Generation of wastes in the form of liquid, solid or gas is inevitable in any industry.Industrial Solid Waste is the waste that is generated from an industrial or manufacturing process and includes the waste generated from non-manufacturing activities as well.Most of these wastes fall under the category of Ashes, Slagsor Sludges. For the present work, three types of secondary lead slag, two types of granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) or iron slag and four types of steel slags were procured and studied.An elaborate study on various characteristics of the slags has been performed. Based on the results, all the possible applications for the individual slags are considered. The performance of the secondary lead slag as an embankment material was analyzed. The slope stability for various conditionswas analyzed using Geo5 and experimentally determined strength parameters. It was found that the material can be used safely for embankment constructions.The CBR values were very good in the range for both GBS and steel slag,thus repeated load triaxial test are done to determine the resilient modulus. k1-k3model was adopted and the regression coefficients were determined. Based on the results the pavement design is done using KENPAVE software. An exercise has been performed to determine the quantity of the conventional material that could be saved, considering the type and size of the pavement. For the aggregate sized steel slag, the tests were done to find the suitability of the material for various applications like, as railway ballast, concrete aggregate, gabion and rip rap stones. And the tests result shows the material to be suitable for these applications and is expected to perform well. Study on morphological parameters reveals that the size and gradation of any material plays an important role in its mechanical behavior, however in the case of slags, this could be tailor made by using appropriate crushers, as per the requirements.

Lake Champlain is a major economic driver for Vermont's tourism economy, as well as a primary source of drinking water for many of the state's residents but nutrient pollution represents a potential threat to ecosystem health and economic well-being. From December 2011 to December 2012 a field trial of an EAF steel slag filter was assessed for its feasibility in treating wastewater originating from Swan Valley Cheese (SVC), in Swanton, VT. The study focuses on a period of the filter's operation from May 4 to October 10, 2012. The plant generates approximately 20,000 gallons per day of high P concentration wash water which is treated in an open aerated lagoon. The filter treated effluent from this lagoon. The major goals of this research were to conduct a field trial of an EAF steel slag filter to evaluate its effect on total P (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and total suspended solids (TSS). Research was also conducted on pH reduction for filter effluent. Results indicate that the filter removed 95.83% of TP, 96.65% of DRP, and 52.25% of TSS. Average pH effluent was measured at 10.12 ±1.55. Additionally, a field study was conducted on sampling two unlined bioretention systems treating urban stormwater runoff. Methods used are presented and methodological considerations for future studies are presented to guide researchers in more effective and efficient methods for obtaining influent and effluent samples from bioretention systems that are not necessarily designed for sampling.

Le laitier EAF inox et le laitier AOD sont les deux principaux laitiers issus de l'élaboration des aciers inoxydables. Aujourd'hui ces laitiers ne sont valorisés qu'en construction routière. Cette utilisation ne permet pas d'assurer une valorisation complète et pérenne de ces laitiers dont une large part reste stockée. Compte tenu des propriétés physiques des laitiers EAF inox et AOD solidifié par stabilisation, leur utilisation comme granulats dans le béton peut être intéressante. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la faisabilité de cette voie de valorisation. Ces travaux sont réalisés en deux parties.Premièrement les propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques des granulats de laitiers EAF inox et AOD stabilisé sont déterminées. La composition minéralogique complète de ces granulats de laitiers issus de l'élaboration d'aciers inoxydables est aussi analysée afin de rechercher la présence éventuelle de minéraux instables et incompatibles à leur utilisation dans le béton. Compte tenue de la fluorescence sous rayons ultra-violet (UV) des laitiers, une nouvelle approche qui associe les UV et les analyses minéralogiques courantes (DRX, MEB, EDS) est développée dans cette étude. Cette étape de caractérisation des granulats des laitiers étudiés fait de ce mémoire de thèse le premier rapport sur la caractérisation physique, chimique et minéralogique des granulats de laitier AOD stabilisé. La deuxième étape de cette étude consiste à réaliser des bétons en substituant, dans des proportions variées, des granulats naturels silico-calcaires d'un béton de référence par des granulats de laitiers EAF inox et AOD stabilisé. Les propriétés physiques et mécaniques de ces bétons à matrice ordinaires et à hautes performances sont évaluées. Une étude de durabilité de ces bétons est aussi effectuée à travers le suivi des propriétés mécaniques des bétons sur 365 jours, l'analyse d'indicateurs de durabilité et la réalisation d'essais de gonflement. Enfin des observations MEB sont faites sont faites les échantillons de béton âgés de 365 jours pour observer et analyser le réseau de fissures à l'interface granulat – matrice cimentaire. Les résultats montrent des propriétés adaptées à une utilisation structurelle, avec une légère amélioration des caractéristiques mécaniques et des propriétés de durabilité acceptables pour les bétons de granulats de laitiers EAF inox et AOD stabilisé. / Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag and Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) slag are the two principal slags resulted from stainless steel manufacture. Unlike blast furnace slag, a significant part of these steel slags is not valued and has to be treated as waste. Stainless steel slags are nowadays only used as aggregates in road construction and their future valorisation in concrete for building could be interesting. To our knowledge, that possibility has not yet been studied in the literature. The objective of this work is to study the possibility of using slags from stainless steel process as aggregates in concrete. Moreover, this is the first report on mineral composition and physical properties of stabilized AOD slags from stainless steel process.In this study, physicochemical and mechanical properties of EAF slag and stabilised AOD slag aggregates are firstly determined. Mineralogical composition of these stainless steel slag aggregates is also analysed to verify if they contain mineral phases likely to show expansion reactions. An original method using short and long UV lights was developed for studying the mineralogical composition of slag. Secondly, the natural aggregates of reference concretes are substituted, in different proportions, by stainless steel slag aggregates and several physical and mechanical properties are measured on concrete samples. The evolution of concrete mechanical properties has been followed over the time up to 365 days. Similarly, durability tests and swelling tests are made on concrete samples to assess the impact of EAF and AOD slag aggregates. SEM observations of crack network at the paste-aggregate interface and in concrete samples were carried out. The results show adequate structural properties, with a slight improvement of the mechanical properties for concretes made of stainless steel slag aggregates. The durability and expansion characteristics of these concretes are sufficient for construction use.

A produção de aço necessita de etapas e gera resíduo, dentre eles tem-se a escória de aciaria. No estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, a mineração de granito é uma das principais atividades econômicas gerando o resíduo de serragem de granito. Nesta pesquisa, busca-se o reaproveitamento destes resíduos, de modo a minimizar possíveis problemas ambientais, apontar a viabilidade técnica do seu uso e reciclá-los por meio de utilização na produção de cimento. Alguns dos principais componentes das escórias de aciaria, tais como, o óxido de cálcio, óxido de magnésio e o ferro metálico sofrem transformações químicas em presença de umidade, que provocam expansão volumétrica da escória. Este fenômeno aliado a reatividade da escória tem dificultado sua utilização. Este trabalho é uma contribuição ao estudo do aproveitamento da escória de aciaria, que passa a ser chamada de ss (steel slag) e do resíduo da serragem de granito, que passa a ser chamado gsw (granite sawing waste), oriundo da extração de granito. Os resíduos estão disponíveis em quantidades nos pátios das siderúrgicas e nas áreas de mineração do granito, respectivamente. Para o reaproveitamento foi realizada a caracterização física, química e mineralógica dos resíduos. Diferentes dosagens de misturas foram produzidas com ss e gsw de forma a permitir avaliação das propriedades obtidas nestas misturas visando sua utilização na produção de cimento. Desenvolveu-se misturas nas quais busca-se a basicidade na escória de aciaria, compreendida entre 4 e 5, para valores próximos ao da escória de alto-forno, na faixa de 0,9 a 1,5 cuja utilização na produção de cimento já está normatizada desde 1991 (NBR 5735, ABNT 1991). Misturas com basicidade entre 0,9 a 4 foram pesquisadas e selecionou-se a mistura com basicidade 1,2 para ser utilizada na produção de cimento. Ao longo da pesquisa foi necessária a produção de 3(três) tipos de cimento até se equacionarem os problemas técnicos e operacionais que surgiram ao longo da mesma. Suas propriedades foram medidas e comparadas com as do cimento contendo escória de alto-forno. As análises dos resultados obtidos para o cimento produzido com a mistura são apresentadas e indicam o potencial de utilização dos resíduos como elementos de adição ao cimento apesar da heterogeneidade dos materiais. / Steel making requires production stages and generates waste, such as steel slag. In the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, granite mining is one of the main economic activities, wich generates granite sawing waste. This study aims at reusing these two types waste in order to minimize possible environmental problems; point out the technical feasibility of their use; and recycle them by using in cement. Some of the main components of steel slag, such as calcium oxide, oxides, and metallic iron undergo chemical transformations in the presence of humidity, wich cause slag volume expansion. This phenomenon, combined with slag reactivity, has made its use difficult. This study is a contribution to the study on reusing steel slag (ss) and granite sawing waste (gsw) deriving from granite mining. These types of waste are available in large amounts in the yards of steelmaking plants and granite mining areas, respectively. In order to reuse waste, physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations were carried out. Different mix proportions were made with ss and gsw so as to allow the evaluation of the properties obtained from these mix designs, aiming at their use in cement production. The tests sought steel slag basicity between 4 and 5, for values close to those of blast-furnace slag ranging from 0.9 to 1.5, whose use in cement production has been standardized since 1991 ( NBR 5735, ABNT 1991). Mix designes with basicity between 0,9 and 4 were studied, and a mix with basicity 1.2 was chosen to be used in cement production. Throughout the investigation, 3 types of cement needed to be made until all the technical and operational problems arising were solved. Their properties were measured and compared to those of blast-furnace cement. The analyses of the achieved results for the cement made with that mix are presented and they show the potential use of these types of waste as admixture elements to cement, despite material heterogeneity.

Les industries sidérurgiques et du manganèse génèrent des quantités de laitiers très importantes qui ne sont aujourd'hui peu ou pas valorisées pour la formulation de liants hydrauliques dans le domaine des matériaux de construction. Si le laitier de haut fourneau moulu est bien intégré dans la filière des matériaux de construction, le laitier de convertisseur est majoritairement utilisé sous forme de granulats et le laitier de silicomanganèse granulé n'est aujourd'hui pas valorisé dans cette filière. Les sociétés ArcelorMittal, Ecocem et Eramet produisent ou exploitent ces laitiers, très différents de par leurs origines et leurs compositions, et cherchent à développer des filières de valorisation pour ce type de coproduit. Des études ont déjà montré que le laitier de convertisseur et le laitier de silicomanganèse peuvent être intégrés au sein de matrices cimentaires en remplacement partiel du ciment, mais peu de données sont disponibles sur la connaissance des mécanismes d'hydratation de ces systèmes cimentaires à base de laitier, sur la durabilité de tels systèmes et sur l'impact environnemental que peut impliquer l'utilisation de ces laitiers. Nos travaux de recherche ont porté, sur la caractérisation des laitiers étudiés, en particulier sur la granulométrie, la chimie et la microstructure, puis sur leur réactivité. Les résultats ont montré que le laitier de silicomanganèse peut être comparable au laitier de haut fourneau du point de vue de son hydraulicité latente mais qu'il présente une chimie différente avec notamment une teneur en chaux moindre et une faible part de résidu inerte (10%). Le laitier de convertisseur, qui présente une partie inerte (23%) constituée de composés riches en fer, est fortement basique compte tenu de la présence de chaux et de portlandite et présente un comportement hydraulique. La formulation de systèmes cimentaires binaires (ciment/laitier) a permis de montrer que le laitier de silicomanganèse ajouté à du ciment Portland forme, comme le laitier de haut fourneau, des hydrates (silicates de calcium hydratés) qui participent au développement des résistances mécaniques, similaires. Le laitier de silicomanganèse peut donc être un bon matériau de remplacement du ciment pour la formulation de liants hydrauliques dans le domaine des matériaux de construction. Le laitier de convertisseur présente une plus faible activité hydraulique que les autres laitiers et participe peu au développement de la résistance mécanique des systèmes cimentaires. Cependant, sa forte basicité en fait un bon activateur des laitiers hydrauliques latents. Des systèmes ternaires (laitier de convertisseur/ciment/laitier hydraulique latent) ont donc été réalisés et ont permis de montrer la capacité du laitier de convertisseur à activer le laitier de haut fourneau ou le laitier de silicomanganèse. Ces systèmes cimentaires, composés au minimum de 80 % de laitiers, présentent des performances mécaniques intéressantes pour le domaine des liants hydrauliques routiers. En complément de l'aspect formulation, une étude environnementale a été menée et a permis de montrer que les laitiers ne présentent pas de risque vis-à-vis du relargage de polluants lors de leur utilisation comme composants de matériaux hydrauliques routiers / The steelmaking and manganese industries produce large amount of slag which are little upgraded today for the formulation of hydraulic binder in the field of civil engineering. The ground blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is integrated in the building materials industry but the converter steel slag (BOF slag) is mainly used as aggregates and the silicomanganese slag (LSiMn) is co granulated slag is now not upgraded in this sector. The companies ArcelorMittal, Eramet and Ecocem produces or exploit these slags, which are very different (origins and compositions), and want to develop the valorisation of these byproduct in the field of materials for building construction. Some studies have already shown that the steel slag and the silicomanganese slag can be integrated into cement matrix as component for cement industry. But few data exist about mechanism of hydration of these slags in cement systems, the sustainability of such systems and the environmental impact which involve the use of these slags. Our research concerns first the characterization of our slags, particularly the particle size distribution, the chemical composition and microstructure, and their reactivity. The results showed that the silicomanganese slag can be comparable with the ground granulated blast furnace slag because of their latent hydraulic behaviour but he has a different chemistry composition with lower calcium content and a little part of inert (10%). The steel slag, which has 23% of inert portion (compounds rich in iron) is very basic due to the presence of lime and portlandite and has a hydraulic behaviour. The formulation of binary systems cement (cement / slag) shown that the silicomanganese slag added to Portland cement forms, like blast furnace slag, hydrates (hydrated calcium silicates) which participate in the development of compressive strength. Then, the utilization of silicomanganese slag can be a good alternative for the formulation of hydraulic binders in the field of building materials. The steel slag has a little activity than other hydraulic slags cited and has a little participation for the development of the compressive strength. However, its high alkalinity makes it a good activator of latent hydraulic slags. Ternary cementitious systems (cement/steel slag/slag with latent hydraulic behaviour) have been prepared and show the ability of converter slag to activate the blast furnace and silicomanganese slags. These cementitious systems, composed of at least 80% of slags, have good mechanical properties for hydraulic road binders. In addition to these works, an environmental study was conducted for the slags and the cementitious matrix. The results show that the low leaching of pollutant allows the utilization of our slag as hydraulic road materials

Increasing quantities of dredged material (DM) from navigation waterways have led to a growing need to find alternative methods of disposal. Using this material in earthwork construction is a very attractive avenue, but poses concern of quality from a geotechnical standpoint. By blending DM with granular materials like industrial steel slag fines (SSF), studies have showed that the geotechnical properties of the mixture are greatly enhanced. If these materials can be proven to be competitive for use in earthwork construction, they would pose as an economically viable alternative, and would obviate the need for the relatively expensive conventional granular backfill. The scope of this project entailed the characterization of pullout interaction of SSF-DM blends in different proportions with Tensar uniaxial geogrids to determine an optimal combination for usage in earthwork construction. The media used for testing included the individual SSF and DM materials, and the 80/20, 50/50 and 20/80 blends mixed based on dry unit weights of the individual components. The SSF media comprised of particles smaller than 3/8 in. and classified as SW, while the DM was classified OH soil. Two Tensar uniaxial geogrids UX1400 and UX1700 were undertaken for the study. Pullout tests were conducted and performances of all the blends are compared with each geogrid at various normal pressures. Pullout loads and interaction coefficients give an idea of the quality of the interaction, and are studied in this thesis. Also, various variables that could potentially affect the pullout interaction are identified and investigated. Results show remarkably high pullout resistances for the 100% SSF and 80/20 SSF/DM media, and high interaction coefficients indicating excellent pullout interaction, even better than conventional sands. It was also clear that the dredged material exhibits very poor pullout interaction with geogrids. The 50/50 and the 20/80 SSF/DM media were significantly lower than the 80/20 SSF/DM blend in terms of quality of pullout interaction, but still higher than the 100% DM. The results observed with the 80/20 SSF/DM blend show that it is a suitable backfill material and also poses to be a very competitive and cost-effective alternative to be used in earthwork construction. / text

During production of steel, slag is formed as a by-product. The process of steelmaking involves usage of additives such as chromium or vanadium as reactants to optimize and produce high quality steel. Vast amounts of slag are formed and there is a continuous search for applications that can make good use of the slag. Currently the use of slag in cleaning of metal polluted waters is researched and promising results has been found for many different types of slags. In this work two different AOD-slags has been used as sorbents for some selected elements (Zn, V, Cr, Mo, Pb, Li, Cd, Ba, Cu, Ni). The main difference between the two slags is the reducing agent that has been used, aluminium and silicon. This results in slags with different adsorption properties. The aluminium reduced slag show tendency for better adsorption capacities in general for the tested elements (Zn, V, Cr, Mo, Pb, Li, Cd, Ba, Cu, Ni), with a few exceptions. The buffering capacity of the materials were high, shown by the fact that final pH reached nearly 11.5 independent of the start pH (varied between 2 and 8). The adsorption process was rather quick and 24 minutes contact time was in most cases sufficient to reach equilibrium. For several of the elements e.g. Lithium, the maximum capacity of the slags was not reached even though a load of 3,07 mg Lithium was added per gram of slag.

A produção de aço necessita de etapas e gera resíduo, dentre eles tem-se a escória de aciaria. No estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, a mineração de granito é uma das principais atividades econômicas gerando o resíduo de serragem de granito. Nesta pesquisa, busca-se o reaproveitamento destes resíduos, de modo a minimizar possíveis problemas ambientais, apontar a viabilidade técnica do seu uso e reciclá-los por meio de utilização na produção de cimento. Alguns dos principais componentes das escórias de aciaria, tais como, o óxido de cálcio, óxido de magnésio e o ferro metálico sofrem transformações químicas em presença de umidade, que provocam expansão volumétrica da escória. Este fenômeno aliado a reatividade da escória tem dificultado sua utilização. Este trabalho é uma contribuição ao estudo do aproveitamento da escória de aciaria, que passa a ser chamada de ss (steel slag) e do resíduo da serragem de granito, que passa a ser chamado gsw (granite sawing waste), oriundo da extração de granito. Os resíduos estão disponíveis em quantidades nos pátios das siderúrgicas e nas áreas de mineração do granito, respectivamente. Para o reaproveitamento foi realizada a caracterização física, química e mineralógica dos resíduos. Diferentes dosagens de misturas foram produzidas com ss e gsw de forma a permitir avaliação das propriedades obtidas nestas misturas visando sua utilização na produção de cimento. Desenvolveu-se misturas nas quais busca-se a basicidade na escória de aciaria, compreendida entre 4 e 5, para valores próximos ao da escória de alto-forno, na faixa de 0,9 a 1,5 cuja utilização na produção de cimento já está normatizada desde 1991 (NBR 5735, ABNT 1991). Misturas com basicidade entre 0,9 a 4 foram pesquisadas e selecionou-se a mistura com basicidade 1,2 para ser utilizada na produção de cimento. Ao longo da pesquisa foi necessária a produção de 3(três) tipos de cimento até se equacionarem os problemas técnicos e operacionais que surgiram ao longo da mesma. Suas propriedades foram medidas e comparadas com as do cimento contendo escória de alto-forno. As análises dos resultados obtidos para o cimento produzido com a mistura são apresentadas e indicam o potencial de utilização dos resíduos como elementos de adição ao cimento apesar da heterogeneidade dos materiais. / Steel making requires production stages and generates waste, such as steel slag. In the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, granite mining is one of the main economic activities, wich generates granite sawing waste. This study aims at reusing these two types waste in order to minimize possible environmental problems; point out the technical feasibility of their use; and recycle them by using in cement. Some of the main components of steel slag, such as calcium oxide, oxides, and metallic iron undergo chemical transformations in the presence of humidity, wich cause slag volume expansion. This phenomenon, combined with slag reactivity, has made its use difficult. This study is a contribution to the study on reusing steel slag (ss) and granite sawing waste (gsw) deriving from granite mining. These types of waste are available in large amounts in the yards of steelmaking plants and granite mining areas, respectively. In order to reuse waste, physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations were carried out. Different mix proportions were made with ss and gsw so as to allow the evaluation of the properties obtained from these mix designs, aiming at their use in cement production. The tests sought steel slag basicity between 4 and 5, for values close to those of blast-furnace slag ranging from 0.9 to 1.5, whose use in cement production has been standardized since 1991 ( NBR 5735, ABNT 1991). Mix designes with basicity between 0,9 and 4 were studied, and a mix with basicity 1.2 was chosen to be used in cement production. Throughout the investigation, 3 types of cement needed to be made until all the technical and operational problems arising were solved. Their properties were measured and compared to those of blast-furnace cement. The analyses of the achieved results for the cement made with that mix are presented and they show the potential use of these types of waste as admixture elements to cement, despite material heterogeneity.

Due to the growing population, waste generation and food supply industries need to move towards a circular economy and take advantage of by-products. Metallurgical slag is a main by-product during steel production which contains several valuable minerals and can be used for several further applications, including water purification and agriculture. This thesis has a focus on the issue(s) that need to be assessed to be able to determine the suitability of Petrit-E steel slag from Höganäs AB for agricultural use after it has been used for water purification. This slag by-product has been tested and it was successful to purify wastewater from phosphorus (P). The use as a fertilizer is most promising because it contains the major fertilizer substances and it contains P which is a limited resource. Calculations were done for the mean value and standard deviation of the substances for three years and after for Cr (chromium) and Ni (nickel) contents in Petrit-E because these two metals that are present in the slag and are regulated in the regulation for limit values. The total contents of Cr and  Ni were higher than the limit values so there are these two metals that need to be assessed further. Since Petrit-E is not a sludge and not a virgin material either, it requires other methods such as leaching tests by accredited laboratories. These tests are suitable for risk assessments and to estimate the amounts of metal availability for leaching. Leaching tests based on the site specific (local) chemical and physical processes and characteristics in the soil are necessary to estimate the suitability of Petrit-E.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of anthropogenic compounds with unique properties, including chemical inertness, resistance to many degradation processes and amphiphilic structure. This makes them useful in a range of applications, but also very persistent and bioaccumulative in nature, where PFAS have been linked to adverse health effects in both animals and humans. There are regulations for PFAS, including the REACH regulation and Stockholm Convention, but for now PFAS are monitored individually. This poses a problem since many regulated, long-chain PFAS today are being replaced with unregulated, short-chain homologues with similar hazardous properties.For water remediation of PFAS, a popular and effective sorption technique for their removal is activated carbon (AC), with its close to 100% sorption efficiency. This study focuses on the efficiency of more sustainable materials like bark, steel slag and biochar to sorb eleven different PFAS (PFAS-11) from contaminated water. In this work, contaminated water passed through different constellations of sorbent materials by flow-through experiments, underwent solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion-exchange (WAX) adsorbent for sample clean-up, and was lastly prepared for analysis using an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) coupled to a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS).For the different sorbent constellations tested, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was removed to the highest degree, with an average removal of 70%. When studying the sum of PFAS-11 between the tested sorption constellations, the bark tests sorbed around 20%, the steel slag combinations sorbed between 30-40% and biochar sorbed 43% of the initial PFAS-11 concentration (1 750 ng/L) in the contaminated water. None of these materials achieved an efficient enough sorption to go below the Swedish PFAS-11 drinking water limit value of 90 ng/L, so the results are for the time being suggested more as complementary, low-cost sorption techniques. Further research is recommended to extensively be able to implement more sustainable sorbents with higher sorbing efficiencies.