Diploma thesis Psychological aspects of the role stepfather aims to map out the expanding phenomenon in contemporary society, which is the presence of stepfathers newly composed families. The theoretical part is based on foreign resources, and tries to bring the theoretical framework of the issue. First, from a wider perspective on the family in contemporary society, divorce and the impact of these changes on the family constellation. Subsequently, much more closely focused on the very topic of stepfathers. This task is not so easy, due to the limits of available information and realized studies dealing with this phenomenon. For this reason, it follows the empirical study aiming to outline the current situation of stepfathers. This study is based on interviews with respondents and points to the aspects of this particular family constellation.

Diploma thesis Psychological aspects of the role stepfather aims to map out the expanding phenomenon in contemporary society, which is the presence of stepfathers newly composed families. The theoretical part is based on foreign resources, and tries to bring the theoretical framework of the issue. First, from a wider perspective on the family in contemporary society, divorce and the impact of these changes on the family constellation. Subsequently, much more closely focused on the very topic of stepfathers. This task is not so easy, due to the limits of available information and realized studies dealing with this phenomenon. For this reason, it follows the empirical study aiming to outline the current situation of stepfathers. This study is based on interviews with respondents and points to the aspects of this particular family constellation.

Mudanças recentes na composição e nas relações internas das famílias brasileiras decorreram, entre outros fatores, do número crescente de separações e divórcios e do ingresso maciço das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, de inovações científicas e tecnológicas, como métodos eficazes de contracepção e de reprodução assistida, além de medidas na área da saúde que aumentaram a expectativa de vida da população. O conjunto dessas alterações contribuíram para redefinir a condição feminina, as relações de gênero entre homens e mulheres e as formas de exercício da maternidade e paternidade. Em decorrência dessas transformações, aumentou o número de famílias recompostas constituídas por casais que vivem em segunda união e cuja forma de organização é bastante complexa, sobretudo no que diz respeito às relações com filhos da primeira união dos cônjuges. Em algumas famílias recompostas um homem é pai de filho(s) de união(ões) anterior(es), padrasto do(s) filho(s) da companheira atual e com a qual também pode ter filhos. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar o exercício da paternidade e as relações conjugais em famílias recompostas constituídas por segunda união de parceiros que têm filho(s) de casamento(s) anterior(es) e eventualmente da segunda união para analisar como homens, que são pais e padrastos, vivenciam a relação de paternidade com filho(s), considerando que aquele(s) da primeira união mora(m) com a ex-esposa, e quais os vínculos que mantêm, enquanto padrasto, com o(s) filho(s) de sua companheira atual. Foram entrevistados sete homens vivendo em segunda união e que são pais e padrastos. Os dados foram coletados com o pai/padrasto mediante entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado, gravada e transcrita na íntegra, e foram analisados de acordo com a abordagem teórica da antropologia e da psicologia. Os resultados indicam flexibilização das tarefas domésticas e dos cuidados com os filhos, mudanças nas vivências e no exercício da paternidade, procura dos padrastros em manterem boas relações com enteados e com os filhos biológicos com quem não residem. / Recent changes in the composition of Brazilian families were the result of, amongst other factors, the growing number of separations and divorces, the massive entry of women into the market, scientific and technological innovations, like the effective methods of contraception and assisted reproduction as well as measures in the health area that have increased the life expectancy of the population. All these changes contributed to the redefinition of the feminine condition, the gender relations between men and women, and the forms of exercise of motherhood and fatherhood. As a result of these transformations, there was an increase in the number of reconstituted families made up of couples living in second marriage and whose organization is quite complex, especially regarded to relations with children from the first marriage of the spouses. In some recomposed families, a man is the father of previous children, stepfather of the children of the current partner and with whom he may also have children. The objective of this research is to investigate the exercise of fatherhood and conjugal relationships in families who are composed of second union of partners who have children from previous marriage(s) and eventually from second marriage to analyze how men, who are fathers and stepfathers, experience the relationship of fatherhood with children, considering that the one(s) from the first union lives with the ex-wife, and what ties they have as a stepfather of the children of the current companion. Seven men who are fathers and stepfathers and living in second union were interviewed. Data were collected with the father/stepfather through interviews with semi-structured script, recorded and transcribed in its integrity, and analyzed according to the theoretical approaches of anthropology and psychology. The results indicated a flexibilization of the domestic tasks and children caring, changes in the experiences and the exercise of paternity, movement of the stepfathers towards a good relation with the stepchildren, maintenance of the relationship with the consanguineous children.

Mudanças recentes na composição e nas relações internas das famílias brasileiras decorreram, entre outros fatores, do número crescente de separações e divórcios e do ingresso maciço das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, de inovações científicas e tecnológicas, como métodos eficazes de contracepção e de reprodução assistida, além de medidas na área da saúde que aumentaram a expectativa de vida da população. O conjunto dessas alterações contribuíram para redefinir a condição feminina, as relações de gênero entre homens e mulheres e as formas de exercício da maternidade e paternidade. Em decorrência dessas transformações, aumentou o número de famílias recompostas constituídas por casais que vivem em segunda união e cuja forma de organização é bastante complexa, sobretudo no que diz respeito às relações com filhos da primeira união dos cônjuges. Em algumas famílias recompostas um homem é pai de filho(s) de união(ões) anterior(es), padrasto do(s) filho(s) da companheira atual e com a qual também pode ter filhos. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar o exercício da paternidade e as relações conjugais em famílias recompostas constituídas por segunda união de parceiros que têm filho(s) de casamento(s) anterior(es) e eventualmente da segunda união para analisar como homens, que são pais e padrastos, vivenciam a relação de paternidade com filho(s), considerando que aquele(s) da primeira união mora(m) com a ex-esposa, e quais os vínculos que mantêm, enquanto padrasto, com o(s) filho(s) de sua companheira atual. Foram entrevistados sete homens vivendo em segunda união e que são pais e padrastos. Os dados foram coletados com o pai/padrasto mediante entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado, gravada e transcrita na íntegra, e foram analisados de acordo com a abordagem teórica da antropologia e da psicologia. Os resultados indicam flexibilização das tarefas domésticas e dos cuidados com os filhos, mudanças nas vivências e no exercício da paternidade, procura dos padrastros em manterem boas relações com enteados e com os filhos biológicos com quem não residem. / Recent changes in the composition of Brazilian families were the result of, amongst other factors, the growing number of separations and divorces, the massive entry of women into the market, scientific and technological innovations, like the effective methods of contraception and assisted reproduction as well as measures in the health area that have increased the life expectancy of the population. All these changes contributed to the redefinition of the feminine condition, the gender relations between men and women, and the forms of exercise of motherhood and fatherhood. As a result of these transformations, there was an increase in the number of reconstituted families made up of couples living in second marriage and whose organization is quite complex, especially regarded to relations with children from the first marriage of the spouses. In some recomposed families, a man is the father of previous children, stepfather of the children of the current partner and with whom he may also have children. The objective of this research is to investigate the exercise of fatherhood and conjugal relationships in families who are composed of second union of partners who have children from previous marriage(s) and eventually from second marriage to analyze how men, who are fathers and stepfathers, experience the relationship of fatherhood with children, considering that the one(s) from the first union lives with the ex-wife, and what ties they have as a stepfather of the children of the current companion. Seven men who are fathers and stepfathers and living in second union were interviewed. Data were collected with the father/stepfather through interviews with semi-structured script, recorded and transcribed in its integrity, and analyzed according to the theoretical approaches of anthropology and psychology. The results indicated a flexibilization of the domestic tasks and children caring, changes in the experiences and the exercise of paternity, movement of the stepfathers towards a good relation with the stepchildren, maintenance of the relationship with the consanguineous children.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GlauciaMarinho.pdf: 1058659 bytes, checksum: 17777b5cdcab4a0113bd13f9c30b646f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-29 / This study aimed to identify the perceived stepfather about his relations with his ( s ) stepson ( s ) and i identify the perception stepfather about their function and role in the family . We used a clinical investigation of psychoanalytic theory that raised the data through semi - structured interviews and stories with family Drawing in 3 adults and stepfathers who were participants . The sessions were performed in an office setting , respecting technical and ethical issues in research and Psychology in particular , such as confidentiality and consent of the participants . The content analysis showed that there were peculiarities in each case studied , however , there were common factors in their actions and feelings about family and stepchildren : a) there was an ambiguity - for both men perceived themselves as providers and counselors of children and stepchildren , as there was also a perception that feelings by biological child were different from those experienced by stepchildren . b ) all stepfathers barriers in relations revealed by an unclear definition of its role and function within the family, often reinforced by wives , mothers , taken as those who hold the power over the child / stepchild , and this confusion generated rivalry stepfather and stepson in a dispute love of wife and mother . c ) the psychological point of view, it was observed that many conflicts referred them to the early stages of development , especially the Oedipal resolution as a reissue ; thus, the exercise of the function of stepfather gives the basis of the quality of their relationships with their parents in childhood - as occurs in the course of consanguineous parentage . So , the function of step father as well as the father is given by a rolling engagement. We suggest other work researches , because it was understood that this type of related developmental Psychology study can assist in health activities and prevention in mental health / Este estudo teve por objetivos, identificar a percepção do padrasto sobre suas relações com seu(s) enteado(s) e identificar a percepção do padrasto acerca da sua função e papel na família. Utilizou-se de uma investigação clínica de referencial psicanalítico que levantou os dados por meio de entrevistas semi-dirigidas e do Desenho de família com estórias, em 3 participantes adultos e que eram padrastos. Os atendimentos foram realizados em ambiente de consultório, respeitando-se questões técnicas e éticas da pesquisa e da Psicologia em especial, tais como sigilo e consentimento dos participantes. A análise do conteúdo mostrou que havia peculiaridades em cada caso estudado, entretanto, havia fatores comuns em seus sentimentos e ações sobre a família e enteados: a) houve uma ambivalência pois tanto se perceberam como homens provedores e orientadores dos filhos e enteados, quanto havia também uma a percepção de que os sentimentos pelo filho biológico eram diferentes daqueles sentidos por seus enteados. b) todos os padrastos revelaram entraves nas relações por uma não definição clara de seu papel e função no contexto familiar, muitas vezes reforçado pelas esposas- mães, tidas como aquelas que detém o poder sobre o filho/enteado e, esta confusão gerava rivalidade entre padrasto e enteado, numa disputa pelo amor da esposa e mãe. c) do ponto de vista psíquico, foi observado que muitos conflitos os remetiam aos períodos precoces do desenvolvimento, especialmente à resolução edipiana, como numa reedição; assim, o exercício da função de padrasto se dá à base da qualidade de suas relações com seus pais na infância tal como se dá no exercício da paternidade consangüínea. De modo que, a função de padrasto, assim como a paterna se dá por um compromisso evolutivo . Sugerem-se outros trabalhos, pois se entendeu que esse tipo de estudo relacionado à Psicologia do desenvolvimento pode auxiliar em ações de saúde e prevenção em saúde mental.

Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2016-09-20T19:22:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PEREIRA, IS-2015.pdf: 1520836 bytes, checksum: 9bec9fa6fff83033b73ccc4f6dd34923 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2016-09-21T22:49:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PEREIRA, IS-2015.pdf: 1520836 bytes, checksum: 9bec9fa6fff83033b73ccc4f6dd34923 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T22:49:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEREIRA, IS-2015.pdf: 1520836 bytes, checksum: 9bec9fa6fff83033b73ccc4f6dd34923 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / O presente estudo de mestrado tem como objetivo conhecer o envolvimento do padrasto nos cuidados e educação de seu/sua enteado/a, com faixa etária de seis a 10 anos, no contexto de classe média de Salvador. Para atingi-lo foi feita uma pesquisa qualitativa, mais especificamente, um estudo de casos múltiplos. Foram entrevistados quatro padrastos de enteados com idades entre seis e dez anos, que residiam em Salvador, eram de classe média, tinham nível superior de escolaridade e tinham pelo menos dois anos de união conjugal com a mãe do/a enteado/a. Para a coleta de dados, foi construído um roteiro de entrevista com questões abertas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados de forma descritiva. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UCSal e os participantes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: constatou-se que principalmente às mães e, na sequência,aos padrastos eram atribuídas as responsabilidades desde educar, cuidar e transmitir afeto às crianças. Nos casos estudados, as despesas ficavam por conta da mãe ou dela e do padrasto conjuntamente ou, ainda, a cargo dela e do pai biológico das crianças; verificou-se que os padrastos interagem com seu/sua enteado/a principalmente nos finais de semana e no período noturno. Conforme os entrevistados, as pessoas disponíveis para atender as demandas dos enteados são principalmente: eles (padrastos) e as mães das crianças. Todos os padrastos se consideram disponíveis aos enteados, com exceção de quando eles têm compromissos profissionais, nessas condições solicitam a família extensa (os avós maternos, madrinhas, primos) ou, em alguns casos, o pai biológico dos enteados.O relacionamento do padrasto e seu/sua enteado/a, em todos os casos estudados se dá de modo positivo, havendo um envolvimento alto entre eles, em termos de interação e disponibilidade. No entanto, cabe destacar que ser padrasto é ser um pai sem ser, como bem resumiu um dos entrevistados. Ademais, todos se consideram responsáveis pela educação e pelos cuidados do/da enteado/a; constatou-se que há uma distinção no papel de padrasto e de pai biológico do/da enteado/a na educação e no cuidado dele/a, pois havia baixo envolvimento dos genitores com suas crianças esua ausência na vida delas enfraquecia o vínculo entre eles. Sendo assim, os padrastos estudados assumiam várias das funções comumente atribuídas aos pais biológicos, no entanto,eles não tinham clareza quanto aos limites do seu papel. / The purpose of this study is to evaluate the involvement of the stepfather in the care and education of his stepchildren ,agedbeteween six and 10 years, in middle-class context at Salvador. To achieve it, a qualitative survey was made, more specifically, a multiple case study. Four stepfathers of stepchildren aged beteween six and ten years old, were interviewed.They´ve lived in Salvador, they´ve belonged to middle class and had higher levels of education and got at least two years of conjugal union with the stepchildren´s mother. It was prepared an interview script with open questions. Data were analyzed descriptively for data collection. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UCSal and the participants signed a consent term. The main findings were: as a result, it was found that mostly mothers and the stepfathers were assigned the responsibility to educate, care for and give affection to children. In the studied cases, the costs were for responsability of the mother and stepfather together or the biological father of the children; the stepfathers interact with his stepchildren, specially on weekends and at night. According to the interviewees, who are available to meet the needs of stepchildren are basically: they (stepparents) and children´s mothers. All stepparents are considered available for the stepchildren, except when they have work obligations, in this conditions they ask for help to the extended family (maternal grandmothers, godmothers, cousins) or, in some cases, the stepchildren´s biological father. The relationship of the stepfather and his stepchildren, in all cases studied happens in a positive way, with a high involvement between them in terms of interaction and availability. However, it´s worthy mentioning that be stepfather is to be a father without being, as described by one of the interviewees. Moreover, all of them consider themselves responsible for the education and care of them stepchildren; there is a distinction in the stepfather and biological father role in the education and care of stepchildren, because there was low involvement of biological fathers with their children and this absence in the children lives weakened the bond between them. Therefore, stepparents analized assumed many of the functions generally attributed to biological fathers, however, they were not clear about the limits of their role.

The objective of this study was to explore the problems existing in stepfamilies, which affect the relationship between stepparents and adolescent children and their effects on the different systems within these families. A qualitative research approach was followed. Three focus groups were conducted with the respondents. These focus groups were exploring the way things are regarding the adolescent stepchildren’s appraisal of the problems of having a stepparent, relating to him/her; their available coping resources; and their coping responses in adjusting to the situation. The respondents reported limited family interaction. It was also discovered that they were not freely expressing their feelings, especially about their stepparents. Their respondents, their biological parents and their stepparents have received limited professional assistance regarding their to-be-established stepfamilies. The outcomes of this study have shown that the stepfamily members need more professional support in terms of coping with the family situation. The stepfamily members need guidance and assistance with the coping responses with the stressors of having a stepfamily. Further research is recommended to describe the stepparents and biological parent’s relationship to their adolescent stepchildren, in order to provide comparative data for the present study. A study can also be conducted to determine further needs of stepfamilies, especially before remarriage, with regards to professional support services, for instance pre-marital counseling, legal issues pertaining to inheritance, wills, maintenance of stepchildren, adoption and custody of stepchildren. / Dissertation (MA (SW) (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Children in stepfamilies accept, for the most part, both their fathers - their noncustodial biological father and their stepfather - as part of the family, even when the children are representing the ideal family as they imagine it. Important factors in children's level of acceptance of their stepfathers include children's perception of a warm relationship between them and their stepfather, and between them and their mother, as well as a positive emotional climate in the family overall. Stepfathers are accepted by children if they impose a lower level of parental control over them. Children are also more likely to accept their stepfathers the longer the time has elapsed since the divorce of their biological parents, and the longer they have lived with their stepfather. Children wish to have closer relationships with their non-custodial biological. They would also prefer if stepfathers exercised less authority over their families. Children often express a wish for the relationships among the significant adults in the family to be free of conflict. As expressed by one of the children: "I am not happy that dad has moved away, but if my parents have decided that it should be so, then at least I want everyone to get along."

The objective of this research was toget informed about and to analyze Brazilian academic production about the stepfather in remarried family. It was also aimed to make a bibliographical survey of studies about stepfather, identify the areas of knowledge related to these research, identify the theoretical grounds adopted in Psychology research and to discuss how these productions approach the stepfather's conceptions in remarried families. The study was developed based on five databased research sites about the theme, including journals, thesis and dissertations: ScieloBrasil, Index Psi RevistasTécnico-Científicas, Index Psi Teses (Virtual Library in Health - Psychology), CAPES Thesis database and Portal da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia(IBICT). The following descriptors were informed: stepfather(s), remarriage,(s), remarried(s), Family(ies), remarried Family(ies), reconstructed family(ies), recomposed Family(ies). It was the target of this research 421 studies, including articles, dissertations and thesis produced in Brazil and published until 2013. By reading and making a preliminary analysis of the abstracts of these studies, it was possible to eliminate repetitions created by multiple descriptions and databases, resulting 68 publications, which have been grouped according to the areas of knowledge, related to the theme. Most of the publications (79,4\%) are related to Psychology, fifty-four studies. They have been mainly published starting from 2000. Then, they have been fully read, content analyzed and nine were excluded because they were not fully available. The theoretical approaches that have been found were Systemic Theory and Psychoanalysis, followed by interdisciplinary perspective in family studies, Human and Family development. Eight categories of analysis were displayed: term diversity, nuclear family and father figure as references, stepfather and the traditional fatherhood functions, mother's new marriage as the stepfather inclusion, the affective ties between stepfather and stepsons and stepdaughters, stepfather's contribution to the family, stepfather and sexual violence, stepfather and remarriage advisement.Although a variety of names, most researchers and families use the term stepfather. By examining the stepfather's place, there is a tendency of having as a reference the traditional nuclear family, which appears in families, researchers, therapists' expectations. The stepfather's role of authority is constructed in aparticular way in each family, being regularly assumed to be the one who provides financial support to the family. Although the affection of the stepfather towards the mother are given to the children, this does not always happens. Several studies suggest that the stepfather can give a great contribution to the familiar life, assuming a proper parenthood place, beside the children's biological mother and father. Although the stepfather is associated to sexual abuse, which generates negative expectations in relation to remarried families, studies point out the importance of examininga broader and complex context of intrafamiliar sexual violence. Family therapists find new contexts of family, based either in traditional nuclear family or in new conceptions of emerging families. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar a produção acadêmica brasileira sobre o padrasto na família recasada. Objetivou, ainda, realizar levantamento bibliográfico de estudos sobre o padrasto, identificar as áreas de conhecimento vinculadas às pesquisas, identificar os aportes teóricos adotados nas pesquisas em Psicologia e discutir como a produção acadêmica em Psicologia vem abordando as concepções de padrasto nas famílias recasadas. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema a partir de busca em cinco bases de dados, incluindo periódicos, dissertações e teses: Scielo Brasil, Index Psi RevistasTécnico- Científicas (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde - Psicologia), Index Psi Teses (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde - Psicologia), Banco de Teses da CAPES e Portal da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT). Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: padrasto(s), recasamento(s), recasado(s), família(s) recasada(s), família(s) reconstituída(s) e família(s) recomposta(s). Foram alvos da pesquisa artigos, teses e dissertações produzidos no Brasil e publicados até 2013, tendo sido encontrados 421 trabalhos. A partir dos resumos dos trabalhos foi realizada leitura de reconhecimento e análise preliminar para eliminar repetições geradas pelos múltiplos descritores e bases de dados, resultando um total de 68 publicações, as quais foram agrupadas em função das áreas de conhecimento às quais estão vinculadas. A maioria das publicações (79,4%) está vinculada à área da Psicologia, perfazendo um total de 54 trabalhos, publicados principalmente a partir do ano 2000. Dos trabalhos da Psicologia, 45 foram lidos integralmente e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, enquanto 9 foram excluídos da análise qualitativa porque não estavam disponíveis na íntegra. Os aportes teóricos mais encontrados foram Teoria Sistêmica e Psicanálise, seguidos da perspectiva interdisciplinar nos estudos de família, Psicologia do Desenvolvimento Humano e da Família. Foram elencadas 8 categorias de análise: a diversidade de termos; a família nuclear e a figura paterna como referências; o padrasto e as funções paternas tradicionais; a nova conjugalidade materna como porta de entrada para o padrasto; o vínculo afetivo entre padrasto e enteados; a contribuição do padrasto à família; padrasto e violência sexual; o padrasto e a clínica do recasamento. Apesar da diversidade de nomenclaturas encontradas, o termo padrasto é o mais utilizado por pesquisadores e famílias. Ao se examinar o lugar do padrasto há uma tendência de se ter como referência o pai da família nuclear tradicional, a qual aparece nas expectativas das famílias, pesquisadores e terapeutas de família. O lugar de autoridade por vezes assumido pelo padrasto é construído de forma particular em cada família, estando frequentemente associado à sua função de provedor financeiro. A entrada do padrasto na família se dá através do seu casamento com a mãe, havendo frequentemente a expectativa de que o afeto do marido se estenda aos filhos e seja correspondido, o que nem sempre acontece. Vários estudos sugerem que o padrasto pode dar uma grande contribuição à vida familiar assumindo um lugar parental próprio, ao lado da mãe e do pai biológico dos seus enteados. Embora o padrasto apareça associado a casos de abuso sexual contra seus enteados, fato que gera expectativas negativas em relação às famílias recasadas, os estudos destacam a importância de se examinar o contexto mais amplo e complexo de violência sexual intrafamiliar. Os terapeutas de família se deparam com os novos contextos familiares, apoiando-se ora no modelo de família nuclear tradicional ora nas novas concepções de família emergentes

Stepfamilies are shown by existing research as having multiple problems unique to this type of family, some of which include role ambiguity, role strain, role captivity, increased stress and adjustment problems in children. Stepparents are portrayed as evil, abusive and wicked in the media, literature or film, while stepchildren are variously portrayed as victims, naughty and manipulative. These popular perceptions of stepfamilies appear to be shaped by myths or dominant narratives which serve to shape stepfamily member's experience of and roles in the reconstituted family. Drawing on the work of postmodernism, social constructionism and the narrative theorists this study will expose those dominant narrative or myths which shape the experience of two stepfamilies. Using an emergent design, the experiences of these two families is described in an attempt to highlight some of the implications such an approach holds for both further research and psychotherapy. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)