This study investigates accountability and transparency issues in the management of oil and gas (O&G) revenues in Ghana through public discourse. It establishes the factors that influence accountability and investigates how accountability is discharged amongst stakeholders in the O&G industry in Ghana, with respect to contemporary accountability theories. The thesis develops a contextualised analytical framework drawing on Dhanani and Connolly’s (2012), and Gray et al.’s (1996) conceptualisations of accountability, in addition to other contemporary accountability concepts, mirrored through the ethical variant of stakeholder theory to classify, analyse and interpret the issues of transparency and accountability in revenue management in the O&G industry in Ghana. It uses this framework to analyse and interpret questionnaires and interviews of stakeholders in the O&G industry in Ghana; these include the government, civil society groups and upstream oil companies. The thesis establishes that the accountability relationships (strategic, financial, fiduciary and procedural) between accountees and accountors in the O&G industry in Ghana are hierarchical, bureaucratic and fussy, making the discharge of accountability unintelligent, ineffective and vulgate and only routinely given for cosmetic purposes. Consequently, the accountors in the O&G industry in Ghana employ the positive variant of the stakeholder theory, motivated by legitimisation practices to regularise their activities, contrary to the expected ethical variant of the theory. The outcome reflects the practices of for-profit organisations such as upstream O&G companies, but conflicts with the government’s fiduciary responsibilities towards citizens and the espoused communal values of the legal and regulatory framework of the industry. Current perspectives on positive stakeholder and legitimacy theory therefore appear to explain existing stakeholder relationships and how accountability is discharged in the O&G industry in Ghana. The thesis contributes to the public accountability and transparency literature in a number of ways: First, the study presents an empirical basis to advance discourse about accountability and transparency in natural resource management in developing countries, by developing a contextualised theoretical and analytical framework drawing on Dhanani and Connolly’s (2012) and Gray et al’s (1996) accountability concepts, and using the ethical stakeholder theory as a lens for interpretation. Second, it provides an empirical basis for rethinking the hierarchical managerialist approach to accountability suggested by the positive variant of the stakeholder theory and its legitimisation mechanisms between accountees and the accountors in the O&G industry in Ghana, and suggests the adoption of the ethical variant of the stakeholder theory with its moral imperatives. Third, the study provides significant insight into governance issues in Sub-Saharan Africa that could inform policy formulation for the region by international bodies, including the United Nations Development Fund (UNDP), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), by critically reviewing accountability and transparency issues in the oil sectors in Angola, Nigeria and the DRC and juxtaposing this evidence with empirical findings for Ghana. Finally, it advances understanding of the public accountability practices and transparency issues in the O&G industry in Ghana, while pointing out significant governance implications for policy-makers, civil society and advocacy groups, think-tanks, the O&G companies and academics.

Multi-stakeholder dialogue and collaborations have been considered as ‘panacea’ for complex local to global problems confronting governments, businesses and society. And for over a decade now, they have also been increasingly promoted as mechanisms to achieve sustainability. There is, however, a dearth of empirical studies that give deeper insights into the practical dimensions and various implications of such processes for sustainability. This dissertation explores how multi-stakeholder organising processes for sustainability occur in local settings. It relies on a theoretical framework that combines institutional and social movements theoretical perspectives. Such a theoretical cross-fertilisation has been helpful in explaining: (a) how the macro institutional context of sustainable development influences micro interactions of individuals during collaborations; and (b) how those micro interactions may influence the sustainability movement organised at macro societal levels. The dissertation is philosophically based on the principles of critical hermeneutics. It draws on the works of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jürgen Habermas to understand the nature of reality, society and human relationships. The study also uses literature on sustainable development, organising, dialogue, collaboration, stakeholder engagement, emotions and time. Three cases of multi-stakeholder dialogic collaborations organised to address sustainability of two regions in New Zealand were investigated through observations, interviews with participants and documentary research. These processes were developed in response to a regulatory change in New Zealand – the new Local Government Act (2002) which emphasises sustainable development of communities. The data across the three cases was analysed using principles of grounded theory and critical hermeneutics. Analysis reveals how various kinds of institutional pressures (engulfing cultural-cognitive, regulative and normative institutions connected with sustainable development) confront different stakeholders with varying intensities. Those pressures influence stakeholders to become involved in and commit to such collaborations. And as stakeholders participate in such processes, they are shown to engage with one another rationally and emotionally, and with different conceptions of time. The collaborations thus can be characterised by a complex fusion of rationality, emotionality and temporality. On the one hand, multi-stakeholder dialogic collaborations stimulate learning, facilitate relationship building and build social capital for implementing sustainable development. They thus prove themselves as potent governance mechanisms that can help to institutionalise sustainable development. On the other hand, multi-stakeholder dialogic collaborations for sustainability are highly messy, unpredictable, paradoxical and conflict-ridden processes of stakeholder engagement. They are shown to suffer from three major problematics: problematic of misunderstandings; problematic of stakeholders’ emotions; and problematic of stakeholders’ time. They thus, ironically and paradoxically, are also problematic solutions for sustainability.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Idén att företag liksom andra slags organisationer har intressenter, vars krav måste tillgodoses, har numera blivit allmänt accepterad inom organisationsteori och företagsekonomi. Det innebär att the stakeholder theory, på svenska intressentmodellen, är ett centralt tema i litteratur och handböcker inom företagsekonomi och affärsetik. Emellertid ges orden intressent, intressentmodell och intressentteori olika innebörd även om samma termer nyttjas. Förklaringar ges med olika argument och stöd som emellanåt kan vara motsägelsefulla samtidigt som modellens varianter med sina respektive konsekvenser inte alltid tydliggörs.</p><p>I denna studie fokuserar jag på den normativa kärnan i en tidig version av stakeholder theory formulerad av Donaldson och Preston (1995) och diskuterar hur den i en alternativ version kommit att få en annan innebörd. Transformationen kan förklaras med att en av de grundläggande utgångspunkterna, rationalitet, ges olika innebörd. Syftet med studien är inte bara att undersöka huruvida utan även att argumentera för och visa att en senare version av intressentmodellen, som tar sin grund i en formell eller instrumentell rationalitet, har kommit att dominera över den - av kantiansk etik inspirerade - tidigare versionen som utgår från en expressiv rationalitet. Detta syfte uppnås genom att undersöka förekomsten av en etisk dimension i ett antal svenska börsnoterade företags miljöredovisningar. Som ett komplement har även analyserats i vilken utsträckning urvalets årsredovisningar innehåller den för teorin centrala termen intressent och vilken innebörd företagen ger denna term.</p>

<p>CSR is a well-researched topic that can be used as a strategy tool, communication tool and leadership tool. In addition, CSR can be used with the Stakeholder theory. In fact, all of these theories can implicitly describe how employees are affected by CSR. However, this description can be more explicit if CSR is linked with HR. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore how CSR can be used as an HR-tool.</p><p>This research was a case study that investigated the situation in one company. In it, employees and managers were interviewed. The interviews had questions that would reveal the employees‘ opinions of CSR. In addition, the managers were given different questions in order to discover any differences between their and employees‘ views.</p><p>The findings suggest that the case company‘s employees defined CSR as the responsibility for employees, societies, environments and customers. In addition, the employees expected the company to work with CSR. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that employees‘ commitment-levels will increase if companies work with CSR. Lastly, this research includes the Fridlund & Olofsson Model (FOM) that shows the causal relations between CSR and HR.</p><p>This research was limited to one office of one company in one country. Therefore, future research may discover whether the findings can be applied to other companies.</p><p>This research contributes to the relative lack of research that links CSR with HR. Thus, this research may be of use to all people interested in the subject. In addition, the research includes practical implications; there, managers may learn how a successful CSR-wok can be implemented.</p>

<p>This literature study aims to identify international best practice concerning the role of the board and more particularly that of the independent director in ensuring good corporate governance. The study is based on sources which include a large contingent of up to date sources on the subject ranging from newspaper articles, journal articles, various corporate governance codes, company reports and reports on governance such as Cadbury and Higgs.</p>

CSR is a well-researched topic that can be used as a strategy tool, communication tool and leadership tool. In addition, CSR can be used with the Stakeholder theory. In fact, all of these theories can implicitly describe how employees are affected by CSR. However, this description can be more explicit if CSR is linked with HR. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore how CSR can be used as an HR-tool. This research was a case study that investigated the situation in one company. In it, employees and managers were interviewed. The interviews had questions that would reveal the employees‘ opinions of CSR. In addition, the managers were given different questions in order to discover any differences between their and employees‘ views. The findings suggest that the case company‘s employees defined CSR as the responsibility for employees, societies, environments and customers. In addition, the employees expected the company to work with CSR. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that employees‘ commitment-levels will increase if companies work with CSR. Lastly, this research includes the Fridlund &amp; Olofsson Model (FOM) that shows the causal relations between CSR and HR. This research was limited to one office of one company in one country. Therefore, future research may discover whether the findings can be applied to other companies. This research contributes to the relative lack of research that links CSR with HR. Thus, this research may be of use to all people interested in the subject. In addition, the research includes practical implications; there, managers may learn how a successful CSR-wok can be implemented.

This paper treats Corporate Social Responsibility as an investment in corporate reputation andas such aims at investigating the return of that investment. It does so partly by estimating theeffect of being perceived as socially responsible on the firm’s ability to maximize shareholdervalue and partly by estimating the effect on a more traditional accounting based measure offinancial performance. Results indicate that socially responsible firms are able to maximizeshareholder value to a greater extent than less responsible firms while at the same time notnecessarily performing better in traditional accounting terms.

In this thesis, we have identified the difference between Agile and Lean methodsbased on stakeholder’s perspectives. To achieve the goal we have dealwith only Agile and Lean principles. In addition, in order to identify thestakeholders from Agile and Lean principles we have used the relevant practicesfrom both sides. As the principles of Agile manifesto are directly followedby most of the organizations, we have also used Agile principles directlyin this research. On the other hand lean methods have no pure principles,as a result we have used the most common and popular lean principlesderived from different authors. We have only considered the mostrelevant principles that might be useful in software development. To achievea stronger result of this thesis we have also considered stakeholder theory.Moreover we have identified the stakeholder’s involvement with Agile/Leanprinciples and stakeholder theory.

This study sets out to address the question of whether the costs and the benefits of measuring intellectual capital assets differ depending on the driver for that measure. Although pressure is growing on firms to measure and report on their intellectual capital assets no research has yet been published that questions the costs associated with such actions. And although academic research has purported to show links between the management of intellectual capital assets and real business benefits the research carried out thus far'has not focussed specifically on the benefits of measuring intellectual capital assets. Although there are now a variety of intellectual capital asset measurement frameworks there has been no cross comparison as to which intellectual capital asset measures provide the most business insight or where the outcome of that measurement is most effective. Using a multi method approach the thesis is tested in three phases; an extensive literature review covering intellectual capital, performance measurement and organisational effectiveness; a survey and content analysis to explore what and why companies measure; and structured interviewing of six companies to investigate the costs and the benefits of measurement. The thesis is tested through the investigation of thirteen propositions which show that: firstly, there is a difference in the relative cost of measuring intellectual capital assets given the measurement driver, which is explained by the frequency of measurement, the mode of data collection and analysis, and whether the use of the measure is a by product of some other driver, secondly, that the insight provided by an intellectual capital asset measure differs given the measurement driver, thirdly, that the measurement of intellectual capital assets is most effective for planning the future; and lastly, that particular measurement drivers are effective, to differing degrees, in financial, customer, operational, people and future organisational performance domains.

Corporations  care  more  and  more  about  their social  responsible  performance,  and  this stands to reason. Conscience, business ethics and pressure of public opinion are playing important  roles. Furthermore,  some  evidence  shows that  better  CSR  performance  may bring the financial performance of a corporation to a higher stage. The purpose of this study  is  to  investigate  the  relationship  between  corporate  social  responsibility  (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP). Drawing on the triple bottom line principle and the stakeholder theory, we divided the stakeholders that corporations should take re-sponsibility  for  into  seven  categories: shareholders,  employees,  customers,  suppliers, creditors, community and environment (natural environment).  We  used  a quantitative  method  to  conduct the empirical  study. The  empirical  study  is based  on  samples  of 95 US  listed  firms.  We  have  used  seven CSR  indicators  as  inde-pendent variables and the CFP index as dependent variable. The independent variables concern CSR performance on shareholders, customers, suppliers, creditors, employees, community  and  environment.  SPSS  software  was  used  as  a  help for investigating  the correlation  between  the  dependent  variable  and  each  independent  variables.  We  run  a multi-index  regression  using  the  indexes  we  calculated  or  got  directly  from  databases. There is a significant positive short-term relationship between CSR for employees and CFP and a significant negative short-term relationship between CSR for community and CFP. Our  main  results  show  that the  seven  groups  of  stakeholders  (including  environ-ment) can be divided into three groups: fast responders, long term responders, and occa-sional supporter.