I modern tid, andra världskriget och framåt, har finansanalytikerns roll vuxit markant och dess inverkan på börsen diskuteras numera flitigt. Forskning har bedrivits flitigt utomlands om hur dem arbetar inom yrket men materialet I Sverige är dessvärre väldigt tunt. Det finns en studie från 1992 av Lars Olbert där han kartlägger svenska finansanalytikers informationsanvändning och vilka värderingsmodeller som används i praktiken och inte bara i teorin. Denna kartläggning skulle vara intressant, och releveant, att uppdatera. Därav denna studie. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken information och värderingsmodeller som svenska finansanalytiker använder vid företagsvärdering 2011 samt att kartlägga om det finns skillnader i informationsanvändning mellan 1992 och 2011. Studien utgår ifrån en kvantitativ metod där empirin samlades in genom en webenkät. En pilot-intervju samt en pilot-enkät genomfördes innan den slutgilta enkäten skickades ut. Hypoteserna grundade sig i förändringar mot Olbert där även intressanta teoretiska samband testades av dessa förändringar. Studiens resultat visar att det skett förändringar i användandet av information och värderingsmodeller men vi finner även att visa modeller och viss information är oförändrad. Precis som tidigare är fundamental analys den vanligaste metod även 2011. Inom teknisk analys ser vi mindre förändringar medan i beta analysen ser vi en större förändring. Den enskilt största förändringen är en ökad användning av kassaflödesanalyser. P/E-talsvärdering däremot används marginellt mer idag än 1992. / In modern times, the Second World War and onwards, the role of the financial analysts has grown significantly and it’s influence and impact on the stock exchange is now widely discussed. Research has been conducted extensively abroad in their profession and how they work but the material in Sweden is very thin. There is a study by Lars Olbert from 1992 in hich he indentifies information use and the valuation models used in practice by swedish analysts and not just in theory. This study would be interesting, and relevant, to update. Hence this study. The purpose of the study is to examine the information and valuation models that Swedish financial analysts use 2011 and to identify whether there are differences in information usage between 1992 and 2011. The study is based on a quantitative method where empirical data were gathered through a web-based survey. An interview and a test-survey was issued before the actual survey was sent out. The hypothesis’ were based on the changes from Olbert and also interesting theoretical relationships were tested. Our results demonstrate that there are changes in the usage of information and valuation models, but we also find that the usage of some models and information is unchanged. As before, the fundamental analysis, is the most common valuation method in 2011. In technical analysis, we find minor changes while in beta analysis, we find a major change. The single biggest change is the increased use of cash flow. P/E-valuation is also used more today than in 1992.

Our research adopts data mining technique to analyze stock market and build the analysis model, from the historical data of the stock market, to assist investment decision. The performance of the stock market is the collection of all individuals¡¦ decisions, taking the Taiwan¡¦s stock market for instance, there is a phenomenon that all the prices of the stocks in the same industry will raise in turn, and a lot of corporations and investors will invest some industry more actively and then invest another industry sequentially according the strategies of the corporations or other reasons. Besides, based on the theory of recurring prosperity, investors and corporations will decide the target of investment by the characteristics of the industry and the status of the prosperity and show a recurring investment strategy. The phenomenon of sequential investment can be discovered by using Data Mining technique, especially the Sequential Pattern Analysis in Data Mining technique. The Sequential Pattern Analysis is used to analyze the sequential relation between two things, and this technique has been improved greatly in recent days. Using this technique to analyze the behavior of stock market can be a whole new research topic. The object of this research is to generalize a sequential pattern of the investment in Taiwan¡¦s stock market. Based on the history transaction data of Taiwan¡¦s stock market, we mine for the sequential pattern of different stocks in Taiwan¡¦s stock market and then build the behavior model of Taiwan¡¦s stock market in order to help the stock investors to make the correct decisions.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida matematiska modeller i detta fall nyckeltal används kring analys inför ett investeringsbeslut. Samt undersöka om och vilka psykologiska faktorer påverkar investeringsbeslut hos svenska aktiesparare. Metod: Studien baseras på en kvantitativ metod med en tvärsnittsdesign. För datainsamling har forskarna använt sig av enkätundersökning och analyserat samband med hjälp av Pearsons korrelations modell. Slutsats: Utifrån studiens resultat har det konstaterats att det mest använda nyckeltalet hos svenska aktiesparare är P/E tal (54%) till följd av EPS (29%). Studien visar också att en större del av svenska aktiesparare inte använder nyckeltal överhuvudtaget, och inte heller anser de vara särskilt användbara. Dessutom är svenska aktiesparare är mer riskaverta än riskbenägna. 80% av svenska aktiesparare föredrar en säker riskfri avkastning till skillnad från ett investeringsalternativ med högre risk och högre avkastning. Svenska aktiesparare pratar också med andra gällande sina investeringar vilket kan påverka investeringsbeslutet. Dessutom visar studien på att en stark majoritet litar på sin magkänsla och skulle tacka nej till ett investeringsbeslut ifall de inte “kändes rätt”. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore whether mathematical models in this case financial ratios are used within an investment decision. Moreover, investigate which, if any psychological factors affect an investment decision for non-corporate Swedish investors. Method: The current study is based on a survey consisting of 238 participants shared via online platforms. Correlations within the study are based on Pearson’s correlations model. Findings: The study finds that the most used financial ratio non corporate Swedish investors (NCSS) is P/E ratio (54%) followed by EPS (29%). The study also shows that a large proportion of said investors do not use financial ratios whatsoever, nor do they deem them particularly useful. Moreover, are NCSS more risk averse than risk prone. 80% of NCSS in the study preferred a risk-free investment opportunity in contrast to an investment opportunity with higher risk and higher reward. NCSS usually converse with others regarding investments which can affect their investment decisions. Lastly the study shows that a strong majority trust their intuition and gut feeling and would decline an investment decision based on the investment “not feeling right”.

Um dos fundamentos das Finanças, a partir da segunda metade do século 20, é a hipótese de eficiência de mercado. Num Mercado Eficiente, as informações sobre o ativo são transferidas para os preços de modo que o preço do ativo reflete toda informação disponível. Assim, o retorno desse ativo está baseado no nível de risco associado. Esse estudo examina carteiras de ações formadas com base em diferentes critérios e acompanha o retorno produzido no período, verificando as estratégias de investimento que provocam os melhores resultados, ou seja, quais as estratégias vencedoras tomando-se como base uma determinada variável fundamentalista. O resultado obtido poderá confirmar a hipótese de racionalidade do mercado. O trabalho é baseado no retorno apresentado pelas ações no mercado brasileiro no período de 1993 até 2003. / Modern Finance is established based in Market Efficiency Hyphotesis, an important concept widely accepted since1950´s. A market in which prices at any time refect all information available is considered efficient. In the present study we built portfolio as per some estrategies for selecting stocks based in past return just to verify winners strategies that can confirm the market efficiency hyphotesis. We followed the return based in stocks from 1993 to 2003 in São Paulo Stock Exchange.

North Atlantic and South Atlantic swordfish (Xiphias gladius L.) are currently managed as two stocks separated at 5°N. While previous studies of genetic population structure using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA confirm two genetically distinct stocks, sampling coverage has not been uniform or representative of all areas and estimates of admixture in areas of contact have not been provided. In this study, we examined: 1) the applicability of high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) in population genetic studies of non-model organisms, 2) the use of nuclear markers in Atlantic swordfish and the methodology whereby nuclear gene variation can be quickly screened, identified, and genotyped using short-amplicon (SA) HRMA and unlabeled probe (UP) HRMA, and 3) the use of HRMA to characterize nuclear markers to study the genetic population structure of Atlantic swordfish using representative samples of the entire basin to provide an estimation of population admixture by means of Bayesian individual assignment. High resolution melting analysis (HRMA) is shown to be a highly sensitive, rapid, closed-tube genotyping method amenable to high throughput and, though until recently primarily confined to clinical studies, suitable for population studies in non-model species. Ten nuclear markers were genotyped primarily by SA- and UP-HRMA in North Atlantic (n=419), South Atlantic (n=296), and Mediterranean (n=59) swordfish. Comparisons of pairwise FST, AMOVA, PCoA, and Bayesian individual assignments were congruent with previous finding of three discrete populations with comparatively low levels of estimated gene flow for a marine organism (FST = 0.039-0.126). Population admixture was identified and estimated in the Northeast Atlantic and appeared to be asymmetrical, with swordfish from the South Atlantic found among North Atlantic localities but no North Atlantic migrants identified in the South Atlantic. The Mediterranean boundary currently at the Strait of Gibraltar is found to extend west into Atlantic waters to approximately 8°W. Similarly, the boundary between North and South Atlantic swordfish should be revised to a line that extends north from 0°N 45°W to 25°N 45°W and from that position, as a nearly horizontal line, eastwards to the African coast. Finally, I show that Bayesian individual assignment using the developed marker set can be used for mixed stock allocation in the Northeast Atlantic.

Um dos fundamentos das Finanças, a partir da segunda metade do século 20, é a hipótese de eficiência de mercado. Num Mercado Eficiente, as informações sobre o ativo são transferidas para os preços de modo que o preço do ativo reflete toda informação disponível. Assim, o retorno desse ativo está baseado no nível de risco associado. Esse estudo examina carteiras de ações formadas com base em diferentes critérios e acompanha o retorno produzido no período, verificando as estratégias de investimento que provocam os melhores resultados, ou seja, quais as estratégias vencedoras tomando-se como base uma determinada variável fundamentalista. O resultado obtido poderá confirmar a hipótese de racionalidade do mercado. O trabalho é baseado no retorno apresentado pelas ações no mercado brasileiro no período de 1993 até 2003. / Modern Finance is established based in Market Efficiency Hyphotesis, an important concept widely accepted since1950´s. A market in which prices at any time refect all information available is considered efficient. In the present study we built portfolio as per some estrategies for selecting stocks based in past return just to verify winners strategies that can confirm the market efficiency hyphotesis. We followed the return based in stocks from 1993 to 2003 in São Paulo Stock Exchange.

This report studies how a non-linear autoregressive neural network algorithm for stock market value prognoses is affected by unforeseen events. The study attempts to find out the recovery period for said algorithms after an event, and whether the magnitude of the event affects the recovery period. Tests of 1-day prognoses' deviations from the observed value are carried out on five real stock events and four created simulation sets which exclude the noisy data of the stock market and isolates different kinds of events. The study concludes that the magnitude has no discernible impact on recovery, and that a sudden event will allow recovery within days regardless of magnitude or change in price development rate. However, less sudden events will cause the recovery period to extend. Noise such as surrounding micro-events, aftershocks, or lingering instability of stock prices will affect accuracy and recovery time significantly. / Denna studie undersöker hur ett icke-linjärt autoregressivt neuronnät för aktiemarknadsprognoser påverkas av oväntade händelser. Studien ämnar finna återhämtningsperioden för nätverket efter en händelse, och ta reda på om den initiala påverkan av händelsen påverkar återhämtningen. Tester av endagsprognosers avvikelse från det verkliga värdet genomförs på fem verkliga aktier och fyra skapade dataset som exkluderar den omgivande variationen från aktiemarknaden. Dessa simulerade set isolerar därmed specifika typer av händelser. Studien drar slutsatsen att storleken av händelsen har försumbar betydelse på återhämtningstiden och att plötsliga händelser tillåter återhämtning på några dagar oavsett händelsens ursprungliga storlek eller förändring av prisutvecklingshastighet. Däremot förlänger utdragna händelser återhämtningstiden. Likaså påverkar efterskalv eller kvarvarande instabilitet i prisutvecklingen tillförlitlighet och återhämtningstid avsevärt.

This master thesis concentrates on the stock level management in the business company. With the help of ABC, XYZ analysis and the calculation of the optimal deliveries gives the possible instruction how to reach the right stock level for the chosen company. Also gives the possible method how to prevent the main problems in this area, which represent the overstock or understock and so the inability to satisfy the customer.

Marine turtle conservation is most successful when it is based on sound data incorporating life history, historical population stability, and gene flow among populations. This research attempts to provide that information through two studies. In chapter I, I identify historical patterns of gene flow, population sizes, and contraction/expansion during major climatic shifts. In chapter II, I reveal a life history characteristic of loggerhead turtles previously undocumented. I identify a pattern of juvenile recruitment to foraging grounds proximal to their natal nesting beach. This pattern results in a predictable recruitment pattern from juvenile foraging ground aggregations to local rookeries. This research will provide crucial information to conservation managers by demonstrating how sensitive marine turtles are to global climate change. In the second component of my research, I demonstrate how threats posed to juvenile foraging grounds will have measurable effects on rookeries proximal to those foraging grounds. The addition of this basic life history information will have dramatic effects on marine turtle conservation in the future, and will serve as the basis for more thorough, forward-looking recovery plans.

Denna studie har analyserat den kortsiktiga lönsamheten på aktierekommendationer mellan åren 2019 till och med första halvåret 2021. Syftet med studien var att jämföra kursutvecklingen på aktierekommendationer jämfört med indexet OMXSPI på kort sikt. Studien har också undersökt om det finns skillnader i volatiliteten mellan köp- och säljrekommendationer. Studien är kvantitativ och genomförd med deduktiv ansats. Det finns ett antal olika teorier om vad som styr priset på aktier, både självständigt och i samband med rekommendationer. Denna studie genomfördes för att få mer praktisk förståelse för aktiemarknaden då teorierna tidigare forskning använt sig av kan vara problematiska att bekräfta. Tidigare genomförda studier har resulterat i rekommendationer som fördelaktiga, resultaten från denna studie visar på motsatsen. Resultat från studien visade på att säljrekommendationer var något mer volatila initialt än köprekommendationer. Studien har som förslag för vidare forskning att utvärdera kortsiktig kursutveckling parallellt med långsiktig kursutveckling. Detta för att kunna uttala sig bättre om en rekommendations prestation. / This paper examines whether it’s possible to profit from short term investments on the Swedish stock market based on stock recommendations during 2019 through H1 2021. The study is quantitative with a deductive approach. The paper also compares volatility amongst buy and sell recommendations. This was done to get a better understanding of how the stock market works in practical terms due to there being many different adoptions of theory. The majority of previously completed studies show that recommendations are more favourable than OMXSPI index short term. However, the results from this study show that it’s not possible to profit from short term stock recommendations compared to OMXSPI index, hence the market isn’t effective. The study found vague results indicating that sell recommendations act more volatile. The study also found that different broker houses performed differently. Future research suggests short term returns to be evaluated parallel to long term returns. The reasoning for this being better understanding of short term returns.