αφιερώνεται στην παρουσίαση κάποιων βασικών επιδημιολογικών μοντέλων. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η προσομοίωση του βασικού επιδημιολογικού μοντέλου SI (Susceptible-Infectious) συναρτήση διαφόρων τοπολογιών σύνθετων δικτύων, διαφορετικού πλήθους κόμβων και μεταβλητού αριθμού συνδέσεων ανά κόμβο ή μεταβλητή πιθανότητα σύνδεσης κόμβων. Το μέγεθος το οποίο μετράται είναι μία σταθερά «T», η οποία είναι ενδεικτική για να αποφανθούμε αν μια τοπολογία σύνθετου δικτύου είναι «ανθεκτικη» ή όχι έναντι μολύνσεων… Η σταθερά αυτή περιγράφει τα βήματα που απαιτούνται, ώστε μία μόλυνση η οποία ακολουθεί το επιδημιολογικό μοντέλο διάδοσης SI, να εξελιχθεί σε επιδημία έχοντας μολύνει όλους τους κόμβους του δικτύου….Η σταθερά αυτή μπορεί να ερμηνευτεί ως μία σταθερά χρόνου. Η σταθερά αυτή αποτελεί ένα μέτρο μέτρησης των μονάδων χρόνου που απαιτούνται για να μολυνθεί ένα ολόκληρο το δίκτυο και ένα μέσο ώστε να αποκτήσουμε μία σαφή εικόνα για το ποιές τοπολογίες είναι ανθεκτικές σε μολύνσεις και ποιες όχι. / -

O que se desejou apresentar neste trabalho é se a aplicação da medida de complexidade LMC no estudo do fenômeno da depressão alastrante mostra-se eficiente na perspectiva de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno. Para isso, usou-se como modelo experimental a retina de pintinho in vitro. Na tentativa de obter informações sobre estados de equilíbrio entre a ordem e desordem, propõe-se as análises dos registros de dois dos concomitantes do fenômeno: a alteração lenta do potencial extracelular e do sinal intrínseco óptico. Para isso, avaliou-se o efeito de manipulações fármaco-química sobre esses dois concomitantes do fenômeno e através de análises comparativas entre as ondas de controle e as ondas obtidas em presença das diversas substâncias foram discutidas a aplicabilidade do método proposto, mostrando que a medida de complexidade trouxe novas informações sobre a depressão alastrante contribuindo para um entendimento melhor do fenômeno. / What we wanted to present in this work is the application of the LMC measure of complexity in the study of the phenomenon of spreading depression proves efficient in order to contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon. For this, we used as an experimental model of the chick retina in vitro. In an attempt to obtain information about equilibrium states between order and disorder, it is proposed that the analysis of the records of two of the concomitant phenomena: a slowly changing the extracellular potential and intrinsic optical signal. For this, we evaluated the effect of pharmaco-chemical manipulations on these two concomitant phenomenon and by comparative analyzes of the control waves and the waves obtained in the presence of various substances discussed the applicability of the proposed method, the measure complexity brought new information on the spreading depression to a better understanding of the phenomenon.

CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that is expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells. The major substrates of CD45 in thymocytes and T cells are the Src family kinases Lck and Fyn. The role of CD45 in thymocyte development and T cell activation via its regulation of Src family kinases in T cell receptor signaling has been studied extensively. However, the role of CD45 in processes that affect thymocyte development prior to the expression of the T cell receptor has not been explored. The overall hypothesis of this study was that CD45 is a regulator of spreading, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of early thymocytes during development in the thymus and the absence of CD45 would alter the outcome of thymocyte development. The first aim was to determine how CD45 regulates CD44-mediated signaling leading to cell spreading. The interaction between CD44 and Lck was first examined. CD44 associated with Lck in a zinc-dependent and a zinc-independent manner. Mutation analysis localized the zinc-dependent interaction to the membrane proximal region of CD44, but did not involve individual cysteine residues on CD44. CD44 and Lck co-localized in microclusters upon CD44-mediated cell spreading. CD45 co-localized with Lck and CD44 in microclusters and with F-actin in ring structures. The recruitment of CD45 to microclusters may be a mechanism of how CD45 negatively regulates CD44-mediated spreading. The second specific aim was to determine the role of CD45 in migration, proliferation, and progression and differentiation of early thymocytes. CD45 negatively regulated CXCL12-mediated migration, and positively regulated the proliferation and progression of CD117- DN1 thymocytes. Absence of CD45 led to an altered composition of thymic subsets. The CD45-/- thymus contained decreased numbers of ETPs and an aberrant CD117- DN1 population that lacked CD24, TCRbeta, and CCR7 expression. There were also increased thymic NK and gamma/delta T cells, but decreased NKT cells. In addition, a novel intermediate between DN1 and DN2 that required Notch for progression was identified. Overall, this study identified new roles for CD45 in early thymocytes and provided a better picture of how the development of T cells, a central component of the immune system, is regulated. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate