This thesis explores an alternate typology for a residential high rise in the Hudson Square neighborhood in Manhattan. The units that make up the building are organized with stairs and corridors placed along the interior perimeter of the unit which both bound the central floor space and expose it, creating a layered vertical circulation space around a central, permeable core. The collective organization of units within the building recapitulate their interior organization to form the building object creating a whole that is governed by the same organizational rules as the parts. The building is created as an object in the city meant to frame the duality between transparency and reflection, between lines and surfaces and ultimately between exhibition and anonymity. / Master of Architecture

[pt] As cargas concentradas em vigas de aço são freqüentemente encontradas na prática. Nas situações onde o local de aplicação da carga é fixo, enrijecedores transversais de alma podem ser usados para aumentar a sua resistência, mas devem ser evitados por razões econômicas. Para cargas móveis, é fundamental conhecer a resistência última das almas não enrijecidas. Diversas teorias foram desenvolvidas para este problema, mas ainda assim, o erro das fórmulas de previsão é superior a 40%. Duas são as causas desta dificuldade de se encontrar uma equação mais precisa: o grande número de parâmetros que influenciam o comportamento de uma viga sujeita a cargas concentradas, e o número insuficiente de dados experimentais presentes na literatura. Por outro lado, o colapso da estrutura pode ocorrer por: plastificação, flambagem global da alma, enrugamento (crippling) ou uma combinação destes estados limites. Apesar disto, nenhum estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a participação total ou parcial de cada comportamento no colapso. As redes neurais são modelos computacionais inspirados na estrutura do cérebro, que apresentam características humanas como o aprendizado por experiência e a generalização do conhecimento a partir dos exemplos apresentados. Estas características permitiram, em estudos preliminares, a utilização das redes neurais na previsão da carga última de vigas de aço sujeitas a cargas concentradas. A Lógica Nebulosa tem como objetivo modelar o modo aproximado de raciocínio, tentando imitar a habilidade humana de tomar decisões racionais em um ambiente de incerteza e imprecisão. Deste modo, a Lógica Nebulosa é uma técnica inteligente que fornece um mecanismo para manipular informações imprecisas, como conceitos de esbeltez, compacidade, flexibilidade e rigidez, além de estabelecer limites mais graduais entre os fenômenos físicos do problema. Os Algoritmos Genéticos foram inspirados no princípio Darwiniano da evolução das espécies (sobrevivência dos mais aptos e mutações) e na genética. São algoritmos probabilísticos, que fornecem um mecanismo de busca paralela e adaptativa, e têm sido empregados em diversos problemas de otimização. Este trabalho é a continuação do estudo desenvolvido na dissertação de mestrado (Fonseca, 1999) e tem o objetivo de propor um sistema de avaliação do comportamento estrutural de cargas concentradas, através de uma identificação da influência dos diversos parâmetros na carga e nos tipos de comportamento resultantes (plastificação, enrugamento e flambagem global), estabelecendo limites mais flexíveis entre cada um destes. Esta análise será executada empregando um sistema neuro- fuzzy (híbrido de redes neurais e de lógica nebulosa). Para viabilizar esta análise, torna-se necessária a apresentação de dados de treinamento onde o comportamento estrutural é conhecido. Este trabalho também apresenta um estudo de otimização das fórmulas de projeto existentes empregando algoritmos genéticos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuem para, no futuro, o desenvolvimento de uma fórmula de projeto mais precisa. De posse desta nova fórmula, uma sugestão para sua incorporação em normas de projeto de estruturas de aço poderá ser feita, garantindo, desta forma, um dimensionamento mais seguro e econômico. / [en] Concentrated loads on steel beams are frequently found in engineering practice. In situations where the load application point is fixed, transversal web stiffeners can be used to provide an adequate resistance, but for economic reasons should be avoided whenever possible. For moving loads, the knowledge of the unstiffened web resistance becomes imperative. Many theories were developed for a better understanding of the problem, however, a 40% error is still present in the current design formulas. A more accurate design formula for this structural problem is very difficult to be obtained, due to the influence of several interdependent parameters and to the insufficient number of experiments found in literature. On the other hand, the structural collapse can be associated to: web yielding, web buckling, web crippling or by their combined influence. Despite this fact, no investigations were found in literature to access their partial of global influence on the beam patch load resistance Neural networks were inspired in the brain structure in order to present human characteristics such as: learning from experience; and generalization of new data from a current set of standards. Preliminary studies used the neural networks potential to forecast the ultimate load of steel beams subjected to concentrated loads. The main aim of Fuzzy Logic is to model the complex approximated way of inference, trying to represent the human ability of making sensible decisions when facing uncertainties. Thus, fuzzy logic is an artificial intelligence technique capable of generating a mechanism for treating inaccurate and incomplete information such as: slenderness, flexibility and stiffness, still being capable of establishing gradual boundaries among the physical phenomena involved. Genetic algorithms are inspired on the Darwins principle of the species evolution and genetics. They are probabilistic algorithms that generate a mechanism of parallel and adaptive best fit survival principle and their reproduction and have been long used in several optimisation problems. This work extends the research developed in a previous MSc. program (Fonseca, 1999) and intends to evaluate and investigate the structural behaviour of steel beams subjected to concentrated loads, identifying the influence of several related parameters. This will be achieved by the use of a neuro-fuzzy system, able to model the intrinsic relationships between the related parameters. The proposed system aim is to relate the physical and geometrical variables that govern the ultimate load with its associated physical behaviour (web yielding, web crippling and web buckling), being capable of establishing gradual boundaries among the physical phenomena involved. This investigation was focused on the development of a neuro fuzzy system. The proposed neuro fuzzy system was trained with data where the collapse mechanism were properly identified validating its results. This investigation also presents a study of patch load design formulae optimization based on genetic algorithm principles. The obtained results may help the future development of a more accurate design formula, that could be incorporated in steel structures design codes, allowing a safer and economical design.

[pt] As vigas de aço com abertura de alma propiciam a passagem de tubulações de serviços e instalações, fornecendo boa capacidade de resistência aos esforços cortantes. As vigas casteladas e as vigas celulares apresentam limitações de dimensões da abertura que estão ligadas à altura do perfil base, geralmente produzindo-se um perfil 50 por cento maior em altura. Neste trabalho, são estudadas as vigas casteladas expandidas em altura, através da soldagem de uma chapa complementar de alma, de modo a se obter vigas de maior inércia, mais leves e com maiores aberturas. O presente trabalho aborda os resultados obtidos através da modelagem por elementos finitos com análise não linear física e geométrica, com vistas a investigação do comportamento estrutural quanto a resistência da seção transversal e rigidez visando-se a redução de custos de fabricação pela eliminação da soldagem de chapas de reforço na região da abertura. / [en] Steel beams with web openings allow integration between structural and tubular services and facilities, providing good shear strength capacity. The castellated and cellular beams have limitations due to this web openings and results in a profile with 50 per cent higher depth. In this research, depth expanded castellated beams with the use of an additional welded plate will be studied, aiming the obtainment of higher inertia as well as wider openings on lighter beams. The present work addresses the results results obtained through the finite element method using physical and geometric nonlinear analysis, observing the structural behavior regarding stiffness and strength in order to reduce manufacturing costs since the reinforcement plates in the areas will no more be required.

鋼結構業的現行作業方式充滿了無效率的工作與浪費。本研究希望藉由豐田及時生產系統導入鋼結構製造，以消除生產過程中現存的各項浪費。本研究的目的主要是以個案公司為例，探討鋼結構業現行生產過程及豐田及時生產系統應用於鋼結構製造。 本研究首先介紹豐田及時生產系統架構，以了解豐田式的精神所在，再詳細介紹及時生產系統的概念及優點，並比較豐田即時生產系統和鋼結構現行生產方式。 其次藉由相關文獻的回顧，探討豐田及時生產系統於製造業應用方式與其效益。由於鋼結構業與一般製造業無論在形態上或是作業方式上，都有顯著的差異存在，因此於製造規劃階段，除說明導入豐田及時生產系統所需具備的合理化作業外，擬配合漸進式吊裝規劃技術以消除兩者間之差異。 經由親自到生產現場去查訪並與作業主管做雙向溝通，瞭解個案公司在現行生產管理上存在的問題。利用橋樑及H組合型鋼兩條試驗生產線進行檢討，評估豐田及時生產系統觀念應用於鋼結構製造過程之中可能產生的問題與解決對策，以擬定豐田及時生產系統導入鋼結構之方式與注意事項，並評估其效益。 / There has been full of inefficiency and waste in current operation method of steel structure industries. This study hopes to utilize Toyota Just-in-time Production System for fabrication of steel structure to eliminate current each waste during the production process. The main purpose of this study is take case company as an example to discuss the following respects: 1.The current production process of steel structure industries. 2.The application of Toyota Just-in-time Production System in the steel structure fabrication. This study first introduces the framework of Toyota Just-in-time Production System to apprehend its spirit and then explains the concept and advantage of Toyota Just-in-time Production System explicitly. Also, this study compares Toyota Just-in-time Production System with current production method of steel structure industries. Second, according to the glancing of related document reference, this study discusses the application method and its profit for Toyota Just-in-time Production System in the manufacturing industries. As there are significant differences in structure or operation method between steel structure industries and manufacturing industries, thus this study utilizes gradual erection plan to match Toyota Just-in-time Production System during the period of fabrication process plan to eliminate the distinction between these two industries besides explaining the necessary rationalized operation when leading Toyota Just-in-time Production System in. Having visited the production line and made mutual communication with operation chief, this study has found the current problems existing in production management in case company. According to this discovery, this study uses bridge production line and built-up H section production line as pilot implementation to discuss the possible question and solution policy for Toyota Just-in-time Production System concept applied in steel structure fabrication so as to frame the procedures and criterion of Toyota Just-in-time Production System in fabrication of steel structure and also to evaluate its profit. / 目 錄 誌謝詞……………………………………………………………………一 中文摘要…………………………………………………………………二 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………三 目錄………………………………………………………………………四 圖次………………………………………………………………………六 表次………………………………………………………………………八 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究動機與目的 …………………………………………1 第二節 研究步驟與範圍…………………………………………4 第三節 研究架構 …………………………………………………6 第二章 豐田及時生產系統之文獻探討………………………………….7 第一節 及時化（Just In Time）的基本觀念………………………7 第二節 豐田及時生產系統的主要目的……………………….12 第三節 豐田及時生產系統的執行方法……………………….14 第四節 豐田及時生產系統的構成因素……………………….31 第五節 實施豐田及時生產系統的優點及原則………………32 第三章 鋼結構業引進豐田及時生產系統之可行性分析……………36 第一節 鋼結構業生產方式概要………………………………36 第二節 鋼結構業生產方式與豐田及時生產系統比較………44 第四章 中國鋼鐵結構公司導入豐田及時生產系統個案……………58 第一節 生產製造現況與問題分析……………………………58 第二節 豐田及時生產系統導入及效益評估 ………………73 第三節 導入限制條件之評估 ……………………………109 第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………………110 第一節 結論……………………………………………………110 第二節 建議 …………………………………………………112 參考文獻…………………………………………………………….113 附錄-個案公司訪談說明……………………….……………………118 作者簡歷……………………………………………………………………123 表 次 表1-1 台灣市場鋼結構用量統計表……………………………………2 表2-1 自�C化與自動化的比較…………………………………………27 表4-1 鋼橋漸進式吊裝規劃表範例……………………………………80 表4-2 鋼橋單一循環每日作業規劃表範例…………………………80 表4-3 中國鋼鐵結構公司91年鋼架類別統計表…………………….82 表4-4 中國鋼鐵結構公司91年工程類別產量表……………………83 表4-5 鋼橋月生產計劃表範例…………………………………………91 表4-6 鋼橋日生產計劃表範例…………………………………………92 表4-7 鋼橋批量生產表範例…………………………………………..94 表4-8鋼橋鑽孔績效比較表…………………………………………..…97 表4-9鋼橋本體板組合績效比較表…………………………………….97 表4-10鋼橋本體板電銲績效比較表……………………………………97 表4-11鋼橋學習效益………………..………………………………….100 表4-12鋼橋作業面積使用比較表…………………………………….102 表4-13鋼橋庫存量績效比較表….……………………………………102 表4-14 H組合型鋼腹板加工分類表…………………………………106 表4-15切割火口與鋼材板厚對照表..………………………………… 106 表4-16電銲條件表………………………………………………………107 表4-17 切割作業面積及在製品庫存量比較表……………………108 表4-18 H組合型鋼品質標準比較表…………………………………108 圖次 圖1-1 研究架構圖…………………………………………………………6 圖2-1拉式生產系統流程圖……………………………………………11 圖2-2豐田及時生產系統架構圖………………………………………13 圖2-3及時化架構圖……………………………………………………16 圖2-4工作標準化要素圖………………………………………………19 圖2-5看板方式流程圖…………………………………………………24 圖2-6自�C化架構圖……………………………………………………28 圖3-1鋼架製造流程圖…………………………………………………39 圖3-2鋼橋製造流程圖…………………………………………………40 圖3-3鋼架吊裝流程圖…………………………………………………41 圖3-4鋼橋吊裝流程圖…………………………………………………42 圖4-1小板件加工流程圖………………………………………………59 圖4-2 H型鋼組立程序圖…………………………………………………60 圖4-3方型鋼組立程序圖………………………………………………61 圖4-4生產計劃流程圖…………………………………………………66 圖4-5鋼柱加工流程圖…………………………………………………67 圖4-6鋼樑加工流程圖…………………………………………………68 圖4-7橋樑加工流程圖…………………………………………………69 圖4-8鋼橋構段分區圖範例……………………………………………81 圖4-9中國鋼鐵結構公司91年鋼架類別統計圖……………………82 圖4-10中國鋼鐵結構公司91年工程類別圖…………………………83 圖4-11鋼橋單一作業循環甘特圖範例……………………………….84 圖4-12橋樑構段圖………………………………………………………85 圖4-13 橋樑生產流程圖………………………………………………86 圖4-14 改善後橋樑生產流程圖.………………………………………89 圖4-15 鋼橋主生產時程圖範例.………………………………………90 圖4-16 鋼橋工作圖範例………………………………………………93 圖4-17 H組合型鋼圖……………………………………………………103 圖4-18H組合型鋼生產流程圖…………………………………………105

The diploma thesis deals with design assessment railway station steel structure with roofing platform in Zlín. The structure has a lenght 80m, a width 44m and a height 9,87m. The structure is divided into two parts, first part consists office building and second part consistsroofing platform.The supporting structure of the hall is a transverse bond, which is formed by rounded truss ginder and truss columns with axial distance of 5 meters. The main construction material is steel S355JR. The work contains structural design report load-bearing elements, including joints and details. The calculations are processed according to the valid norms ČSN EN.

The aim of this work is design and assessment of the box-girder road bridge on by-road of Bludov. Bridge is designed as composite steel concrete bridge with 5 spans with distances between supports of 31,25 m; 40,0 m; 60,0 m; 60,0 m and 40,35 m. Main bearing structure is designed as open steel box-girder with reinforced concrete deck. Box girder is braced with longitudinal and transversal bracings. Main structure is separated for each traffic direction. The bridge crosses river Morava and railway in 2nd and 3rd span, respectively. The category of road I/44 is S 21,5/100. The height of steel box girder is designed as 2,5 m. Bridge will be built by incremental launching method, with in-situ casted concrete deck afterwards. The bridge is designed according to current standards. Supporting elements are designed from steel of class S 355 and concrete of class C35/45.

The object of this thesis is to design and assess steel structure of multi-storey office center in Vsetín. Floor plan dimensions of building are 48x40m. The building has ten floors. Overall height is 35,5m. The building ceilings made of composite steel and concrete structure. The part of build are roofer atrium and one bigger room aula with dimensions 24x16m. Two construction variants were designed and assessed. Longitudinal and transverse rigity of variant A is ensured by truss bracing. Transverse rigity of variant B is ensured by truss bracing and longitudinal rigity is braced by bracing frames. The variant A is better.

The final thesis deals with the design of the steel loadbearing structure of the shopping center situated in Brno. The built-up floor area is 1973 m2 (L-shaped ground plan with dimensions 48 m x 50 m). The construction consists of three parts. Building A has four above-ground floors and reaches a height of 25.5 m. The steel structure of mono-pitched roof is designed in two options. Both options consist of full-length purlins and truss girders. Building B is a single-storey building with a mono-pitched roof top reaching 8.1 m high. Building C is three-storey with a flat roof. The first floor has a construction height of 4.5 m and the remaining two floors reach height of 3.6 m, which coincide with building A. The steel structure is made of steel-concrete composite ceilings and pin-supported columns. In the case of bracings, pressure was eliminated by means of non-linearities.The work includes proposal, assessment of the supporting structure and calculation of the directional details. Internal forces were determined based on a static analysis in the SCIA Engineer calculation program.

This thesis contains a design of a steel structure of two-bay industrial hall with an administrative facility in the city of Brno. There are 3 variants of solution for industrial steel hall with duopitch roof with overall dimensions 60x74 m and detailed structural analysis of the first variant. Height of the hall is 10,5 m. Main structure of the roof is designed as frames from steel profiles with purlins from cold rolled sections, a span of frames is 30 m. The material of main frames is steel S355, material of purlins is S450. The hall is equipped by overhead crane with loading capacity 5 tons. Bolted connections will be done with maximal stiffness and feasibility of the structure. The administrative facility is designed as an independent building with 3 floors, the floor plan is semicircular with diameter 48 m.

The subject of this master’s thesis is the design and assessment of footbridge in Železný Brod across the Jizera river. The preliminary assessment contains 3 different variants of footbridges. Based on the multi-criteria analysis will be chosen the most suitable type for detailed design. Detailed static analysis contains assessment of the main load-bearing parts of the structure including joints. The length of span is 60,0 m and the width of passage is 2,5 m. The structure is made of steel class S355 and S460.