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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Does Stimulus Complexity Affect Acquisition of Conditional Discriminations and the Emergence of Derived Relations?

Martin, Tiffani L. 12 1900 (has links)
Despite the central importance of conditional discriminations to the derivation of equivalence relations, there is little research relating the dynamics of conditional discrimination learning to the derivation of equivalence relations. Prior research has shown that conditional discriminations with simple sample and comparison stimuli are acquired faster than conditional discriminations with complex sample and comparison stimuli. This study attempted to replicate these earlier results and extend them by attempting to relate conditional discrimination learning to equivalence relations. Each of four adult humans learned four, four-choice conditional discriminations (simple-simple, simple-complex, complex-simple, and complex-complex) and were tested to see if equivalence relations had developed. The results confirm earlier findings showing acquisition to be facilitated with simple stimuli and retarded with complex stimuli. There was no difference in outcomes on equivalence tests, however. The results are in implicit agreement with Sidman's theory of stimulus equivalence.
102

Oral Syringe Training Animals: Indiscriminable and Discriminable Punishment Contingencies

Erickson, Emilie Jane 05 1900 (has links)
Animals are commonly trained to perform behaviors during routine husbandry procedures. However, some husbandry procedures have aversive consequences when the real procedure is performed. This commonly results in loss of the trained behavior. The present study assessed whether maintaining the antecedent environmental stimulus conditions between appetitive and aversive outcomes would prevent this effect and, conversely, whether adding a stimulus discrepancy would facilitate this effect. Three domestic rats served as participants in a multiple baseline across participants design with multi-element components. All three rats stopped performing a trained behavior when a discrepant stimulus reliably predicted an aversive outcome. In addition, all three rats continued to perform the same behavior when antecedent environmental stimulus conditions were consistent between aversive and appetitive outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of practical implications for behavior change agents and conceptual implications for learning theory.
103

The Effects of Different Withing Pair Delays on Emergent Symmetrical Relations Between Stimuli

Schneggenburger, Sierra Rose 10 May 2022 (has links)
No description available.
104

Intermodal Stimulus Compounding with Ambient Odors Produces Averaging in Rats

Kirkland, Sophia B. 05 1900 (has links)
In an organism's natural environment, there are always an uncountable number of stimuli, and stimulus features, available to gain control over behavior. When these component stimuli are presented simultaneously, this new stimulus compound can occasion a previously unseen effect on behavior. Stimulus compounding is a method used to better understand how variables in stimulus features may impact the final effect on an organism's responding when presented with a stimulus compound. While stimulus compounding experiments are often conducted using intermodal tone and light stimuli, it is conducted far less often using intramodal stimuli, potentially due to the competing stimulus features of same-modality stimuli. Even less conducted research has been done using two odor component stimuli, despite the large impact odor has on many species' behavior. The purpose of this study was to conduct a stimulus compounding experiment using intramodal ambient odor stimuli in rats, to see what kind of effect a mixed odor compound would have on the subject's behavior. This was done using a wind tunnel designed operant chamber, where both subjects were trained to respond to independently presented odor stimuli. Following training a compound mixture of both component odors was presented to the subjects. The results of this study demonstrated an averaged effect on behavior, producing a response rate under the compound mixture that was intermediate to the response rates under each independent component stimulus. This may be due to several factors, including the efficacy of initial training procedures, the efficacy of the apparatus, and the merging of the component stimuli's features.
105

<b>Competing Frames of Reference Using Vibrotactile Stimuli for Stimulus-Response Mapping Effects</b>

Ashley D Warren (18429432) 23 April 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">The implementation of vibrotactile stimuli has grown in necessity where visual and auditory modalities are overloaded. However, how attention is oriented using vibrotactile information has been minimally investigated compared to other modalities, such as visual and auditory stimuli. The ability to elicit an appropriate mapping between a response from a specific vibrotactile stimulus can be explained in three different frames of reference accounts: internal, external, or remapping. Previous research has answered questions relating to the ability to use different reference frames but have yet to agree which frame orients attention for creating an automatic response. Using various stimulus-response mapping effects, the current study investigated how competing frames of reference are used to orient attention to select a response based on specific characteristics of vibrotactile stimuli. Experiment 1 validated the novel apparatus developed for this study by obtaining a stimulus-response compatibility effect. Experiment 2 investigated if an external or internal reference frame is used to orient attention automatically. The uncrossed-hands condition provided a replication of Experiment 1 and confirmed that a stimulus-response compatibility effect was present. For the crossed-hands condition, a diminished, reverse stimulus-response compatibility effect was present. Experiment 3 found no meaningful difference between a magnitude aligned (i.e., left associated with low frequency) versus misaligned (i.e., left associated with high frequency) conditions for frequency of vibrotactile stimuli, suggesting vibrotactile stimuli do not hold a mental magnitude line. Overall, the results from Experiments 1 and 2 provide evidence that processing of vibrotactile information is not reliant on only an internal reference frame but instead the external frame has some influence on selecting a motor response. Experiment 3 also suggests that task context influenced the stimulus and response mapping provided in the instructions, rather than the intrinsic, anatomical representation of vibrotactile stimuli.</p>
106

Respostas de observação em reversões de contingências / Observing responses in contingencies reversals

Pergher, Nicolau Kuckartz 05 September 2007 (has links)
Respostas de observação são mantidas pela produção de estímulos discriminativos. A maioria das pesquisas tem mostrado que apenas as respostas de observação que produzem S+ são mantidas, o que tem sido explicado pela hipótese do reforçamento condicionado. De acordo com essa hipótese, apenas os estímulos pareados com reforço, ou temporalmente mais próximos do reforço, adquiririam propriedades reforçadoras condicionadas. Entretanto, existem pesquisas mostrando que ambos S+ e S- podem manter a observação, o que tem sido explicado pela hipótese da redução da incerteza. De acordo com essa hipótese, as informações providas por ambos estímulos são reforçadoras, pois reduzem a incerteza acerca das contingências em vigor. A presente pesquisa procurou estudar as respostas de observação em situações de reversões de contingências. De acordo com a hipótese do reforçamento condicionado, a cada reversão, apenas os estímulos pareados com reforço, ou temporalmente mais próximos, deveriam manter a observação. De acordo com a hipótese da redução da incerteza, independentemente da realização das reversões, ambos os estímulos, manteriam as respostas de observação, pois ambos informam sobre as contingências em vigor. Foram realizados três experimentos, nos quais utilizou-se um equipamento de rastreamento do olhar para registrar as observações. No Experimento 1, participaram três adultos com desenvolvimento típico. As contingências utilizadas no Experimento 1 (VR 10 Extinção) não foram eficientes para estabelecer discriminação, o que impossibilitou a realização de reversões. No Experimento 2, participaram outros três adultos. Foi empregada punição (perda de pontos) para as respostas de pressão à barra de espaço do teclado emitidas na presença de S-. Com isso, a discriminação foi estabelecida, e as a reversões puderam ser realizadas. Os resultados mostraram que S- foi observado com maior duração e/ou maior freqüência do que S+, tanto no estabelecimento de discriminação quanto nas reversões. O valor reforçador condicionado de S- é discutido em termos do aumento da probabilidade de fuga da punição. No Experimento 3, participaram dois adultos. Foram utilizados dois conjuntos de estímulos. Ao longo do experimento, os S- mantinham as respostas de observação com maior duração e freqüência do que S+. Para um dos participantes, ao realizar as reversões, a partir do primeiro estímulo apresentado, a observação de todos os demais S- passava a ocorrer com maior duração e freqüência do que a observação dos demais S+ apresentados. Esses resultados indicam que, além de uma classe funcional de estímulos, teria sido formada uma classe de reforçadores condicionados. O efeito discriminativo dos estímulos sobre a movimentação dos olhos é discutido. Sugere-se que seja avaliado o efeito reforçador de outros elementos presentes na tarefa experimental, tais como o contador de pontos e as instruções, os quais podem manter a observação e concorrer com a observação dos estímulos em si. / Observing responses are maintained by discriminative stimuli. Most researches have shown that observing responses are maintained by S+, a fact that has being explained by conditioned reinforcement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement would acquire conditioned reinforcement proprieties. There are researches that have shown both S+ and S- maintaing observing, a fact that has being explained by uncertainty reduction hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, both stimuli provide information\'s and reduce uncertainty about contingencies. The present research intended to study observing responses in contingencies reversals. According to conditioned reinforcement hypothesis, in every reversal, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement, or nearer to reinforcement, should reinforce observing. According to uncertainty reduction hypothesis, in every reversal, both stimuli should maintain observing because both inform about contingencies. Three experiments were done. An eye tracker equipment was used to register observing responses. In Experiment 1, three adults with typical development participated. Contingencies in Experiment 1 (VR Extinction) were not efficient in establishing discrimination and reversals were not implemented. In Experiment 2, three other adults participated. It was used punition (points lost) for responding in the presence of S-. Discrimination was established and reversals were carried through. Results show that S-was observed with longer duration and/or higher frequencies than S+. S- conditioned reinforcement properties are discussed in terms of increasing escape probability. In Experiment 3, two adults participated. Two groups of stimuli were used. Throughout the experiment, S- maintained observing with longer durations and higher frequencies than S+. One of the participants, when exposed to reversals, from the first stimulus presented, S-observation becomes higher to the other S- than to the other S+. These results indicated that, besides functional stimuli classes, it was created conditioned reinforcement classes. Discriminative effects of stimuli over eye movements are discussed. It is suggested that reinforcement effect of other elements, like points and instructions must be evaluated. This elements can maintain observing and concur with observation of stimulus in itself.
107

Respostas de observação em reversões de contingências / Observing responses in contingencies reversals

Nicolau Kuckartz Pergher 05 September 2007 (has links)
Respostas de observação são mantidas pela produção de estímulos discriminativos. A maioria das pesquisas tem mostrado que apenas as respostas de observação que produzem S+ são mantidas, o que tem sido explicado pela hipótese do reforçamento condicionado. De acordo com essa hipótese, apenas os estímulos pareados com reforço, ou temporalmente mais próximos do reforço, adquiririam propriedades reforçadoras condicionadas. Entretanto, existem pesquisas mostrando que ambos S+ e S- podem manter a observação, o que tem sido explicado pela hipótese da redução da incerteza. De acordo com essa hipótese, as informações providas por ambos estímulos são reforçadoras, pois reduzem a incerteza acerca das contingências em vigor. A presente pesquisa procurou estudar as respostas de observação em situações de reversões de contingências. De acordo com a hipótese do reforçamento condicionado, a cada reversão, apenas os estímulos pareados com reforço, ou temporalmente mais próximos, deveriam manter a observação. De acordo com a hipótese da redução da incerteza, independentemente da realização das reversões, ambos os estímulos, manteriam as respostas de observação, pois ambos informam sobre as contingências em vigor. Foram realizados três experimentos, nos quais utilizou-se um equipamento de rastreamento do olhar para registrar as observações. No Experimento 1, participaram três adultos com desenvolvimento típico. As contingências utilizadas no Experimento 1 (VR 10 Extinção) não foram eficientes para estabelecer discriminação, o que impossibilitou a realização de reversões. No Experimento 2, participaram outros três adultos. Foi empregada punição (perda de pontos) para as respostas de pressão à barra de espaço do teclado emitidas na presença de S-. Com isso, a discriminação foi estabelecida, e as a reversões puderam ser realizadas. Os resultados mostraram que S- foi observado com maior duração e/ou maior freqüência do que S+, tanto no estabelecimento de discriminação quanto nas reversões. O valor reforçador condicionado de S- é discutido em termos do aumento da probabilidade de fuga da punição. No Experimento 3, participaram dois adultos. Foram utilizados dois conjuntos de estímulos. Ao longo do experimento, os S- mantinham as respostas de observação com maior duração e freqüência do que S+. Para um dos participantes, ao realizar as reversões, a partir do primeiro estímulo apresentado, a observação de todos os demais S- passava a ocorrer com maior duração e freqüência do que a observação dos demais S+ apresentados. Esses resultados indicam que, além de uma classe funcional de estímulos, teria sido formada uma classe de reforçadores condicionados. O efeito discriminativo dos estímulos sobre a movimentação dos olhos é discutido. Sugere-se que seja avaliado o efeito reforçador de outros elementos presentes na tarefa experimental, tais como o contador de pontos e as instruções, os quais podem manter a observação e concorrer com a observação dos estímulos em si. / Observing responses are maintained by discriminative stimuli. Most researches have shown that observing responses are maintained by S+, a fact that has being explained by conditioned reinforcement hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement would acquire conditioned reinforcement proprieties. There are researches that have shown both S+ and S- maintaing observing, a fact that has being explained by uncertainty reduction hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, both stimuli provide information\'s and reduce uncertainty about contingencies. The present research intended to study observing responses in contingencies reversals. According to conditioned reinforcement hypothesis, in every reversal, only the stimulus paired with reinforcement, or nearer to reinforcement, should reinforce observing. According to uncertainty reduction hypothesis, in every reversal, both stimuli should maintain observing because both inform about contingencies. Three experiments were done. An eye tracker equipment was used to register observing responses. In Experiment 1, three adults with typical development participated. Contingencies in Experiment 1 (VR Extinction) were not efficient in establishing discrimination and reversals were not implemented. In Experiment 2, three other adults participated. It was used punition (points lost) for responding in the presence of S-. Discrimination was established and reversals were carried through. Results show that S-was observed with longer duration and/or higher frequencies than S+. S- conditioned reinforcement properties are discussed in terms of increasing escape probability. In Experiment 3, two adults participated. Two groups of stimuli were used. Throughout the experiment, S- maintained observing with longer durations and higher frequencies than S+. One of the participants, when exposed to reversals, from the first stimulus presented, S-observation becomes higher to the other S- than to the other S+. These results indicated that, besides functional stimuli classes, it was created conditioned reinforcement classes. Discriminative effects of stimuli over eye movements are discussed. It is suggested that reinforcement effect of other elements, like points and instructions must be evaluated. This elements can maintain observing and concur with observation of stimulus in itself.
108

O estabelecimento da função discriminativa de respostas e sua participação de classe de estímulos equivalentes

Santos, Lilian Evelin dos 19 April 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Evelin dos Santos.pdf: 696473 bytes, checksum: 4b3297aade76d4ea7d8436d44b6b10d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study was a replication of Dymond & Barnes (1994). The study aimed: (a) to verify if the establishment of a pattern of responding as a discriminative stimulus, consistently paired with a stimulus that belonged to a class of equivalent stimuli, would establish the pattern of responding as a member of the same equivalence class, and (b) to verify if the other stimuli of the stimulus class would control responding as a discriminative stimulus, through the insertion of the response pattern in the class. The experimental procedure had 4 phases: (1) a conditional discrimination training and tests for the emergence of two equivalence classes of 3 stimuli (A1, B1, C1 and A2, B2, C2); (2) a self-discrimination training where two distinct response patterns (clicking or not clicking a mouse, in a 5s period) each one systematically paired with one stimulus of each of the equivalence classes (B1 or B2) were established as conditional stimuli controlling the discriminative function of two stimuli (B1 and B2); (3) Test 1: of the possible control of the self-discrimination response over new stimuli, where it was tested if the response patterns with the mouse also controlled the choice between two other stimuli of the equivalence class (C1 and C2), which were never before paired with responding with the mouse; and (4) Test 2: of the possible control, by the stimuli of the equivalence class, over the pattern of responding with the mouse, where it was tested if a choice of either C1 or C2 was followed by responding / not responding with the mouse. Of the 11 adults who started the experiment, 6 completed the study: the performance of 4 of these 6 participants on Test 1 and of 3 of them on Test 2 were successful. Results were similar to the ones found by Dymond & Barnes (1994), suggesting that: (a) response patterns may acquire behavioral functions as stimuli and may become part of equivalence stimulus classes, and (b) stimuli that are part of a equivalent stimulus class may share behavioral functions, because of a history of differential reinforcement related to only one member of the stimulus class / O presente estudo foi uma replicação de Dymond e Barnes (1994). Seu objetivo foi verificar se (1) o estabelecimento de um padrão de respostas como estímulo discriminativo para outras respostas de um individuo tornaria a resposta (como SD)_membro de uma classe de estímulos equivalentes da qual faz parte um estímulo sistematicamente pareado com a resposta discriminada (e discriminativa), sem qualquer treino direto e se, por outro lado, (2) a participação dessa resposta como membro da classe de estímulos equivalentes tornaria os outros estímulos membros da classe estímulos discriminativos para as mesmas respostas controladas dicriminativamente pela resposta. O procedimento consistiu em quatro fases: 1) treino de discriminação condicional e teste de formação de estímulos equivalentes para a formação de duas classes de três estímulos (A1, B1, C1 e A2, B2 e C2); 2) treino de autodiscriminação, no qual dois diferentes padrões de responder (clicar ou não clicar o mouse num período de 5s) pareados, cada um deles com um estímulo de cada classe de estímulos equivalentes (B1 e B2) - foram estabelecidos como estímulos condicionais numa segunda tarefa - de escolha entre dois estímulos (B1 e B2), cada um deles membro de uma das classes de estímulo equivalente estabelecidas anteriormente; 3) Teste 1: do controle da resposta de autodiscriminação sobre novos estímulos, no qual se testou se os padrões de responder (clicar / não clicar o mouse) controlariam a resposta de escolha entre dois estímulos das classes de equivalência (C1 ou C2), jamais pareados com esses desempenhos e; 4) Teste 2: do controle dos estímulos da classe de estímulos equivalentes sobre o responder , no qual se testou se a escolha entre os estímulos C1 e C2 (que seria controlada pelo desempenho no mouse) passaria a controlar o desempenho posterior no mouse. Participaram deste estudo 11 adultos, dos quais 6 concluíram o experimento. Dos participantes que concluíram, 4 tiveram um desempenho positivo no Teste 1, e destes, 3 tiveram também um desempenho positivo no Teste 2. Os resultados sugeriram que: a) padrões de respostas podem adquirir funções comportamentais de estímulos e podem fazer parte de classes de estímulos equivalentes e b) estímulos que participam de uma classe de estímulos equivalentes podem compartilhar as mesmas funções comportamentais, a partir de uma história de reforçamento diferencial em relação a apenas um estímulo pertencente à classe
109

Formação e manutenção de classes de equivalência: um estudo com participantes da 3ª idade

Aggio, Natalia Maria 08 March 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3021.pdf: 1554861 bytes, checksum: 79bd6fbda8332922bee3c9d6c05f7a59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The paradigm of stimulus equivalence has been widely studied, with different populations. Several studies have investigated the variables that can influence the formation and maintenance of equivalent stimulus classes. Regarding to formation, some authors point that the structure of train CaN and the arrangement simple to complex can facilitate this formation. Regarding to maintenance, some authors propose, for example, that classes with higher number of stimuli are more stable and are easier to be remembered over time. Despite the diversity of populations studied with procedures derived from the paradigm of stimulus equivalence, there is still a lack of studies with the elderly population. In order to enlarge the knowledge about the generality of the phenomenon of formation and maintenance of equivalent classes stimulus, this study proposed to investigate the formation of equivalent classes of different sizes and the role of this size in the maintenance of the classes with participants between 60 and 75 years. The procedure of matching-to-sample was used to teach three classes of equivalent stimuli composed of three or six stimulus (Condition 1 and Condition 2). The experimental procedure consisted of a training phase of baseline relations and testing of emerging relations, and six weeks after the first phase, a test was done with the emerging and learned relations to check the maintenance of classes formed. All participants showed the emergence of classes of equivalent stimulus. Three participants showed immediate emergency and five delayed emergency. All the participants who went through Condition 1 had percentages of correct responses below 90% in the test done after six weeks, while participants who underwent Condition 2 had hit percentages above 90%. Since most participants from Condition 2 showed accuracy right in the beginning of the test, it was not possible to evaluate the recovery of the relations throughout the test made six weeks later. This performance showed that the size of the class may be a relevant variant that influences the stability of the class over time, since the participants in the condition that trained with larger classes had better results on this test. This paper presents contributions to the studies of stimulus equivalence, since studies with this population are rare, and to understanding the factors involved in the formation and maintenance of stimulus equivalence. / O paradigma da equivalência de estímulos tem sido amplamente estudado, com diferentes populações. Diversas pesquisas têm investigado as variáveis que podem influenciar na formação e na manutenção de classes de estímulos equivalentes. Em relação à formação, autores apontam que a estrutura de treino CaN e o arranjo do simples para o complexo podem facilitar essa formação. Em relação à manutenção, autores propõem, por exemplo, que classes com maior número de estímulos são mais estáveis ao longo do tempo e são recuperadas mais facilmente. Apesar da diversidade de populações estudadas com procedimentos oriundos do paradigma de equivalência de estímulos, existe ainda uma carência de estudos com a população idosa. Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a generalidade do fenômeno de formação e manutenção de classes de estímulos equivalentes, o presente estudo propôs verificar a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes de diferentes tamanhos e o papel deste tamanho na manutenção das mesmas com participantes idosos entre 60 e 75 anos. O procedimento de emparelhamento com o modelo foi utilizado para ensinar três classes de estímulos equivalentes compostas por três ou seis estímulos (Condição 1 e Condição 2). O procedimento experimental consistiu em uma fase de treino de relações de linha de base e teste de relações emergentes seguida, seis semanas depois, de um teste com as relações aprendidas e emergentes a fim de verificar a manutenção das classes formadas. Todos os participantes mostraram a emergência de classes de equivalência. Três participantes mostraram emergência imediata e cinco, emergência atrasada. Em geral, os participantes que passaram pela Condição 1 apresentaram porcentagens de acertos abaixo de 90% no teste feito após seis semanas, enquanto os participantes que passaram pela Condição 2 apresentaram porcentagens de acerto acima de 90%. Uma vez que a maior parte dos participantes da Condição 2 apresentaram porcentagens de acertos muito altas desde o inicio do teste, não foi possível avaliar a recuperação das relações ao longo do teste feito após seis semanas. Esse desempenho evidenciou que o número de estímulos em um classe pode ser uma variável que influencia na estabilidade das classes ao longo do tempo, uma vez que os participantes da condição que treinaram com classes maiores tiveram resultados melhores neste teste. O trabalho apresenta contribuições para os estudos em equivalência de estímulos, uma vez que estudos com população dessa idade são escassos, para a compreensão dos fatores envolvidos na formação e manutenção das classes de estímulos equivalentes.
110

Sensory uncertainty governs the extent of audio-visual interaction

Heron, James, McGraw, Paul V., Whitaker, David J. January 2004 (has links)
No / Auditory signals have been shown to exert a marked influence on visual perception in a wide range of tasks. However, the mechanisms of these interactions are, at present, poorly understood. Here we present a series of experiments where a temporal cue within the auditory domain can significantly affect the localisation of a moving visual target. To investigate the mechanism of this interaction, we first modulated the spatial positional uncertainty of the visual target by varying its size. When visual positional uncertainty was low (small target size), auditory signals had little or no influence on perceived visual location. However, with increasing visual uncertainty (larger target sizes), auditory signals exerted a significantly greater influence on perceived visual location. We then altered the temporal profile of the auditory signal by modulating the spread of its Gaussian temporal envelope. Introducing this temporal uncertainty to the auditory signal greatly reduced its effect on visual localisation judgements. These findings support the view that the relative uncertainty in individual sensory domains governs the perceptual outcome of multisensory integration.

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