O objetivo da presente tese consiste na determinação de novas estruturas de governança capazes de fornecer os incentivos e controles necessários para a sustentação de estratégias de diferenciação de produto na cadeia produtiva de frutas, legumes e verduras frescos (FLV), focalizando o papel do varejo moderno na definição e adoção de padrões e classificações privados que visam aumentar a coordenação vertical da cadeia. A tese mostrará que as novas estratégias adotadas pelo varejo moderno utilizam como mecanismo de coordenação das transações com produtores e consumidores a criação de padrões privados próprios, que têm como objetivo principal informar a qualidade desejada dos produtos comercializados aos produtores e, ao mesmo tempo, atender às exigências de qualidade do consumidor. Novas estruturas de governança surgem buscando sustentar tais transações. A conjunção de mecanismos de sinalização, credibilidade e o efeito reputação constituem o fator chave para a efetividade do padrão privado como mecanismo de coordenação ao longo da cadeia. / The thesis’ objective consists in the determination of new governance structures capable of providing the necessary incentives and controls to the maintenance of product’s differentiation strategies in the fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV) productive chain, focusing the role of the modern retailers in the definition and adoption of private standards and classifications that intend to increase the chain’s vertical coordination. The thesis will show that the new strategies adopted by the modern retailers use the creation of private standards as a coordination mechanism of the transactions with producers and consumers, under the main objective of providing information to the producers about the commercialized products’ desirable quality and, simultaneously, fill up the consumer’s quality demands. New governance structures arise in the search of sustain to these transactions. The conjunction of signalizing mechanisms, credibility and reputation effect is the key factor to the effectiveness of the private standards as a coordination mechanism along the chain.

O objetivo da presente tese consiste na determinação de novas estruturas de governança capazes de fornecer os incentivos e controles necessários para a sustentação de estratégias de diferenciação de produto na cadeia produtiva de frutas, legumes e verduras frescos (FLV), focalizando o papel do varejo moderno na definição e adoção de padrões e classificações privados que visam aumentar a coordenação vertical da cadeia. A tese mostrará que as novas estratégias adotadas pelo varejo moderno utilizam como mecanismo de coordenação das transações com produtores e consumidores a criação de padrões privados próprios, que têm como objetivo principal informar a qualidade desejada dos produtos comercializados aos produtores e, ao mesmo tempo, atender às exigências de qualidade do consumidor. Novas estruturas de governança surgem buscando sustentar tais transações. A conjunção de mecanismos de sinalização, credibilidade e o efeito reputação constituem o fator chave para a efetividade do padrão privado como mecanismo de coordenação ao longo da cadeia. / The thesis’ objective consists in the determination of new governance structures capable of providing the necessary incentives and controls to the maintenance of product’s differentiation strategies in the fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV) productive chain, focusing the role of the modern retailers in the definition and adoption of private standards and classifications that intend to increase the chain’s vertical coordination. The thesis will show that the new strategies adopted by the modern retailers use the creation of private standards as a coordination mechanism of the transactions with producers and consumers, under the main objective of providing information to the producers about the commercialized products’ desirable quality and, simultaneously, fill up the consumer’s quality demands. New governance structures arise in the search of sustain to these transactions. The conjunction of signalizing mechanisms, credibility and reputation effect is the key factor to the effectiveness of the private standards as a coordination mechanism along the chain.

The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the customer´s satisfaction of the Hotel Centro and with the process of implementation of the official standard classification of the accommodation facilities in the Czech republic system with an aim to obtain a 4**** class in a category „Hotel“. It assesses a current phase and then on the basis of observed shortages and classification requirements suggest desirable improvements and measures. It shows the process of obtaining the classification certificate.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / In this work we present the lifting method [AS2], which is used to classify certain class of Hopf algebras. Since this method is based on the coradical filtration, it can be used just for those Hopf algebras satisfying the Chevalley property (CP). Results related to the explicit calculation of such filtration are also explored. Finally, we study the standard filtration, which is defined in [AC], and which allows us to extend the lifting method to the non-(CP) case. / Neste trabalho apresentamos o método de lifting [AS2], o qual é utilizado para a classificação de certa classe de álgebras de Hopf. Desde que este método baseia-se na filtração coradical, ele não pode ser utilizado para aquelas que satisfazem a propriedade Chevalley (PC). Resultados relacionados com o cálculo explícito de tal filtração também são explorados. Na parte final, estudamos a filtração standard, que está definida em [AC], e que nos permite estender o método de lifting ao caso não (PC).

This research focuses on the measurement of the non-observed economic activities by sector of South Africa for the 2011 and 2016 calendar years. The purpose of the research is to determine whether the current GDP as estimated by Statistics South Africa is under- or overestimated when considering the non-observed economy. The research is based on the 2008 System of National Accounts as it determines the guidelines, definitions and characteristics of the “Non-observed economy (NOE)” sector and it allows national accountants to use/supplement the research in the estimates of the GDP. This research follows a quantitative methodology where several surveys of Statistics South Africa are used. Where lack of data exists, some administrative data is used regarding the illegal activities. The findings of the research is that the total economy of South Africa is underestimated when taking into account the NOE activities. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)

Die Bibliotheken, die reichen Sammlungen über den Islam haben, stehen vor den Problemen der Organisation des Wissens während Klassifizierung von Materialien über den Islam. Denn die Standard-Klassifikationssysteme wie DDC-Sachgruppe, Library of Congress Klassifikation, Universal Decimal Klassifikation, Bliss Klassifikation, und Colon Klassifikation, die durch eine große Anzahl von Bibliotheken verwendet werden, nicht genügend Platz und angemessene Zählen oder Hierarchie für islamischen Wissens haben. Anschließend, verschiedene alternative Lösungen wurden von Gelehrten sortiert und von diesen Bibliotheken adoptiert. Diese Lösungen umfassen Erweiterungen im Standard-Klassifikationssysteme mit unterschiedlichen Ansätzen und indigenen Klassifikationssysteme für den Islam gemacht. Trotz dieser Lösungen, die Bibliotheken hatten Probleme und sind immer noch unzufrieden. Dieses Forschungsprojekt untersucht dieses Problem. Es hat die Literatur zu diesem Thema bewertet, und empirischer Daten gesammelt, die im Bibliotheks-und Informationswissenschaft (LIS) Bereich in neun verschiedenen Ländern der Welt relevant sind. Die Forschung verwendet Interviews (persönlich oder per Telefon) als wichtigstes Instrument für die Datenerfassung. Die Durchsicht der Literatur und die Analyse der empirischen Daten bestätigte die Existenz des Problems und die Unzufriedenheit der Bibliotheken. Folglich, die optimale Lösung dass in der Literatur und von recherchierten Bevölkerung angegeben ist, wurde vorgebracht worden in diese Forschung: Entwicklung einer unabhängigen und umfassenden Klassifikationssystem für islamischen Wissens. Dieses System wurde von den Gelehrten der LIS und Islamische Studien überprüft worden. / The Libraries that have rich collections on Islam are facing the problems of knowledge organization while classifying materials on Islam. This is because the standard classification systems like Dewey Decimal Classification, Library of Congress Classification, Universal Decimal Classification, Bliss Classification, and Colon Classification, which are used by a huge number of libraries, have not provided with sufficient place and proper enumeration or hierarchy for Islamic knowledge. Subsequently, different alternative solutions have been sorted by scholars and opted by these libraries. These solutions include expansions made in standard clas-sification systems with different approaches and indigenous classification systems for Islam. Despite these solutions, the libraries had problems and were not satisfied. This study has addressed this problem, reviewing litera-ture on the problem and collecting empirical data from relevant libraries and scholars of Library and Information Science (LIS) from nine different countries of the world, using interviewing as data collection instrument. Findings of literature and empirical data confirmed the existence of prob-lem and dissatisfaction of libraries. Consequently, the optimal solution in-dicated in literature and by researched population has been brought for-ward in this research, i.e., development of an independent and comprehensive classification system for Islamic knowledge. This system has been got verified by the scholars of LIS and of Islamic Studies.

觀察目前服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS)案件，涉及GATS第2條最惠國待遇與第17條國民待遇之數量佔有極高比例。適用第2條與第17條規定時，須先認定案件之服務或服務供給者符合「同類服務與服務供給者」，唯有確定會員系爭措施規範對象與其他會員之服務或服務供給者，抑或是國內服務或服務供給者為同類服務或同類服務供給者，方能檢驗會員系爭措施有無對同類服務與服務供給者為差別待遇，因此，「同類服務與服務供給者」乃第2條與第17條之先決要件，具有極關鍵性地位。 由於服務具有不可識別性與不可儲存性，欲判斷服務或服務供給者間是否為同類服務或服務供給者有相當困難度，加上GATS原文對「同類服務與服務供給者」之服務與服務供給者係以「和」為連接詞，引發學者與會員就如何解釋「同類服務」與「同類服務供給者」適用關係之爭議；甚而，GATS第1條第1項將規範之服務貿易區分為四種不同供給模式，以不同供給模式提供之服務或服務供給者是否會因供給模式而被認定為不同類服務或不同類服務供給者，亦是「同類服務與服務供給者」與GATS規範架構之適用爭議；此外，GATS第2條與第17條「同類服務與服務供給者」之適用範圍，應如何與其規範目的為相呼應之解釋，亦是極具挑戰性之課題。由此可見，「同類服務與服務供給者」存在諸多適用上爭議，尤其在爭端解決小組與上訴機構尚未就「同類服務與服務供給者」適用爭議提出說明之情形，研究「同類服務與服務供給者」乃刻不容緩之事。 鑑於世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization, WTO)之爭端解決小組與上訴機構對關稅與貨品貿易總協定(The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, GATT)與WTO「同類產品」已大致建立認定方法，並對「同類產品」之適用爭議提出見解，GATS於談判過程中曾有會員建議以「同類情形」作為適用最惠國待遇與國民待遇之規範要件，本文除論述GATS涉及「同類服務與服務供給者」案件之爭端解決小組與上訴機構見解，亦分析GATT/WTO「同類產品」案件與北美區域自由貿易協定(North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA)牽涉「同類情形」案件之判決經驗，為認定GATS「同類服務與服務供給者」與相關適用爭議找尋可能之解決方案。 / Observing recent GATS(The General Agreement on Trade in Services)cases, there are almost quart cases relevant to non-discrimination regulations of GATS, Article 2 and 17.As applying to non-discrimination regulations of GATS, before examining whether Members’domestic measures have discriminated effects to block the international services market, applicants, the Panel or Appellate Body need to determine whether the services and services suppliers concerned are ‘like services’or ‘like service supplier’. For‘like services and service suppliers’being a crucial requirement of non-discrimination regulations in GATS, researching how this requirement is applied to dispute settlement cases is an important mission to GATS. Actually, the vital issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’include: how to determine the ‘like services’and ‘like service suppliers’, how to decide whether the services and service suppliers through different supply modes are like services and like service suppliers, and how to interpret the application between ‘like services’ and ‘like service suppliers’. Moreover, interpreting the coverage of ‘like services and service suppliers’ under GATS is also a tough issue. Notwithstanding the requirement of non-discrimination principles -‘like services and service suppliers’rises many applied issues, there are no regulations of GATS to define the meaning of ‘like services’ and ‘like service suppliers', and no regulations or explanatory footnotes to clarify the applied problems of ‘like services and service suppliers’. The only way for Members or scholars to realize how to apply to this requirement or to determine ‘like services and like service suppliers’ is to analyze relevant judgments of dispute settlement cases relevant. However, WTO dispute settlement panel or appellate body did not analyze the relevant applied issues of‘like services and services suppliers’, and not resolve those applied issues completely. For resolving those issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’, this article make relevant material divided into four parts. First of all is to discuss what issues‘like services and service suppliers’arises, and what the factors cause ‘like services and services suppliers’ is hard to be practiced. The second part is referring to the judgments of dispute settlement panel and appellate body in GATT(The General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)/WTO cases regarding the applications of ‘like products’. Then, referring to the judgments of NAFTA(The North American Free Trade Agreement) dispute settlement organization in NAFTA cases considering ‘like circumstances’. Finally, this article not only advances the resolutions to resolve those issues of ‘like services and service suppliers’, in order to improve the practice of this requirement, but also recommends several suggestions about modifying the content of this requirement.