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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Avaliação somatossensorial e funcional em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do joelho / Somatossenssorial evaluation and functional of subjects submitted arthroplasty total knee

Madruga, Reuthemann Esequias Teixeira Tenório Albuquerque 24 February 2017 (has links)
Introduction: Osteoarthrosis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative and chronic disease that promotes intense pain and often compromises the elderly population. With the severity of OA and the lack of success of conventional methods, Total Knee Arthroplasty (KTA) has been the most frequently used treatment, however, in some patients pain persists. Therefore, to better understand the pain, it is necessary to use somatosensory and functional tests. Objective: To evaluate the Pressure Pain Threshold (LDP) of patients with OA and submitted to TKA, as well as to analyze the association of pain intensity with functional factors. Methods: A case-control study was carried out on 40 subjects, selected for convenience at the Specialized Center for Orthopedics and Trauma (CEOT), divided into two groups: TKA group consisting of 20 patients operated on, being evaluated in three phases: preoperative , six and 12 months; and the control group comprised of 20 healthy, asymptomatic, paired subjects by sex and age, evaluated in a single moment. The LDP was performed through the digital pressure algometer. The intensity of pain was measured on the numerical scale from 0 to 10, the muscular strength assessed by the digital manual dynamometer. Range of motion obtained by the fleximeter. Static balance measured by the baropodometer and the speed test used to measure gait speed. Results: It presented statistical difference between the control group and TKA in all peripatellar and tibial points (P) (p <0.002). P4, P5, P5, P6, P8 and P9 (p <0.05), and six and 12 months were significant at P4, P5, P6, P8 and P9 (p <0.05) and Preoperative period and 12 months in P9 (p <0.05). In the comparison between the P at each stage of the evaluation, only significant changes were observed between P3 and P6 (p <0.05), P4 and P6 (p <0.005). Correlations of moderate to strong and inversely proportional between pain in movement and flexor strength (r = - 0.46), knee extensors (r = -0.49), hip abductors (r = -0.59) And gait velocity (r = -0.6), in the preoperative phase. Conclusion: In the preoperative phase there was lower LDP, due to central and peripheral sensitization due to OA chronicity. At six months post-operatively, he found a decrease in pain, which could be related to the efficacy of TKA and rehabilitation. Similar to the pre-surgical phase, at 12 months, LDP decreased, which may be linked to the central pain sensitization mechanism, contributing negatively to the decline in muscle strength and gait velocity. / Introdução: A osteoartrose (OA) do joelho é uma doença degenerativa, crônica que promove dor intensa e frequentemente compromete a população idosa. Com a gravidade da OA e a falta de sucesso dos métodos convencionais, a Artroplastia Total do Joelho (ATJ) tem sido o tratamento cirúrgico mais utilizado, para melhora da função biomecânica e da qualidade de vida. No entanto, alguns pacientes, apresentam a persistência de dor. Portanto, para melhor compreensão do quadro álgico torna-se necessário a utilização de testes somatossensoriais e funcionais. Objetivo: Avaliar o Limiar de Dor por Pressão (LDP) dos pacientes com OA e submetidos à ATJ, bem como analisar a associação da intensidade de dor com os fatores funcionais. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, participaram 40 sujeitos, selecionados por conveniência no Centro de Especialidade em Ortopedia e Trauma (CEOT), divididos em dois grupos: grupo ATJ formado por 20 pacientes operados, sendo avaliados em três fases: pré-operatória, seis e 12 meses; e o grupo controle formado por 20 sujeitos saudáveis, assintomáticos, pareados por sexo e idade, avaliados em um único momento. O LDP foi realizado pelo algômetro de pressão digital e aplicado perpendicularmente a pele em seis pontos peripatelares (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 e P6) e três pontos tibiais (P7, P8 e P9). A intensidade de dor foi mensurada na escala numérica de zero a 10. A força muscular avaliada pelo dinamômetro manual digital. A amplitude de movimento obtida pelo flexímetro. Equilíbrio estático mensurado pelo baropodômetro e utilizado o speed test para medir a velocidade da marcha. Resultados: O grupo controle apresentou maior LDP, com diferença estatística, comparado ao grupo ATJ em todos os pontos (P) peripatelares e tibiais (p< 0,002). Na fase pré-operatória houve menor LDP em relação a fase de seis meses nos P3, P4, P5, P6, P8 e P9 (p<0,05). Aos 12 meses ocorreu uma redução do LDP nos P4, P5, P6, P8 e P9 (p<0,05) quando relacionado a fase de seis meses. Na comparação entre os P em cada fase da avaliação, observou que somente na fase pré-operatória, o LDP foi menor no P6 em relação aos P3 e P4 (p<0,005). Foram encontradas correlações de moderada a forte, e inversamente proporcional, entre dor em movimento e força dos flexores (r = -0,46), extensores do joelho (r = -0,49), abdutores do quadril (r = -0,59) e velocidade da marcha (r = -0,6), na fase pré-operatória. Conclusão: Na fase pré-operatória houve menor LDP, provavelmente, em virtude da cronicidade da OA e consequentemente da sensibilização central e periférica. Aos seis meses de pós-operatório, encontrou redução do quadro álgico, podendo relacionar à eficácia da ATJ e da reabilitação. Semelhante à fase pré-cirúrgica, aos 12 meses, o LDP diminuiu, possivelmente estando atrelado ao mecanismo de sensibilização central de dor, contribuindo negativamente para o declínio da força muscular e da velocidade média da marcha.
22

Biomechanical aspects of sensitivity in relationship with motor control

de Castro Germano, Andresa Mara 08 December 2016 (has links)
The central integration of sensory information provided by various afferent receptors is required to control human movement. Although the function of individual afferent receptors is known, the complexity and interactivity of afferent information remains unclear, especially in scenarios which involve the reduction of information provided by one or more afferent receptors. Reduced plantar sensitivity is commonly associated with postural instability, which occurs in ageing, peripheral neuropathies, and other neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. Although there has been a great advance in understanding afferent inputs during recent years, the role of afferent information in controlling movement is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present thesis is to investigate the effects of reduced plantar sensitivity on quasi-static and dynamic balance control, as well as muscle reflexes. The current thesis is comprised of five experiments. Two experiments were designed as preliminary investigations, while the remaining three experiments addressed the main questions of this thesis. The first experiment investigated a basic question about subjective foot sensitivity (vibration perception) measured in two different body positions: standing and sitting. Results of Experiment I showed no differences of vibration perception between both measured conditions. Therefore, comparing data from plantar sensitivity vibration tests performed during sitting and during standing (e.g. balance) is feasible. In Experiment II, the role of afferent information from plantar mechanoreceptors on quasi-static balance was investigated using two different cooling procedures: a permanently cooling thermal platform and conventional ice pads. COP total excursions, plantar temperatures, and scores of a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) regarding subjective pain were analyzed. Experiment II demonstrated that constant and controllable cooling via the thermal platform is the superior approach with respect to subjective pain (VAS) and to reach and maintain the desired temperature throughout the trials. Furthermore, only cooling via the thermal platform induced postural instability, revealed by increased COP values. This instability was expected due to reduced plantar input, indicating no compensation by other sensory systems. Experiment III focused on the inter- and intraday- reliability of dynamic balance responses using the Posturomed device. Generally good relative and absolute reliability were found for COP excursions. This outcome was fundamental to proceed with dynamic balance measurements using the same setup. Subsequently, effects of reduced plantar cutaneous inputs via cooling on anticipatory and compensatory balance responses (unexpected perturbations) were explored in Experiment IV. COP and EMG data were used to analyze anticipatory and compensatory balance responses. No differences in COP or EMG parameters were found for the anticipatory responses after hyper-thermia, while decreased values for compensatory balance responses were observed in response to cooling. This was interpreted as a kind of overcompensatory behavior of the central nervous system (CNS) due to more cautious behavior induced after plantar cooling. Finally, the question regarding the interaction between afferent receptors arose in Experiment V, in which the effects of reduced plantar temperatures on the Achilles tendon stretch reflex and plantar flexion were examined. Short latency responses and maximal force of plantar flexion were analyzed. Cooling resulted in decreased amplitudes of short latencies, as well as in delays in time to maximal force of plantar flexion. These findings suggest that plantar inputs participate complementarily in the Achilles stretch reflex. Collectively, the current thesis contributes to understanding how plantar receptors are involved in movement control; not only do they seem to work as independent contributors, but they also appear to interact with other afferent receptors. Furthermore, an important outcome is that the reduced plantar inputs seem to induce different alterations in the organization of CNS inputs and outputs, according to different balance tasks: quasi-static responses, anticipatory responses, and compensatory responses. For the future, the use of other methods like microneurography and electroencephalography could be helpful to gain even more understanding of afferent interactions during the control of movements. Similar protocols may also be implemented in other populations, such as elderly people or patients suffering from neurological disorders, who exhibit continued decline or degeneration of sensory receptors. / Die zentrale Integration von sensorischen Informationen, die aus verschiedenen afferenten Rezeptoren zur Verfügung gestellt werden, ist erforderlich, um die menschliche Bewegung zu steuern. Obwohl die Funktion der einzelnen afferenten Rezeptoren bekannt ist, bleibt die Komplexität und Interaktivität von afferenten Information unklar, insbesondere in Szenarien, in denen die Verminderung von Informationen aus einem oder mehreren afferenten Rezeptoren eintritt. Reduzierte plantare Sensibilität wird häufig im Zusammenhang mit Haltungsinstabilität verbunden. Dies tritt häufig während des Alterns ein, bei peripheren Neuropathien und anderen neurologischen Erkrankungen, wie etwa bei der Parkinson-Krankheit. Obwohl es in den vergangen Jahren große Entwicklungen was das Verständnis afferenter Inputs gab, ist die Rolle afferenter Information bei der Bewegungskontrolle immer noch unklar. Daher ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation, den Einfluss der Beeinträchtigung der plantaren Sensibilität auf das quasi-statische und dynamische Gleichgewicht, sowie auf den Reflex der Achillessehne, zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist dazu aus fünf Untersuchungen aufgebaut. Zwei Untersuchungen werden als Voruntersuchungen präsentiert, während die übrigen drei Untersuchungen auf die Kernfragen dieser Doktorarbeit gerichtet sind. Die erste Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der grundlegenden Fragestellung bzgl. der subjektiven Fußsensibilität (Vibrationswahrnehmung), die in zwei verschiedenen Körperpositionen gemessen wurde: Im Stehen und im Sitzen. Ergebnisse aus Untersuchung I zeigten keine Unterschiede der Vibrationswahrnehmung zwischen den beiden Körperpositionen. Daher ist es möglich, Vergleiche zwischen Daten aus plantaren Vibrationswahrnehmungstests während des Sitzens und des Stehens (z.B. bei Gleichgewichtstests) durchzuführen. In Untersuchung II wurde die Rolle afferenter Informationen plantarer Mechanorezeptoren auf das quasi-statische Gleichgewicht mittels zwei unterschiedlicher Abkühlverfahren untersucht: eine permanente Abkühlung durch eine thermische Plattform und konventionelle Eis-Pads. Es wurden der COP Gesamtweg, plantar Temperaturen und eine visuelle Analogskala (VAS) in Bezug auf subjektive Schmerzen analysiert. Untersuchung II hat gezeigt, dass eine konstante und steuerbare Abkühlung über die thermische Plattform der überlegene Ansatz in Bezug auf subjektiven Schmerz (VAS) und bzgl. des Erreichens und Erhaltens einer gewünschten Temperatur innerhalb der Messungen ist. Weiterhin wurde nur durch die Abkühlung mittels thermischer Plattform eine posturale Instabilität induziert, evident durch erhöhte COP Gesamtwege. Diese Instabilität wurde aufgrund der Beeinträchtigung der plantaren Sensibilität erwartet, was auf eine fehlende Kompensation durch andere Sinnessysteme hinzuweisen scheint. In Untersuchung III lag der Fokus auf der inter- und intra-Tag-Reliabilität dynamischer Gleichgewichtsantworten mittels des Posturomed-Trainingsgerätes. Im Allgemeinen wurden eine gute relative und absolute Reliabilität der COP Gesamtwege ermittelt. Dieses Ergebnis war von grundlegender Bedeutung, um die Nutzung des gleichen Setups für die folgenden dynamischen Gleichgewichtsmessungen (Untersuchung IV) zu ermöglichen. Anschließend wurden die Effekte einer Beeinträchtigung der plantaren Sensibilität mittels Abkühlung auf antizipatorische und kompensatorische Antworten des dynamischen Gleichgewichts (anhand unerwarteter Störungen des Gleichgewichts) in Untersuchung IV erforscht. COP und EMG Daten wurden verwendet, um die antizipatorischen und kompensatorischen Antworten des Gleichgewichts zu analysieren. Nach der Abkühlung wurden bzgl. antizipatorischer Antworten keine Unterschiede in den COP und EMG Parametern gefunden. Im Hinblick auf kompensatorische Antworten zeigten sich reduzierte COP und EMG als Reaktion auf die Abkühlung. Dies wurde wie folgt interpretiert: aufgrund eines vorsichtigen Verhaltens, ausgelöst durch die verminderten sensorischen Inputs infolge der Abkühlung, kam es zu einer Art „Überkompensierungsverhalten“ des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS). Schließlich stellte sich die Frage der Interaktion afferenter Rezeptoren in Untersuchung V, in welcher die Effekte reduzierter plantarer Temperaturen auf den Achillessehnen-Dehnungsreflex und die Plantarflexion untersucht wurden. Kurze Latenz Antworten (short latency responses) und die maximale Kraft der Plantarflexion wurden dabei analysiert. Die Abkühlung führte zu einer verminderten Amplitude der short latency responses sowie zu Verzögerungen der Zeit bis zur maximalen Kraft der Plantarflexion. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass plantare Inputs in komplementärer Weise am Achillessehnen-Dehnungsreflex beteiligt sind. Zusammenfassend lässt sich aussagen, dass die vorliegende Arbeit zum Verständnis beiträgt, wie plantare Rezeptoren an der Bewegungssteuerung beteiligt sind. Es scheint, dass diese nicht nur in unabhängiger Form zur Bewegungssteuerung beitragen, sondern dabei auch mit anderen afferenten Rezeptoren interagieren. Darüber hinaus ist ein wichtiges Resultat, dass die reduzierten plantaren Inputs scheinbar verschiedene Änderungen in der Organisation von Ein- und Ausgängen im ZNS induzieren. Dies erfolgt anhand unterschiedlicher Anforderungen an das Gleichgewicht: quasi-statische Antworten, antizipatorische Antworten und kompensatorischen Antworten. Für die Zukunft könnte die Implementierung anderer Methoden, wie Mikroneurographie und Elektroenzephalographie, hilfreich sein, um noch mehr Verständnis bezüglich afferenter Interaktionen während der Kontrolle von Bewegungen erlangen zu können. Ähnliche Protokolle könnten auch in anderen Populationen durchgeführt werden, wie ältere Menschen oder Patienten mit neurologischen Erkrankungen, die einen kontinuierlichen Rückgang oder Degenerationen sensorischer Rezeptoren zeigen.
23

Vyrovnanost vybraných fotbalových lig v Evropě, jejich vývoj a porovnání / Competitive Balance the of selected football leagues in Europe, their development and comparison

Mráček, Václav January 2012 (has links)
Title: Competitive Balance of the selected football leagues in Europe, their development and comparison. Goals: Determining the competitive balance in the six top European football competitions. This is a Czech Gambrinus liga, Dutch Eredivisie, German Bundesliga, Austrian Bundesliga, Ukrainian Premier liha Hungarian OTP liga, compare to competition and an outline of the development trend. Methods: The standard deviation of percentage wins, correlation coefficient, the presentation of results based on percentages, graphs, trends. Results: All results are presented in the analytical part of the work, verify predetermined hypotheses and are an important source of comparison for each event and outline trends. Keywords: Competition, equilibrium, European football league, football league, static balance, dynamic balance, season, club, reform, UEFA, sport, decreased balance, standard deviation, correlation coefficient.

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