This thesis work aimed to provide a better knowledge of inclusion behavior at the steel-slag interface. All results are based on mathematical modeling of liquid and solid inclusion separation to the slag. The model descriptions of the inclusion transfer are based on the equation of motion at the system. It is assumed that the inclusion transfer is governed by four forces acting on the inclusion as it has reached the steel-slag interface. These are the buoyancy force, the added mass force, the drag force and the rebound force. The models assume two cases of inclusion separation depending on the inclusion Reynolds number. In the case where Reynolds number is larger or equal to unity, Re≥1, a steel film is formed between the inclusion and the slag. This steel film must first be drained before the inclusion can separate to the slag. If Reynolds number, Re<1, then no steel film is formed and the inclusion will be in direct contact with the slag. The mathematical models also propose three types of inclusion behavior as the inclusion crosses the steel-slag interface. The inclusion can either, pass and separate to the slag, oscillate at the interface with the possibility of reentering the steel bath with the steel flow or it can remain at the interface not completely separated to the slag. A parameter study for 20 μm inclusions showed that the most important parameters controlling the inclusion behavior at the steel-slag interface are the slag viscosity and the interfacial tensions between the phases. For 100μm inclusions also the inclusion density affects the inclusion behavior. The models were applied to ladle and tundish conditions. Since the slags in the chosen industrial conditions have not been studied experimentally before, estimations of the important physical property parameters were made. Future measurements will therefore be needed in order to make predictions of inclusion transfer behavior at the steel-slag interface which are more relevant for the industry. The main conclusion is that useful plots can be made in order to illustrate the tendency for the inclusion transfer and how to manipulate the physical property parameters in order to increase the inclusion separation in ladles and tundishes. / QC 20101221

Accelerated carbonation is a new CO2 storage method under development as a solution for climate change caused by anthropogenic activities. In accelerated carbonation an alkaline source such as minerals or industrial residues react with carbon dioxide in a presence of slightly acidic solution to produce stable solid carbonates. There are varieties of accelerated carbonation routes which differ in process condition.</p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the potential of a slurry route process and a wet route process for the carbonation of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag using the CO2 emitted by a conventional natural gas power plant.</p><p>For this purpose a life cycle assessment (LCA) study was performed based on principles and guidelines provided by ISO 14040:2006 and routines and data provided by the SimaPro v8 software package. The material and energy requirements for each of the steps involved in the carbonation process, i.e. pre-treatment of raw material, CO2 compression, transportation, carbonation step, after-treatment and landfill, were calculated and included in the LCA study.</p><p>The slurry and wet route resulted in net CO2 reduction of 87.4% and 72.3% respectively.  However, a positive contribution to other environmental issues was observed with the wet route leading to higher impact mainly due to high heating requirement. An exception was contribution of slurry route to abiotic resource depletion, which was higher for the slurry route due to high water requirement. A general conclusion was that the electricity consumption is the main cause of environmental issues. Sensitivity analyses showed that the environmental impacts are dependent on the transportation distance and electricity source, while no dependence was observed with respect to construction of the carbonation plant.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raposo Carlos O L (dissertacao).pdf: 2138408 bytes, checksum: 92598a211c5acd54e932935165f2df18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The steel slag or BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag is a by-product generated in integrated steel plants. The use of this material in bases and sub-bases of pavements may present technical, economical and environmental advantages compared to natural aggregates. However, problems, like the expansibility and the deficiency of technical criteria for its acceptance, limit the use of steel slags in pavements. The expansibility of steel slags is mainly generated by hydration of free calcium and magnesium oxides (CaO and MgO). The purpose of this study is to evaluate compaction and expansibility of a steel slag using laboratory tests. And then contributing for definition of technical criteria of expansibility evaluation of this material for use in bases and sub-bases of pavements. The steel slag of this study is originated in a integrated steel plant located in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. In this work, the laboratory compaction tests were conducted using standard and modified effort, and for the expansibility tests three methods were used: PTM-130/78, JIS 5015/92 and ASTM D 4792/00. The compaction tests of the steel slag did not yield optimum water content, showing the same characteristic of granular materials. Statistical analysis of compaction tests did not show significant differences between two procedures (with and without reuse of material), between two efforts of compaction (standard and modified effort) and between two different samples (with and without treatment for expansion reduction). The statistical analysis of expansibility tests using method PTM-130/78 show that: The water content of compaction was not statistically significant in the expansion results; the influence of the temperature in the expansion results was statistically significant; and the influence of the effort of compaction in the expansion results was statistically significant. Also a technical criterion for acceptance of lots of steel slag is proposed here, using PTM- 130/78 test method. The criterion includes sampling procedure, a statistical significant methodology to calculate the minimum number of specimens and the maximum limit of 3% expansion using PTM-130/78 test method. / A escória de aciaria LD é um subproduto gerado durante o processo de fabricação do aço em siderúrgicas que utilizam conversores a oxigênio. A utilização desse material em bases e subbases de pavimentos pode ser vantajosa em termos técnico, econômico e ambiental, comparados a agregados convencionais. Porém, problemas como sua natureza expansiva e a deficiência de critérios técnicos para sua aceitação têm limitado a utilização das escórias de aciaria em pavimentação. A expansão das escórias de aciaria é provocada principalmente pela hidratação dos óxidos de cálcio e magnésio livres presentes nesse material. O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar experimentalmente a compactação e a expansão de uma escória de aciaria LD, e assim contribuir para a definição de critérios técnicos de avaliação da expansão desse material visando a sua utilização em bases e sub-bases de pavimentos. A escória de aciaria LD deste estudo é proveniente de uma siderúrgica da região metropolitana de Vitória, Espírito Santo. Neste trabalho, são apresentados ensaios laboratoriais de caracterização química, física e ambiental, ensaios de compactação com energias do Proctor normal e do Proctor modificado e ensaios de expansão. Os três métodos de ensaio de expansão utilizados foram os métodos: PTM-130/78, JIS A 5015/92 e ASTM D 4792/00. Os resultados dos ensaios de compactação demonstraram que as amostras de escória de aciaria LD estudadas não apresentaram umidade ótima de compactação definida, tendo um comportamento típico de solos e materiais granulares. Análises estatísticas realizadas nos resultados dos ensaios de compactação mostraram ausência de diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois procedimentos utilizados (com e sem reuso de material), entre as duas energias de compactação utilizadas (Proctor normal e Proctor modificado) e entre as duas amostras utilizadas (com e sem tratamento de redução de expansão). As análises estatísticas dos resultados dos ensaios de expansão obtidos pelo método PTM-130/78, nas amostras de escória de aciaria estudadas, demonstraram que: a umidade de compactação não teve influência estatisticamente significante nos resultados de expansão; a influência da temperatura nos resultados de expansão foi altamente significativa; e a influência da energia de compactação nos resultados de expansão foi estatisticamente significante, sendo que a energia do Proctor modificado provocou menores valores de expansão em relação à energia do Proctor normal. Neste trabalho, também se propõe um critério técnico para aceitação dos lotes de escória de aciaria LD segundo o requisito expansão utilizando o método PTM-130/78. Esse critério engloba o procedimento de amostragem, uma metodologia estatisticamente significante para o cálculo do número mínimo de corpos-de-prova e o limite máximo de 3% de expansão determinada pelo método PTM-130/78.

The aim of this thesis work is to increase the knowledge of inclusion behavior at the steel-slag interface by mathematical modeling and in-situ Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope experiments. Mathematical models based on the equation of motion predicting liquid and solid inclusion behavior was first investigated. Four main forces, the buoyancy force, the added mass force, the rebound force and the drag force, act on the inclusion as it crosses the interface. There are three types of behavior an inclusion at the steel-slag interface can adopt. These are a) pass, which means that the inclusion is separated to the slag, b) remain, where the inclusion stays at the interface without being fully transferred to the slag or c) oscillate, and the inclusion rises and descends at the interface until the motion is dampened out by the interfacial forces. The studies showed the importance of accurate experimental physical property data. Application of the models to industrial conditions illustrated that useful plots could be made showing the industry how to optimize their interfacial properties in the ladle and tundish to obtain maximum inclusion separation. In-situ Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM) experiments were carried out in order to study agglomeration of liquid and semi liquid inclusions at the steel-gas and steel-slag interfaces and in the slag. Liquid-liquid inclusion agglomeration at steel-gas and steel-slag interfaces was seen to not occur without using force. However, when already transferred to the slag the inclusions agglomerated freely due to a higher free energy force. Comparison of experimental and theoretical agglomeration force showed good agreement between experiments and theory. The main conclusion of this work is that inclusion separation is a complex field of study and there exist no model that takes everything into account. Here the tendency for inclusion transfer and how to manipulate the physical properties for inclusion separation together with agglomeration experiments have been studied. For the future maybe coupling of models for computational fluid dynamics, agglomeration, inclusion separation, dissolution and slag entrainment in addition with experimental physical property data can provide a better overview and understanding. / QC 20100823

Slurry walls have been widely used for more than 25 years to control the migration of contaminants in the subsurface. In the USA, vertical barriers are mostly constructed of soil-bentonite using the slurry trench method of construction. In this method, sodium bentonite is mixed with water to form a viscous slurry that is pumped into a trench during excavation to maintain the trench stability. The stable trench is then backfilled with a mixture of soil and slurry having a consistency of high slump concrete. These barriers have been designed primarily for low permeability, generally less than 10&minus / 9 m/s. Some investigations have pointed toward improved performance using admixtures that would provide low permeability. In this study, Soma thermal power plant fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, lime, and steel slag are used as admixture to improve the performance of slurry walls. Permeability, compressive strength, slump, compressibility properties of the mixtures were found and checked for the minimum requirements. According to the findings of this study, granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash and steel slag can be used at certain percentages and curing periods as additive in cement-bentonite barrier wall construction. Permeability of specimens having fly ash decreases by increasing fly ash content. Mixtures having 50 % of GGBS type I with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave acceptable results in 28 days of curing time. Specimens including 50 % of GGBS type II with 5 % of lime and 9% bentonite content gave the higher permeability value in 28 days of curing time with respect to GGBS type I. In addition, most of the mixtures prepared by steel slag gave the acceptable permeability values in 28 days of curing period. Unconfined compressive strength of all mixtures increase by increasing curing time. Cc, Cr, Cv, kcon values were found from consolidation test results. Permeability values found from consolidation tests are 10 times to 100 times higher than flexible wall k results for the same effective stress of 150 kPa. Generally, mv values are decreasing with increasing curing time. As mv decreases, D increases.

Esta investigación plantea descubrir hasta qué punto es factible comprar escoria de acero en reemplazo del material de agregado, mediante el análisis económico del transporte terrestre. La escoria de acero no es muy utilizada en Perú y no se conoce como índice el costo del flete en el costo total para las distintas regiones del Perú. Se plantearon 9 rutas desde las 3 plantas de acero en el Perú, 3 por cada una de ellas. Se iteró a ciudades cada vez más lejanas hasta que el costo de la escoria de acero tenga un precio similar al de los agregados. Se encontraron 6 rutas factibles, cubriendo casi toda la costa del Perú y algunas ciudades del altiplano. / This research proposes to discover to what extent it is feasible to buy steel slag to replace the aggregate material, through the economic analysis of ground transport. Steel slag is not widely used in Peru and it is not known how the cost of freight affects the total cost in the different regions of Peru. Nine routes were proposed from the 3 steel plants in Peru, 3 for each of them. Cities farther and farther away were iterated until the cost of steel slag is similar in price to that of aggregates. Six feasible routes were found, covering almost the entire coast of Peru and some cities in the highlands. / Trabajo de investigación

En los proyectos de infraestructura vial, se contemplan imprevistos debido a la presencia de suelos arcillosos. La causa principal de estos problemas se debe a sus malas características mecánicas, la cual puede ser medida mediante el ensayo de california bearing ratio (CBR). Esto puede ocasionar que la vida útil de la carretera se vea reducida, además, la mala calidad de la subrasante podría ocasionar mayor necesidad de mantenimientos. Sin embargo, diversos estudios concuerdan que, al mezclar escoria de acero blanca con los suelos arcillosos, se logra aumentar los valores del CBR. Esta investigación, aplica la estabilización del suelo de la ruta N°LI-810 con trayectoria: Emp.PE-3N (Quiruvilca) – Bandurria con escoria de acero blanca de SIDERPERU. Se utilizaron tres diferentes porcentajes de escoria blanca según al peso de la muestra (7.5%, 15% y 22.5%) en el ensayo de CBR. Los ensayos de laboratorios brindaron resultados favorables con el aumento de la capacidad de soporte (CBR). Analizando los efectos de la estabilización, se determinó que el 10% de escoria de acero blanca según el peso de la muestra, es el porcentaje optimo que logra aumentar su CBR a un 3% (porcentaje mínimo establecido por el Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones) y transformarlo de una subrasante inadecuada a una subrasante pobre que se pueda utilizar con fines viales. / In road infrastructure projects, contingencies are contemplated due to the presence of clay soils. The main cause of these problems is due to its poor mechanical characteristics, which can be measured by the California bearing ratio (CBR) test. This can cause the useful life of the road to be reduced, in addition, the poor quality of the subgrade could cause a greater need for maintenance. However, various studies agree that, by mixing white steel slag with clay soils, it is possible to increase the CBR values. This research applies the stabilization of the soil of route N ° LI-810 with trajectory: Emp.PE-3N (Quiruvilca) - Bandurria with white steel slag from SIDERPERU. Three different percentages of white slag were used according to the weight of the sample (7.5%, 15% and 22.5%) in the CBR test. Laboratory tests provided favorable results with increased bearing capacity (CBR). Analyzing the effects of stabilization, it was determined that 10% of white steel slag according to the weight of the sample, is the optimal percentage that manages to increase its CBR to 3% (minimum percentage established by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications) and transform it from an unsuitable subgrade to a poor subgrade that can be used for highway purposes. / Trabajo de investigación

En el Perú y en el resto del mundo los proyectos de infraestructura vial contemplan complicaciones debido a la presencia de arcillas. La principal razón de estos problemas se debe a sus malas características mecánicas (máxima densidad seca, CBR, etc.). Esto puede causar que en su periodo de servicio se presente deterioro o colapso, los cuales sumaran como gastos extras en los mantenimientos. Sin embargo, diversos estudios concuerdan en realizar el método de estabilización con escoria de acero, para el mejoramiento de suelos arcillosos. El presente estudio realizó el análisis de la estabilización del suelo de la ruta N°LI-810 con trayectoria: Emp.PE-3N (Quiruvilca) – Bandurria con escoria de acero blanca proveniente de SIDERPERU. Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo con diversos porcentajes de escoria de acero blanca (7.5%, 15% y 22.5%) según al peso de la muestra. Los ensayos de laboratorios dieron como resultado la disminución de su índice de plasticidad y el aumento en sus valores de resistencia (Proctor Modificado y CBR). Analizando los efectos de la estabilización, se captó que el 10% de escoria de acero blanca según al peso de la muestra, es el porcentaje optimo que logra aumentar su CBR a un 3% (porcentaje mínimo establecido por el Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones) y transformarlo de una subrasante inadecuada a una subrasante pobre que se pueda utilizar con fines viales. / In Peru and the rest of the world, road infrastructure projects include complications caused by presence of clays. The main reason for these problems is due to their poor mechanical characteristics (maximum dry density, CBR, etc.). This can cause deterioration or collapse in your service period, which will add up as extra expenses in maintenance. However, various studies agree on the method of stabilization with steel slag, for the improvement of clay soils. The present study makes the analysis of the stabilization of the soil of route N°LI-810 con trayectoria: Emp.PE-3N (Quiruvilca) – Bandurria with white steel slag from SIDERPERU. The tests were made with different percentages of white steel slag (7.5%, 15% and 22.5%) according to the weight of the sample. Laboratory tests resulted in a decrease in its plasticity index and an increase in its resistance values (Modified Proctor and CBR). Analyzing the effects of stabilization, it was found that 10% of white steel slag according to the weight of the sample, is the optimal percentage that manages to increase its CBR to 3% (minimum percentage established by Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones) and transform it from an unsuitable subgrade to a poor subgrade that can be used for highway purposes. / Tesis

No description available.

En nuestro país no es común el uso de la escoria de acero como sub producto para la elaboración de concreto, por este motivo el objetivo de esta investigación es mejorar la resistencia del concreto y la atenuación del paso de radiaciones ionizantes en los ambientes donde se hace uso de equipos que emiten radiación. El blindaje de los muros en los ambientes de radio diagnóstico esta normado por la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica (ICRP) y el Instituto Peruano de Energía Nuclear (IPEN). Nuestra investigación es de tipo cuasi experimental, para lo cual se utilizó escoria de acero como agregado fino y grueso, fabricamos bloques cuadrados de concreto normal y concreto reemplazado en 30% y 50 % a los agregados fino y grueso por escoria de acero, las dimensiones de los bloques fueron de 30cm x30cm x10cm y 30cm x 30cm x5cm, los cuales fueron sometidos a exposición de rayos x. Los resultados demostraron que el concreto con el 30% con escoria y con 10 cm de espesor atenúa mejor el paso de los rayos X a una distancia de 5 cm del foco al bloque de concreto. Para los ensayos de resistencia a la compresión se elaboraron especímenes cilíndricos de 15cm de diámetro por 30cm de alto. En el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizó un concreto patrón de f’c = 280 kg/cm2 lográndose al final una resistencia a la compresión de 306.46 kg/cm2 con el concreto reemplazado al 30% de los agregados fino y grueso. / In our country it is not common to use steel slag as a by-product for the manufacture of concrete, for this reason the objective of this research is to improve the resistance of concrete and the attenuation of the passage of ionizing radiation in the environments where it is made. use of equipment that emits radiation. The shielding of the walls in radiodiagnosis environments is regulated by the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN). Our research is quasi-experimental, for which steel slag was used as fine and coarse aggregate, we manufacture square blocks of normal concrete and concrete replaced in 30% and 50% of fine and coarse aggregates by steel slag, the dimensions of the blocks were 30cm x30cm x10cm and 30cm x 30cm x5cm, which were subjected to x-ray exposure. The results showed that concrete with 30% slag and 10 cm thick better attenuates the passage of X-rays at a distance of 5 cm from the focus to the concrete block. For the compressive strength tests, cylindrical specimens of 15cm in diameter by 30cm high were made. In the development of the research, a standard concrete of f'c = 280 kg / cm2 was used, achieving at the end a compressive strength of 306.46 kg / cm2 with the concrete replaced at 30% of the fine and coarse aggregates. / Tesis