PURPOSE- This paper empirically evaluate the ability among various types of parsimonious equity valuation models in order to ascertain which model represents the value of equity the best and thereby manage to withstand factors causing valuation errors. The more complicated models applied, the more underlying assumptions are needed. The trade-off here, which will be investigated, is if the benefit of using more difficult models outweighs the cost of including the extra assumptions. Further on the empirical research´s results will be compared with the results provided by this previous studies examinating American companies. METHOD- Six valuation models using a discounting valuation method are evaluated; the Present Value of Expected Dividends (PVED), Residual Income Valuation (RIV), Residual Income Valuation Terminal Value Constrained [RIV(TVC)], Abnormal Earning Growth approach (AEG), Abnormal Earning Growth Terminal Value Constrained approach [AEG(TVC)]  and Free Cash Flow to the Firm model (FCFF). The five latter investment models are all based on the first model. FINDINGS- The aim of finding the smallest absolute valuation error in the empirical study is given to PVED, a model including little underlying assumptions and inputs. Hence, the implication of the application of valuation models can be summarized as that there are no clear benefits of applying complex models for Swedish companies, and the trade-off between using more complex models and thereby including more assumptions is not compelling given that the benefit does not exceed the cost. All the earnings methods are all found to be superior to the FCFF model, while the constrained RIV and AEG methods provide higher valuation errors than the unconstrained versions. The superiority of the PVED model is inconsistent with the previous results examining American firms, in which the RIV model is preferred. One of the reasons for the difference is the use of different accounting standards in the counties, and thereby the companies´ capital structure and the inputs used in the investment valuation may be somewhat unlike.

I modern tid, andra världskriget och framåt, har finansanalytikerns roll vuxit markant och dess inverkan på börsen diskuteras numera flitigt. Forskning har bedrivits flitigt utomlands om hur dem arbetar inom yrket men materialet I Sverige är dessvärre väldigt tunt. Det finns en studie från 1992 av Lars Olbert där han kartlägger svenska finansanalytikers informationsanvändning och vilka värderingsmodeller som används i praktiken och inte bara i teorin. Denna kartläggning skulle vara intressant, och releveant, att uppdatera. Därav denna studie. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken information och värderingsmodeller som svenska finansanalytiker använder vid företagsvärdering 2011 samt att kartlägga om det finns skillnader i informationsanvändning mellan 1992 och 2011. Studien utgår ifrån en kvantitativ metod där empirin samlades in genom en webenkät. En pilot-intervju samt en pilot-enkät genomfördes innan den slutgilta enkäten skickades ut. Hypoteserna grundade sig i förändringar mot Olbert där även intressanta teoretiska samband testades av dessa förändringar. Studiens resultat visar att det skett förändringar i användandet av information och värderingsmodeller men vi finner även att visa modeller och viss information är oförändrad. Precis som tidigare är fundamental analys den vanligaste metod även 2011. Inom teknisk analys ser vi mindre förändringar medan i beta analysen ser vi en större förändring. Den enskilt största förändringen är en ökad användning av kassaflödesanalyser. P/E-talsvärdering däremot används marginellt mer idag än 1992. / In modern times, the Second World War and onwards, the role of the financial analysts has grown significantly and it’s influence and impact on the stock exchange is now widely discussed. Research has been conducted extensively abroad in their profession and how they work but the material in Sweden is very thin. There is a study by Lars Olbert from 1992 in hich he indentifies information use and the valuation models used in practice by swedish analysts and not just in theory. This study would be interesting, and relevant, to update. Hence this study. The purpose of the study is to examine the information and valuation models that Swedish financial analysts use 2011 and to identify whether there are differences in information usage between 1992 and 2011. The study is based on a quantitative method where empirical data were gathered through a web-based survey. An interview and a test-survey was issued before the actual survey was sent out. The hypothesis’ were based on the changes from Olbert and also interesting theoretical relationships were tested. Our results demonstrate that there are changes in the usage of information and valuation models, but we also find that the usage of some models and information is unchanged. As before, the fundamental analysis, is the most common valuation method in 2011. In technical analysis, we find minor changes while in beta analysis, we find a major change. The single biggest change is the increased use of cash flow. P/E-valuation is also used more today than in 1992.

Este trabalho objetiva explorar, teórica e empiricamente, a relevância dos dividendos com o valor patrimonial na valorização do preço das ações listadas na BM&FBOVESPA. Para tal, levantou-se a seguinte questão-problema: Que modelo têm um maior poder de explicação dos números contábeis, com base nas empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA: valor patrimonial e dividendo ou valor patrimonial e resultados reportados? Como referencial teórico foi utilizado os modelos desenvolvidos primeiramente por Ohlson (1995; 2003; 2005) e como forma alternativa os modelos desenvolvidos por Brief e Zarowin (1999) e de Pourheydari et al (2008) e como base de dados as empresas não financeiras com ações negociadas na BM&FBOVESPA do período de 1997 a 2007. A metodologia aplicada foi de análise de regressões simples e multivariadas, através da proposta de Brief e Zarowin (1999) e de Pourheydari et al (2008), análise da tendência do R2 e dos valores incrementais das variáveis usadas no cálculo. Concluiu-se que dividendos têm importante papel nos modelos de valorização de ações, com relevância informacional (R2) maior, mas, em alguns anos da amostra essa relevância foi menor. Tal fato, no Brasil, pode ser aparentemente devido à (i) contabilidade ser voltada para o atendimento ao fisco e o mercado de crédito; e (ii) à concentração acionária do mercado brasileiro; e ainda a predominância de um mercado acionário voltado ao curto prazo em contraponto se comparado a mercados mais maduros e com uma cultura de investimento voltado a longo prazo, como os Estados Unidos. / This work aims at to explore, theoretical and empirically, the relevance of the dividends and the patrimonial value in the valuation of stocks price listed in the Brazilian Stock Market called BM&FBOVESPA. For help this task raise up the following subjectproblem: What model has a higher link with the accounting numbers, with base in the listed companies in BM&FBOVESPA: Book Value and Dividends or Book Value and Reported Earnings? As theoretical referential was used the models developed firstly by Ohlson (1995; 2003; 2005) and as alternative form the models developed by Brief and Zarowin (1999) and Pourheydari et al (2008) and as data base the non-financial companies with actions negotiated in BM&FBOVESPA of the period of 1997 the 2007. The applied methodology was of analysis of regression - simple regressions and multivariate, through the proposal of Brief and Zarowin (1999) and of Pourheydari et al (2008), analysis of the tendency of R2 and the values of the variables used in the calculation. As conclusion it right to state that dividends have important rule in the models of valuation of assets, with higher informational relevance (R2), but, in some years of the sample that relevance was smaller. Such fact, in Brazil, it can be seemingly due to the following (i) accounting drives to the tax authorities and the credit market; and (ii) higher concentration in the stock market in the Brazil; and still the predominance of a stock market returned to the short-time in counterpoint of long-term investment if compared to more development markets such as the American.

Este trabalho objetiva explorar, teórica e empiricamente, a relevância dos dividendos com o valor patrimonial na valorização do preço das ações listadas na BM&FBOVESPA. Para tal, levantou-se a seguinte questão-problema: Que modelo têm um maior poder de explicação dos números contábeis, com base nas empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA: valor patrimonial e dividendo ou valor patrimonial e resultados reportados? Como referencial teórico foi utilizado os modelos desenvolvidos primeiramente por Ohlson (1995; 2003; 2005) e como forma alternativa os modelos desenvolvidos por Brief e Zarowin (1999) e de Pourheydari et al (2008) e como base de dados as empresas não financeiras com ações negociadas na BM&FBOVESPA do período de 1997 a 2007. A metodologia aplicada foi de análise de regressões simples e multivariadas, através da proposta de Brief e Zarowin (1999) e de Pourheydari et al (2008), análise da tendência do R2 e dos valores incrementais das variáveis usadas no cálculo. Concluiu-se que dividendos têm importante papel nos modelos de valorização de ações, com relevância informacional (R2) maior, mas, em alguns anos da amostra essa relevância foi menor. Tal fato, no Brasil, pode ser aparentemente devido à (i) contabilidade ser voltada para o atendimento ao fisco e o mercado de crédito; e (ii) à concentração acionária do mercado brasileiro; e ainda a predominância de um mercado acionário voltado ao curto prazo em contraponto se comparado a mercados mais maduros e com uma cultura de investimento voltado a longo prazo, como os Estados Unidos. / This work aims at to explore, theoretical and empirically, the relevance of the dividends and the patrimonial value in the valuation of stocks price listed in the Brazilian Stock Market called BM&FBOVESPA. For help this task raise up the following subjectproblem: What model has a higher link with the accounting numbers, with base in the listed companies in BM&FBOVESPA: Book Value and Dividends or Book Value and Reported Earnings? As theoretical referential was used the models developed firstly by Ohlson (1995; 2003; 2005) and as alternative form the models developed by Brief and Zarowin (1999) and Pourheydari et al (2008) and as data base the non-financial companies with actions negotiated in BM&FBOVESPA of the period of 1997 the 2007. The applied methodology was of analysis of regression - simple regressions and multivariate, through the proposal of Brief and Zarowin (1999) and of Pourheydari et al (2008), analysis of the tendency of R2 and the values of the variables used in the calculation. As conclusion it right to state that dividends have important rule in the models of valuation of assets, with higher informational relevance (R2), but, in some years of the sample that relevance was smaller. Such fact, in Brazil, it can be seemingly due to the following (i) accounting drives to the tax authorities and the credit market; and (ii) higher concentration in the stock market in the Brazil; and still the predominance of a stock market returned to the short-time in counterpoint of long-term investment if compared to more development markets such as the American.

Goal of the Master's Thesis is to determine Market Value of the company Complete Internet Services, s.r.o. on 1^st January 2013. Valuation will serve to current owners as the basis of information about market possibilities, that they have. Thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical one, where is a description of used methods, and Practical one. Practical part at first describes the company by using methods of strategical and financial analyses. Based on acquired information financial plan is created, as well as the future generated cash flows. Then, the value of the company is detemined by Discounted Cash Flow Model. In the end quantitative risk analysis Monte Carlo Simulation is used to quantified risks of the valuation.

Thesis is devoted to basic aspects of the reporting of financial derivatives. Mentioned is brief history and determination of term "derivative" from different points of view. Follows diversification of financial derivatives into groups. The main part is focused on reporting of fixed term contracts and options. Finally is described approach of International Financial Reporting Standards.

Denna kandidatuppsats testar förmånsredovisningen IAS 19 på marknadens observerade aktiepris för företag listade på OMX30. Syftet är att analysera effekten av IAS 19R på tre absoluta aktievärderingsmodeller, diskonterade kassaflödesmodellen, utdelningsdiskonteringsmodellen och residualvinstmodellen. Dessutom, om löner och annan ersättning samt avsättningar till pension inom IAS 19 har haft en positiv effekt på de observerade aktiepriserna. Metoderna som har använts för att testa precisionen av modellerna är reella och absoluta prognosfeltermsberäkningar. Vidare, för att testa effekten av anställningsförmåner, aktievärderingsmodellerna och IAS 19 på det observerade aktiepriset genomförs en multipel regressionsanalys med paneldata mellan åren 2009–2017. Regressionsmodellen inkluderar 22 företag listade på OMX30 per den 1a juli 2009. Inom det ekonometriska ramverket, har fyra stycken regressioner, med fasta effekter testats. Resultaten tyder på att förmånsredovisningen, IAS 19, inte har någon signifikant påverkan på det observerade aktiepriset. Däremot, i motsats med tidigare forskning, visar resultaten att löner och bonusar har en positiv effekt på de observerade aktiepriserna för företag listade på OMX30. / This Bachelor thesis examines the employee benefits accounting IAS 19 on market share prices for companies listed on OMX30. The purpose is to analyze the effect of IAS 19R on three absolute valuation methods, Discounted Cash Flow, Dividend Discount and Residual Income valuation models. Also, what effect salaries, wages and defined benefits obligations in firms consolidated financial statements have had a positive effect on the market share price. The models which have been used to examine the predictability in the stock price valuations in the thesis are estimated using signed and absolute prediction errors. Furthermore, to examine the effect of employee benefits, share valuation models and IAS 19 on market share price a panel data between 2009-2017 have been used. The model includes 22 listed companies on OMX30 as of the 1stof July 2009. Within the econometric framework, four regressions have been applied, all with fixed effects. The results suggest that the employee benefits accounting have no significant impact on market share prices. However, in contrast to previous research, results show that salaries and wages have a positive impact on market share price for companies listed on OMX30.

Background: In an inefficient market, the intrinsic value of an asset may not be equal to its true market value. Therefore, before engaging in a stock transaction, both the seller and the buyer would want to know the intrinsic value of the stock as neither would want to lose money during the process. An effective valuation model enabling investors to efficiently determine firm values is therefore considered to be a crucial factor. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the free cash flow to equity (FCFE) approach and the dividend discount model (DDM) on 30 Swedish companies. This to conclude if they are considered to be accurate valuation models and to determine if one of the methods gives a more accurate estimation of the companies’ share prices than the other. Additionally, the report will examine if one model is preferred for a specific sector and if a payout ratio exists where the DDM generates a particularly realistic valuation. Method: A database will be produced to estimate share prices for each company using both the FCFE approach and the DDM over five consecutive years. The accuracy of the models will be evaluated by dividing the projected share prices with their corresponding actual stock prices to calculate the percentage deviations. The smaller the percentage deviation, the more accurate is the estimated share price considered to be. Conclusion: It is evident from the findings of this thesis that the FCFE approach and the DDM produce accurate valuations for Swedish companies. It is difficult to determine that one is preferred over the other altogether, instead the FCFE approach is preferred in some cases and the DDM in others. This depends on the companies’ actual stock prices, which industry the companies operate in and the amount the companies are assumed to pay out as dividends.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with the main aspects of financial analysis, especially with horizontal and vertical analysis of absolute values, financial ratios, new valuation models and bankruptcy prediction models. The following part concentrates on the company Crocodille ČR, spol. s r.o. using the theoretical approaches mentioned above. It focuses on trend analysis, the calculation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital and Economic Value Added as well as industry comparative analysis. The final recommendations regarding e.g. the sensitivity analysis of company indebtedness are included in the last chapter.

Analistas do mercado financeiro (conhecidos como sell-side analysts, mas aqui designados apenas como analistas) são importantes intermediários da informação contábil/financeira. Seus relatórios são amplamente disponíveis e utilizados por investidores institucionais e não profissionais. É sabido que os analistas possuem conflitos de interesse e sofrem pressões quando processam as informações financeiras e escrevem seus relatórios de recomendações. Como consequência, analistas costumam escrever relatórios extensos e com um tom e recomendação muito otimistas. Assim, existe uma extensa literatura que examina o detalhe e o tom nos relatórios dos analistas. É sabido também que, em face a esse cenário, o investidor \"ajusta\" a recomendação do analista e utilizado de outros dados, além do relatório do analista, para tomar a decisão de investir, como o tamanho da empresa. Porém, um campo pouco explorado diz respeito às heurísticas e vieses que o analista está propenso a ter. Assim, pouco se sabe em que extensão tais atributos cognitivos influenciam o processo de escrita do analista, bem como a reação do mercado acionário. Por conta dessa incerteza, acadêmicos usualmente atribuem o processo de escrita do analista como sendo uma \"caixa-preta\" (BARKER, 1999b; BROWN, CALL, et al., 2015) e o uso do tamanho da empresa como fator de decisão de investimento como firm size effect (SHEFRIN, 2002). O objetivo principal desta tese é entender se as heurísticas e vieses influenciam o processo de escrita do analista. Também procura aqui determinar se esses mesmos atributos, inseridos nos relatórios dos analistas, funcionam como um gatilho, fazendo o investidor negociar. Como objetivo secundário, espera-se verificar se o efeito tamanho da empresa contribui na decisão do investidor negociar ações dentro de uma janela curta de 3 dias (D-1, D 0, D+1). Logo, esta tese visa contribuir para a rica literatura que trata sobre o papel dos analistas no mercado acionário, no entanto, também espera-se dar um passo adiante ao analisar o papel das heurísticas e vieses na escrita do analista. Como expectativa final, espera-se incentivar novas pesquisas que envolvam processos de julgamento dos analistas e das finanças comportamentais. Para tanto, esta tese procura responder a seguinte questão: Qual é o grau de influência das heurísticas e vieses no detalhe e no tom do relatório do analista e como o mercado acionário reage a tais atributos qualitativos? Esta tese espera também atender ao chamado de Schipper (1991) e Brown (1993) no que diz respeito a mais pesquisas que explorem os atributos qualitativos do relatório do analista. A metodologia que será aplicada aqui será o mixed-methods, em que serão coletados dados qualitativos dos relatórios dos analista e interpretados com análises quantitativas. A análise qualitativa envolverá análise de discurso com o uso de dicionários de termos amplamente utilizados na academia. A análise quantitativa envolverá, além de regressões simples e multivariadas, a aplicação da correlação canônica para analisar como as variáveis qualitativas interagem entre si. A base de dados a ser utilizada será os relatórios completos dos analistas que foram classificados como \"melhores\" analistas pela revista Institutional Investor Magazine por 3 anos consecutivos. Para alcançar esses objetivos, foram coletados 4.593 relatórios completos e analisados mais de 47 mil páginas de relatórios publicados entre os anos de 2012 a 2016. Como achados, descobriu-se que as heurísticas e vieses exercem uma influência positiva (na ordem de grandeza de 64,8%) na forma como o analista escreve, especialmente no que diz respeito ao detalhe. Também notou-se que tais relatórios explicam parte da negociação das ações no período, medida pelo volume negociado numa janela de 3 dias da data de publicação do relatório (D-1, D 0, D+1). Como achado final, foi demonstrado que tais atributos qualitativos isolados funcionam como um gatilho, fazendo o investidor negociar. Quando incluído o tamanho da empresa na análise notou-se um ponto interessante, essa variável, em conjunto com os achados das heurísticas e vieses, demonstra que o investidor não negocia rapidamente. / Financial market analysts (known as sell-side analysts, but here designated only as analysts) are important intermediaries of accounting / financial information. Its reports are widely available and used by institutional and non-professional investors. Analysts are known to have conflicts of interest and are pressured when they process financial information and write their recommendations reports. As a consequence, analysts often write lengthy reports with a very optimistic tone and recommendation. Thus, there is extensive literature that examines detail and tone in analysts\' reports. It is also known that, in the face of this scenario, the investor \"adjusts\" the analyst\'s recommendation and used other data, in addition to the analyst\'s report, to make the decision to invest, such as the size of the company. However, an unexplored field concerns the heuristics and biases the analyst is likely to have. Thus, little is known to what extent such cognitive attributes influence the analyst\'s writing process as well as the stock market reaction. Because of this uncertainty, scholars usually attribute the analyst\'s writing process as a \"black box\" (Barker, 1999b; Brown, Call, et al., 2015) and the use of firm size as an investment decision factor as firm size effect (SHEFRIN, 2002). The main objective of this thesis is to understand if the heuristics and biases influence the writing process of the analyst. It also seeks to determine if these same attributes, inserted in analysts\' reports, act as a trigger, causing the investor to negotiate. As a secondary objective, it is expected to verify whether the size effect of the firm contributes to the investor\'s decision to trade stocks within a 3-day window (D-1, D 0, D + 1). Therefore, this thesis aims to contribute to the rich literature that deals with the role of analysts in the stock market, however, it is also expected to take a step forward by analysing the role of heuristics and bias in analyst writing. As a final expectation, it is hoped to encourage further research that involves judgments of analysts and behavioural finance. To that end, this thesis tries to answer the following question: What is the degree of influence of heuristics and biases on the detail and tone of the analyst\'s report and how does the stock market respond to such qualitative attributes? This thesis also hopes to meet the call of Schipper (1991) and Brown (1993) for more research exploring the qualitative attributes of the analyst\'s report. The methodology that will be applied here will be the mixed-methods, in which qualitative data will be collected from the analyst reports and interpreted with quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis will involve discourse analysis with the use of term dictionaries widely used in academia. The quantitative analysis will involve, besides simple and multivariate regressions, the application of canonical correlation to analyse how the qualitative variables interact with each other. The database to be used will be the full analyst reports that have been ranked \"best\" analysts by Institutional Investor Magazine for 3 consecutive years. To achieve these objectives, 4,593 complete reports were collected, and almost 48,000 pages of reports published between the years 2012 to 2016 were collected. As a result, heuristics and biases were found to exert a positive influence (in the order of magnitude of 64,8%) in the way the analyst writes, especially with regard to detail. It was also noted that such reports explain part of the trading of the shares in the period, measured by the volume traded in a 3 days window from the date of publication of the report (D-1, D 0, D + 1). As a final finding, it has been demonstrated that such isolated qualitative attributes act as a trigger, causing the investor to negotiate. When we included the size of the company in the analysis we noticed an interesting point, this variable, together with the heuristic and bias findings, demonstrated that investors do not trade quickly, they prefer to wait before to start trading.