京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第17778号 / 医博第3804号 / 新制||医||999(附属図書館) / 30585 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 大森 治紀, 教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 吉村 長久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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The present study sought to confirm melodic expectancy patterns discovered in a previous investigation and to determine whether data would be affected by altering the rhythmic condition of the stimuli. The three problems of this investigation were to study expectancies generated by two-note stimulus intervals of equal duration; the expectancies generated by stimulus intervals presented with a long-short rhythm; and the expectancies generated by stimulus intervals presented with a short-long rhythm. Fifty subjects were asked to sing what they believed would be the natural continuation of the melody begun by a two-note stimulus interval. The stimulus intervals were grouped in rhythmic sets, one set of neutral-rhythm stimuli, one set of long-short stimuli, and one set of short-long stimuli. The interval from the second note of the stimulus interval to the first sung note was transcribed as the generated expectancy response interval. The data were examined in two basic ways, using response data as a whole and examining data for each stimulus interval separately. A third method of data evaluation concerned harmonic triads occurring in the response data. Both when considering response frequency as a whole, and when considering response data separately for each melodic beginning, no significant difference associated with rhythmic condition could be found. Smaller response intervals were generated much more often than large intervals. Some stimulus intervals, notably the major second ascending, were observed to be much more powerful generators than others. It was concluded from these results that in response to two-note stimulus intervals melodic expectancy can clearly be shown to operate, confirming the results of an earlier study, but that no effect of rhythm on melodic expectancy can be shown to operate.

Past research has not evaluated the effectiveness of a remote behavior skills training (BST) package with pre-service special education teachers’ implementation of a multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessment (PA). Thus, this research was needed to evaluate the effectiveness of a remote BST package on pre-service special education teacher’s implementation of a MSWO PA. This study was conducted to first, evaluate the effects of pre-service special education teachers’ fidelity of conducting a MSWO PA using remote BST and next, to evaluate the intervention gains maintained over time, and last to determine if pre-service special education teachers believe the MSWO PA results in favorable social validity measures. The components of behavioral skills training used were remote instruction, remote video modeling, a remote quiz, and feedback. Results suggest that a remote BST package is a useful training strategy when teaching pre-service special education teachers PA. During 1-week follow-up across participants, each participant maintained their skills of implementation. Keywords: video conferencing, remote, BST, MSWO, multiple stimulus without replacement, preference assessment / Applied Behavioral Analysis

The purpose of the study is to analyze the challenges of coaching leadership in practice, by examining middle managers’ perceptions of their leadership. The study analyzes the challenges based on Habermas’ (1995) communication theory, Krams’ (1983) theory of mentor relationships, but also Sobel and Holms’ (2019) description of coaching as leadership. Coaching as leadership results from the transformative leadership, specifically from the content "inspirational motivation" where the leader and the manager are in focus when it comes to being a good role model. The study is a qualitative survey based on semi-structured interviews where the respondents are managers closest to the employees, often referred to as supervisors. The respondents were selected on the basis of a goal-directed sample where these came to be relevant for the research questions that were developed and for the implementation of the study. Six interviews were conducted and then analyzed with a thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke (2006). When transcribing all the interviews, both main and sub-themes emerged, which were then analyzed and discussed between both of us authors. The choice of analysis method was based on the transcriptions contribution to creating a clear structure and thus facilitating the analysis of the material. The results showed that coaching leadership as it is theoretically described did not always correspond with the respondents' perceptions of their leadership. During the interviews, it was discovered that much of the leadership in the various organizations was situational with challenges that mainly revolved around communication, time and contextual factors. / <p>Godkänt 2022-06-15.</p>

Previous research measuring visual short-term memory (VSTM) suggests that the capacity for representing the layout of objects is fairly high. In four experiments, we further explored the capacity of VSTM for layout of objects, using the change detection method. In Experiment 1, participants retained most of the elements in displays of 4 to 8 elements. In Experiments 2 and 3, with up to 20 elements, participants retained many of them, reaching a capacity of 13.4 stimulus elements. In Experiment 4, participants retained much of a complex naturalistic scene. In most cases, increasing display size caused only modest reductions in performance, consistent with the idea of configural, variable-resolution grouping. The results indicate that participants can retain a substantial amount of scene layout information (objects and locations) in short-term memory. We propose that this is a case of remote visual understanding, where observers’ ability to integrate information from a scene is paramount.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23563号 / 理博第4757号 / 新制||理||1682(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 森 哲, 教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Participants demonstrate the Stroop effect when, in naming the color in which a word appears, reaction times are longer when the color and word are incongruent (e.g., "yellow" printed in blue) compared to when they are congruent (e.g., "yellow" printed in yellow). The literature commonly refers to the difference in reaction times as a measure of the interference of word stimuli upon color stimuli, and is taken as support for the theory of automaticity. This study asks whether the Stroop effect can be analyzed as interactions within and across stimulus classes. Adult participants learned three 3-member classes (color, word, and pattern) in a serialized order of training. In the testing phase, participants were presented with compound stimuli formed from combinations of members within and across classes (e.g., word and color), and reaction times were recorded in similar fashion to the Stroop task. Results show that averaged participants' reaction times are faster to compound stimuli comprised of members within the same class, compared to compound stimuli formed with members from different classes. These group-level data are consistent with the Stroop literature in that congruent compounds produce faster reaction times relative to incongruent compounds. However, individual participant data do not consistently reflect the Stroop effect. Further considerations for future research in this area are discussed.

<p>Anticipating the occurrence of a future event is an ability that helps people prepare for various daily activities. This preparation is regarded as a non-specific process because it is initiated by a warning signal that does not contain specific information about the critical event. Previous research reported that the intertrial repetition of a stimulus-response event in a choice-reaction task shortened the reaction time more at the short foreperiod (interval between the end of the warning signal and onset of the target stimulus). I conducted four experiments to investigate whether the interaction was due to the event sequence effect being overridden by preparation processes (“overriding” hypothesis) or the quick-decaying characteristic of the event sequence effect itself (“quick-decay” hypothesis). Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the relative magnitudes of the preparation effect by changing how foreperiods were distributed within a trial block. The results showed similar asymmetric event sequence effects, which indicated that whether preparation was better at the short or long foreperiod did not affect the event-based modulation. Experiment 3 manipulated the temporal distance between two consecutive stimulus-response events across trial blocks and found that the asymmetric event-based modulation on preparation was diminished by a long enough inter-trial interval. The final experiment compared alerting trials with no-alerting trials and found an asymmetric event-based modulation caused by the absence of repetition benefit in a certain context (an alerting trial preceded by a no-alerting trial). Therefore, the event sequence effect is not directly related to “nonspecific preparation”, but this event-specific component could be embedded in the measurement of preparation in some scenarios, which could lead to misinterpretation of the preparation effect itself. This finding clarifies the mechanism underlying the interaction between preparation and event sequence. The conclusion also questions the validity of the current measures of nonspecific preparation, including temporal preparation and phasic alertness.</p>

Rytmterapi har visat sig vara ett effektivt komplement till andra behandlingsmetoder vid neurologiska sjukdomar som exempelvis Parkinson eller stroke. Flertalet studier visar förbättringar framförallt i patientens förmåga att bibehålla en stadig gångstil med normal steglängd. Det har även undersökts vilka faktiska förändringar som sker i hjärnan när man lyssnar på musik i förhållande till motoriska förändringar, men ingen av dessa studier kan på ett tydligt sätt förklara varför rytmterapi fungerar så bra för patienterna och vilken del av den auditiv stimulus som påverkar patienten mest. Det finns tankar om att det är en stadig takt som påverkas mest. Vissa menar att en viktig faktor är patientens välmående och humör, och att musiken påverkar dessa faktorer på ett positivt sätt. Syftet med den här artikeln är att undersöka hur ljud används för att behandla Parkinsons sjukdom, och genom en studie på friska vuxna personer skapa en uppfattning om på vilket sätt som olika typer av auditiv stimulus påverkar gången. Studien bestod av 19 deltagare som gick en sträcka på 10 meter totalt 6 gånger. En gång utan någon auditiv stimulus, en gång med en metronom i bakgrunden, tre gånger med olika sorters musik som försöksledarna valt och en gång med ett musikstycke som de själva hade valt. Studien pågick under två dagar och resultatet pekar på att den självvalda låten gav bäst resultat. / Rhythm therapy has been shown to be an effective complement to other methods for treating neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease or stroke. Several studies have shown improvement in especially the patient's ability to maintain a steady walk with a normal stride length. It has been investigated what actual changes that occur in the brain while listening to music in relation to motor changes, but none of these studies can clearly explain why rhythm therapy works so well for these patients and what part of the auditory stimulus that affects the patient most. There are thoughts that a steady pace is what is affected most. Some researchers say that an important factor to keep in mind is the patient’s wellbeing and mood, and that the music affects these factors in a positive way. The aim of this article is to investigate how sound is used to treat Parkinson’s disease, and through a study of healthy adults create an idea of how different types of auditory stimuli affect walking. The study consisted of 19 participants that walked a distance of 10 meters 6 times each. One time without any auditory stimuli, one time with to the sound of a metronome, three times with different kinds of music that the experiment leaders had chosen and one time with a musical piece of their own choice. The study took place for two days, and the result indicates that the musical piece that the participant had chosen for themselves gave the best result.