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Resumo: A cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) tem grande importância no contexto agrícola de produção brasileiro e mundial, sendo responsável por cerca de 40% da produção nacional de grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de cálcio (Ca) e boro (B), aplicados em pulverização foliar, em dois estádios fenológicos da cultura de soja (R1 e R3), sobre os componentes da produção, produtividade e na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O trabalho foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira . UNESP, no município de Selvíria . MS. O solo é do tipo Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd), sendo que a análise química apresentou: matéria orgânica: 27 g dm-3; pH (CaCl2): 5,3; P: 13 mg dm-3 ; K+: 2,4 mmolc dm-3; Ca2+: 19,0 mmolc dm-3; Mg2+: 13 mmolc dm-3; H++Al3+: 22,4 mmolc dm-3 e saturação por bases de 57 %. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com 3 repetições, dispostos em um esquema fatorial 4X5X2, sendo 4 cultivares de soja (Conquista, BRS 245 RR, BRS MG 705S RR e BRS Favorita) sendo três cultivares transgênicas e uma tradicional, 5 doses de fertilizante mineral foliar a base de cálcio e boro (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 L ha-1) em 2 estádios fenológicos de aplicação (R1- Início da floração e R3- final da floração ). As parcelas foram constituídas por 4 linhas de 5,0 m de comprimento espaçadas de 0,45 m entre si. A adubação de Ca e B no estádio R3 proporcionou maior de produtividade em relação à aplicação no estádio R1. A cultivar BRS MG 705S RR apresentou o melhor desempenho podendo ser indicada para o cultivo na região. / Abstract: The soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) crop have a great importance in the Brazilian and world agricultural context of production, being responsible for about 40% of the national production of grains. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Calcium (Ca) and Boron (B), applied in pulverization to foliate, in two stadiums phnological of the soybean development (R1 and R3), on the components of the production, productivity and in the physiological seed quality. The work was driven in experimental area of University of Engineering of Ilha Solteira - UNESP, in the municipal district of Selvíria county. The is soil of the type Red Dark Distrófic Latosol (LVd), and the chemical analysis presented: organic matter: 27 g dm-3; pH (CaCl2): 5,3; P: 13 mg dm-3; K+: 2,4 mmolc dm-3; Ca2+: 19,0 mmolc dm-3; Mg2+: 13 mmolc dm-3; H++Al3+: 22,4 mmolc dm-3 and saturation for bases of 57%. The experimental design utilized was randomized blocks with 3 repetitions, disposed in a factorial outline 4X5X2, being 4 soybens.s cultivar (it Conquista, BRS 245 RR, BRS MG 705S RR and Favorita BRS) being three transgênics and a one traditional cultivar, 5 dosis of mineral fertilizer to foliate the base of Calcium and Boron (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 L have-1) applicated in two phonological stadiuns (R1 - Beginning of the flowering and R3 . ended flowering).. The parcels were constituted by 4 lines of 5,0 m of length spaced of 0,45 m between lines. The manuring of Ca and B in the stadium R3 provided larger of productivity in relation to the application in the stadium R1. To the BRS MG 705S RR cultivar it presented the best acting could be indicated for the cultivation in the area. / Orientador: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Coorientador: Marco Antônio Camillo de Carvalho / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Cibele Chalita Martins / Mestre

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Ideology of Stadium Construction seeks to define the application of community power in the process of building sports stadiums. Using data culled from a literature review, this project examines the recent construction of sports venues and the political, economic, and social ideas driving their proliferation. A three dimensional approach to applied power provides a theoretical tool to illustrate and analyze the blueprint of stadium construction. Taking a more broad view of the culture of business in the United States suggests the public funding of stadium construction arching towards Antonio Gramsci’s sense of hegemony. Beyond attempting to merely define the political process driving stadium construction as a significant social problem, this project introduces potential alternatives to the organizational method currently in place.

This dissertation investigates the modern American stadium from the late 1940s to the early 1980s, examining the ideologies that shaped these monumental buildings and the meanings people affixed to them. Stadiums were significant components of the modern landscape, frequently hosting massive audiences, costing tens of millions of public dollars, and uniquely symbolizing cities and their citizens’ civic spirit. Through interpretations of these stadiums’ architectural expression, spatial constitution, discursive construction, and visual representation, this study explores the ideological landscape of the modern United States, expands understandings of modern space, and examines what it meant to be “modern” throughout this period. A response to the old stadiums they replaced—largely masculine, inter-class, inter-racial, rambunctious places locked into run-down neighborhoods—new stadiums eliminated traditional and iconic sites of urban diversity, reconstituting sports spaces as modern, suburban, and technological. They re-gendered stadium space, integrating women into it as consumers and service workers. They re-classed stadium space, outfitting it with exclusive restaurants and private luxury boxes. They technologized stadium space, conspicuously loading it with exploding scoreboards and massive video screens. They re-racialized stadium space, relocating it from old ballparks adjacent dense African-American neighborhoods to open sites along freeways convenient to booming white suburbs or as anchors to clean-sweep downtown redevelopment. They fundamentally altered stadium experience, shifting emphasis from games on the field to entertainments and consumption opportunities around it. In doing all these things, modern stadiums materialized an ideological apparatus privileging a range of values and practices including gender distinction in mixed-gender settings, socio-economic and racial segregation, technological scientism, and consumption-oriented stimulation. Roy Hofheinz, the force behind the iconic Houston Astrodome’s planning and execution, fully understood the relationship of the material and the ideological; as he put it, “You’ve got to have tangibles to sell intangibles.” To illustrate these points, this dissertation engages postwar plans for futuristic new stadiums from designers like Norman Bel Geddes and Buckminster Fuller; the construction of new stadiums in the mid-1960s in New York, Houston, and St. Louis; and the increasingly routinized modern stadium of the 1970s—a controversial expression of modern progress for some, modern artificiality for others. / text

O Urbanismo Ecológico surge como uma forma de reconciliar a paisagem com a ocupação urbana, pautado pelas potencialidades e limitações dos recursos naturais. As áreas verdes não exercem a função somente do embelezamento e da melhoria da qualidade visual e ambiental, elas se transformam em verdadeiros artefatos de engenharia e elementos de uma infraestrutura verde de alto desempenho. A arborização viária ganha força e escala ao conectar fragmentos de florestas urbanas e áreas verdes dispersas no tecido urbano. Os resultados da pesquisa mudam o olhar sobre a várzea dos rios. Renegadas na cidade contemporânea, no Urbanismo Ecológico, as planícies fluviais se tornam elementos estruturais e conectores da malha urbana e de grande valor. A tese parte da hipótese de que é possível implantar o Urbanismo Ecológico em São Paulo através da execução de um processo amplo e ferramentas que vão de políticas públicas, ações da iniciativa privada e envolvimento comunitário, tendo como consequência a melhoria da qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana. A pesquisa foca em Itaquera, bairro impactado pela implantação de grandes equipamentos urbanos pertencentes ao polo institucional e que abriga o novo estádio de futebol do clube Corinthians, para realização de jogos da Copa do Mundo de 2014. Através de levantamentos de campo, mapeamentos e análise de estudos de caso nos Estados Unidos e na África do Sul, identifica-se a clara oportunidade de transformação no entorno da arena a partir da aplicação de princípios ecológicos. Por fim, a pesquisa apresenta uma proposta de Urbanismo Ecológico para o entorno da Arena Corinthians, a partir de suas potencialidades locais, suas áreas verdes, sua hidrografia e a sua nova dinâmica decorrente de novos investimentos públicos e privados. / Ecological Urbanism has emerged as a way to reconcile the landscape with urban occupation, ruled by the potentialities and limitations of natural resources. Green áreas do not function only beautifying and improving the visual and environmental quality, they become true engineering artifacts and elements of a high performance green infrastructure. The street tree system gains strength and scale while connecting fragments of urban forests and green areas scattered in the urban fabric. The research results change the look on the river floodplains. Segregated in the contemporary city, under Ecological Urbanism principles, floodplains become structural elements and links of the urban fabric adding great value. The thesis presents the hypothesis that it is possible to implement the Ecological Urbanism in São Paulo through the implementation of a comprehensive process and tools ranging from public policies, private sector actions and community engagement resulting on the improvement of environmental quality and urban life. The research focuses on Itaquera neighborhood impacted by the implementation of large urban facilities part of an institutional hub and home to the new soccer stadium of Corinthians club that will host World Cup 2014 games. Through field surveys, mapping and analysis of case studies in the United States and in South Africa is possible to identify a clear opportunity for transformation in the vicinity of the arena based on ecological principles. At last, the research presents an Ecological Urbanism proposal for the surroundings of the Arena Corinthians taking advantage of its local potentiality, green areas, hydrograph and new dynamic as a result of new public and private investments.

O Urbanismo Ecológico surge como uma forma de reconciliar a paisagem com a ocupação urbana, pautado pelas potencialidades e limitações dos recursos naturais. As áreas verdes não exercem a função somente do embelezamento e da melhoria da qualidade visual e ambiental, elas se transformam em verdadeiros artefatos de engenharia e elementos de uma infraestrutura verde de alto desempenho. A arborização viária ganha força e escala ao conectar fragmentos de florestas urbanas e áreas verdes dispersas no tecido urbano. Os resultados da pesquisa mudam o olhar sobre a várzea dos rios. Renegadas na cidade contemporânea, no Urbanismo Ecológico, as planícies fluviais se tornam elementos estruturais e conectores da malha urbana e de grande valor. A tese parte da hipótese de que é possível implantar o Urbanismo Ecológico em São Paulo através da execução de um processo amplo e ferramentas que vão de políticas públicas, ações da iniciativa privada e envolvimento comunitário, tendo como consequência a melhoria da qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana. A pesquisa foca em Itaquera, bairro impactado pela implantação de grandes equipamentos urbanos pertencentes ao polo institucional e que abriga o novo estádio de futebol do clube Corinthians, para realização de jogos da Copa do Mundo de 2014. Através de levantamentos de campo, mapeamentos e análise de estudos de caso nos Estados Unidos e na África do Sul, identifica-se a clara oportunidade de transformação no entorno da arena a partir da aplicação de princípios ecológicos. Por fim, a pesquisa apresenta uma proposta de Urbanismo Ecológico para o entorno da Arena Corinthians, a partir de suas potencialidades locais, suas áreas verdes, sua hidrografia e a sua nova dinâmica decorrente de novos investimentos públicos e privados. / Ecological Urbanism has emerged as a way to reconcile the landscape with urban occupation, ruled by the potentialities and limitations of natural resources. Green áreas do not function only beautifying and improving the visual and environmental quality, they become true engineering artifacts and elements of a high performance green infrastructure. The street tree system gains strength and scale while connecting fragments of urban forests and green areas scattered in the urban fabric. The research results change the look on the river floodplains. Segregated in the contemporary city, under Ecological Urbanism principles, floodplains become structural elements and links of the urban fabric adding great value. The thesis presents the hypothesis that it is possible to implement the Ecological Urbanism in São Paulo through the implementation of a comprehensive process and tools ranging from public policies, private sector actions and community engagement resulting on the improvement of environmental quality and urban life. The research focuses on Itaquera neighborhood impacted by the implementation of large urban facilities part of an institutional hub and home to the new soccer stadium of Corinthians club that will host World Cup 2014 games. Through field surveys, mapping and analysis of case studies in the United States and in South Africa is possible to identify a clear opportunity for transformation in the vicinity of the arena based on ecological principles. At last, the research presents an Ecological Urbanism proposal for the surroundings of the Arena Corinthians taking advantage of its local potentiality, green areas, hydrograph and new dynamic as a result of new public and private investments.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact corporate stadium naming rights. In particular, this project will assess consumer perceptions of stadium naming rights as a means for determining its effectiveness as a marketing approach. A survey of CSUSB students was conducted in order to obtain their perceptions of the relative marketing attractiveness of naming rights for a local minor league baseball stadium.

The growing popularity of North American professional sports over the last twenty years directly coincides with the recent trend of urban communities using tax dollars to publically subsidize professional football, baseball, and basketball stadiums. Communities across North America invest substantial amount of public tax dollars in private facilities in light of a consensus among policy analysts that the economic impact of the new stadium is greatly exaggerated. The economic impact of new stadiums has been extensively researched, the focus of this paper rather, is to examine the impact publically subsidized facilities built in the last twenty years have on the overall team valuation compared to teams with no public subsidy or no new stadium.

The intention of this study is to analyze the economic impact of redeveloped Major League Baseball stadiums opened between 1991 and 2004. Using two empirical models, including an event study, this impact analysis captures the economic conditions of the cities during the opening year of the stadium, as well as the prior conditions leading up to the opening of the stadium, along with any lingering effects or gradual changes in conditions. The impact was measured in relation to the Metropolitan Statistical Areas corresponding to the 18 ballparks included, specifically looking at the impact on employment rates and per capita personal income. The common assumption is that stadium redevelopment will provide a positive impact on the surrounding community, initiating revitalization of urban neighborhoods as well as increasing job opportunities, income levels, and city revenues. While previous research on the effects of stadium development have mostly concluded that there is no positive or significant quantitative impact resulting from stadiums, this study shows that the boom of ballpark redevelopment may actually have positive effects, contrasting this prior research. With the results showing small, yet positive effects, the recent boom period may actually have been so far effective in initiating new development and revitalized culture in urban areas, and will therefore be useful in further developing future plans for modernizing and redeveloping baseball stadiums.