L'expérience Double Chooz utilise les antineutrinos émis par la centrale nucléaire de Chooz (France) pour mesurer l'angle de mélange θ13. La mesure précise de la disparition des antineutrinos se fera en utilisant deux détecteurs placés à différentes distances du réacteur. La prise de données avec le détecteur lointain se fait depuis avril 2011 alors que le détecteur proche est en cours de construction. Les données prise avec le détecteur lointain entre le 13 avril 2011 et le 30 mars 2012 ont été analysées. Une indication de la disparition d'antineutrinos électroniques, en accord avec l'hypothèse d'oscillation des neutrinos, a été trouvée. La valeur du paramètre de mélange mesurée est sin2 (2θ13) est 0,109 ± 0,030 (stat.) ± 0,025 (syst.). Cette thèse présente une description précise de l'expérience Double Chooz, avec une attention particulière portée sur le détecteur lointain et son système d'acquisition. Le principal objectif de la thèse est l'étude précise du bruit de fond corrélé affectant la sélection des antineutrinos et son impact sur la mesure de le paramètre de mélange. Une description générale du scénario expérimental actuel visant à la caractérisation de l'oscillation des neutrinos est également fournie, en se concentrant sur les résultats récents obtenus dans ce domaine.

In the frame of this thesis, a new experimental setup for the measurement of the energy loss of carbon ions at maximum stopping power in a hot laser-generated plasma has been developed and successfully tested. In this parameter range where the projectile velocity is of the same order of magnitude as the thermal velocity of the plasma free electrons, large uncertainties of up to 50% are present in the stopping-power description. To date, no experimental data are available to perform a theory benchmarking. Testing the different stopping theories is yet essential for inertial confinement fusion and in particular for the understanding of the alpha-particle heating of the thermonuclear fuel. Here, for the first time, precise measurements were carried out in a reproducible and entirely characterized beam-plasma configuration. It involved a nearly fully-stripped ion beam probing a homogeneous fully-ionized plasma. This plasma was generated by irradiating a thin carbon foil with two high-energy laser beams and features a maximum electron temperature of 200 eV. The plasma conditions were simulated with a two-dimensional radiative hydrodynamic code, while the ion-beam charge-state distribution was predicted by means of a Monte-Carlo code describing the charge-exchange processes of projectile ions in plasma. To probe at maximum stopping power, high-frequency pulsed ion bunches were decelerated to an energy of 0.5 MeV per nucleon. The ion energy loss was determined by a time-of-flight measurement using a specifically developed chemical-vapor-deposition diamond detector that was screened against any plasma radiation. A first experimental campaign was carried out using this newly developed platform, in which a precision better than 200 keV on the energy loss was reached. This allowed, via the knowledge of the plasma and of the beam parameters, to reliably test several stopping theories, either based on perturbation theory or on a nonlinear T-Matrix formalism. A preliminary analysis suggests that the energy deposition at maximum stopping power is significantly smaller than predicted, particularly, by perturbation approaches.

Stochastic control problems that arise in sequential decision making applications typically assume that information used for decision-making is obtained according to a predetermined sampling schedule. In many real applications however, there is a high sampling cost associated with collecting such data. It is therefore of equal importance to determine when information should be collected as it is to decide how this information should be utilized for optimal decision-making. This type of joint optimization has been a long-standing problem in the operations research literature, and very few results regarding the structure of the optimal sampling and control policy have been published. In this thesis, the joint optimization of sampling and control is studied in the context of maintenance optimization. New theoretical results characterizing the structure of the optimal policy are established, which have practical interpretation and give new insight into the value of condition-based maintenance programs in life-cycle asset management. Applications in other areas such as healthcare decision-making and statistical process control are discussed. Statistical parameter estimation results are also developed with illustrative real-world numerical examples.

Stochastic control problems that arise in sequential decision making applications typically assume that information used for decision-making is obtained according to a predetermined sampling schedule. In many real applications however, there is a high sampling cost associated with collecting such data. It is therefore of equal importance to determine when information should be collected as it is to decide how this information should be utilized for optimal decision-making. This type of joint optimization has been a long-standing problem in the operations research literature, and very few results regarding the structure of the optimal sampling and control policy have been published. In this thesis, the joint optimization of sampling and control is studied in the context of maintenance optimization. New theoretical results characterizing the structure of the optimal policy are established, which have practical interpretation and give new insight into the value of condition-based maintenance programs in life-cycle asset management. Applications in other areas such as healthcare decision-making and statistical process control are discussed. Statistical parameter estimation results are also developed with illustrative real-world numerical examples.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T10:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_2464_.pdf: 771639 bytes, checksum: f32eb6cc8b3677e2e4834d559fc48d7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-05 / Este estudo visa a compreender como os indivíduos vivenciam e elaboram o processo de cessação de fumar em seus contextos sociais, a partir da experiência de ex-fumantes. Os tabagistas passam por estágios motivacionais, até conseguirem deixar de fumar, o que, para alguns, pode levar pouco tempo; para outros, a cessação poderá se dar em alguns anos. A mudança de estágio é influenciada por vários fatores. Dentre eles, o estágio de cessação de fumar decorre da ação de forças presentes nas sociedades que buscam controlar o tabagismo, como também por fatores culturais que promovem indiretamente a abstenção do fumar. Esse fato ocorre por ser tabagismo uma prática que não se coaduna com as atuais concepções de saúde, beleza e bem-estar. A pesquisa desenvolve um estudo qualitativo com indivíduos que deixaram de fumar há pelo menos um ano e estavam em acompanhamento no Centro de Referência Estadual de Prevenção e Tratamento do Tabagismo (CREPTT). Foram entrevistados 17 sujeitos (11 mulheres e 6 homens), com idades que variam entre 36 a 71 anos. Os dados empíricos obtidos a partir dos discursos dos informantes foram analisados segundo a Análise Temática de Conteúdo e interpretados com aporte da Teoria das Representações Sociais. As conclusões mais importantes são as seguintes: a cessação de fumar evidenciou-se como um processo decorrente da tomada de consciência do tabagismo como um problema para o próprio indivíduo e para as pessoas próximas a ele. Fatores relacionados com o corpo e a convivência social contribuíram para que buscassem a recuperação do tabagismo. Os elos de experiência, interpretados como apoios para a abstinência, foram as redes interpessoais constituídas por familiares, profissionais e colegas do grupo de tratamento, contatos com ex-fumantes, sua determinação e fé. A abstenção do tabagismo foi associada a mudanças. Essas mudanças foram percebidas como condições para uma vida melhor. A abstenção do tabagismo é vista pelos ex-fumantes sujeitos deste estudo como uma condição, dentre outras, para se sentirem mais saudáveis, com melhor aparência física e aceitos socialmente. / This study aims to understand how individuals live and elaborate the stopping smoking process in their social contexts, beginning with former-smokers' experiences. The smokers go through motivational stages, until they manage to stop smoking, which for some can be a short time while for others, takes years. The stage change is influenced by several factors. It can be seen, among these, that the stopping smoking stage occurs due to present forces in the societies which aim to control tabaccoism, as well as, from cultural factors that promote smoking abstention indirectly. This last one being attributed, to the fact that tabaccoism as a practice does suit the current conceptions of health, beauty and well being. A qualitative study with carried out on individuals that had stopped smoking for at least one year and were being attended by the Prevention State Reference and Tabaccoism Treatment Center (CREPTT). 17 subjects (11 women and 6 men) with ages ranging from 36 to 71 years were interviewed. The empiric data obtained from interviews from former smokers were analyzed according to Content Thematic Analysis and interpreted according to the Social Representations Theory. The most important considerations are as follows: stopping smoking was shown to be an awareness process of perceiving tabaccoism as a problem of the individual and the people close to him or her. Factors related to the body and social coexistence contributed to the search for recovery from tabaccoism. The experience links, interpreted as abstinence supports, were the interpersonal network of relatives, professionals and treatment group colleagues, contact with former-smokers, determination and faith. Tabaccoism abstention was associated to changes. These changes, were perceived as conditions for a better life. Tabaccoism abstention by the former-smokers of this study is seen, to be the condition, among others, of feeling healthier, with a better physical appearance and social acceptance.

The purpose of this project was to explore the performance of methods for estimating stopping power ratio (SPR) from Hounsfield units (HU) using dual energy CT scans, rather than the standard single energy CT scans, with the aim of finding a method which could outperform the current single energy stoichiometric method. Such a method could reduce the margin currently added to the target volume during treatment which is defined as 3.5 % of the range to the target volume + 1 mm . Three such methods, by Taasti, Zhu, and, Lalonde and Bouchard, were chosen and implemented in MATLAB. A phantom containing 10 tissue-like inserts was scanned and used as a basis for the SPR estimation. To investigate the variation of the SPR from day-to-day the phantom was scanned once a day for 12 days. The resulting SPR of all methods, including the stoichiometric method, were compared with theoretical SPR values which were calculated using known elemental weight fractions of the inserts and mean excitation energies from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It was found that the best performing method was the Taasti method which had, at best, an average percentage difference from the theoretical values of only 2.5 %. The Zhu method had, at best, 4.8 % and Lalonde-Bouchard 15.6% including bone tissue or 6.3 % excluding bone. The best average percentage difference of the stoichiometric method was 3.1 %. As the Taasti method was the best performing method and shows much promise, future work should focus on further improving its performance by testing more scanning protocols and kernels to find the ones yielding the best performance. This should then be supplemented with testing different pairs of energies for the dual energy scans. The fact that the Zhu and Lalonde-Bouchard method performed poorly could indicate problems with the implementation of those methods in this project. Investigating and solving those problems is also an important goal for future projects. Lastly the Lalonde-Bouchard method should be tested with more than two energy spectra.

The phenomenon of energy loss that occurs when an ion interacts with matter, also called stopping power, has been investigated for more than a century, and has provided findings of interest. However, reliable procedures for obtaining accurate experimental measurements and a fully theoretical comprehension of the process are tasks still in high demand by the scientific community. Moreover, stopping power data are prerequisites in several applications in modern science, such as engineering, ion implantation and modification of materials, damage to electronics devices (e.g. space radiation), medical physics (e.g. proton therapy), among others. In this thesis we i) develop a rigorous experimental protocol to measure stopping power with high precision, and ii) investigate the collapse of the free electron gas (FEG) model in energy loss of light ions (protons) at a low energy range in transition and rare-earth metals. In the first part, we present an approach to obtain, with high accuracy, the stopping cross sections in the pure materials Al and Mo for protons in the energy range of [0.9 - 3.6] MeV by means of the transmission method. The traceability of the sources of uncertainties are fully evaluated and the final accuracy of the results is 0.63% (0.32% rand. and 0.54% syst.) for Al, and 1.5 % (0.44 % rand. and 1.4% syst.) for Mo, with both results primarily limited by the quality and homogeneity of the stopping foils. For Al, this high accuracy represents an improvement compared to the results obtained in previous studies and serves as a benchmark for our procedure. The most important sources of uncertainties were random - the uncertainty in the peak positions and in the Gaussian fits; and systematic - the non-uniformity thickness of the foils (a special procedure was developed to correct this). Even though the final uncertainty for Mo is higher than for Al, our results improve on the amount of data currently available for the energy range considered. Both data sets are compared with the most commonly employed theoretical models and Monte Carlo codes in the literature. In the second part, electronic stopping cross sections of nontrivial solids, that is, transition and rare earth metals (Ta and Gd) for slow protons are experimentally investigated, and the data were compared with the results for Pt and Au, to understand how energy losses in these metals are correlated with electronic band structures, and to understand the failure of the FEG model predictions. The higher stopping powers found for Ta and Gd cannot be explained by means of the FEG model; however, these effects are successfully correlated with the high density of states (DOS) of both the occupied and unoccupied electronic levels in these metals. For the case of Gd, the experimental data are extended in the energy range until the Bragg\'s peak is reached. The two parts of this thesis were published in Physical Review A 93 022704 (2016), and in Physical Review Letters 18 103401 (2017), respectively. / O fenômeno de perda de energia quando um íon interage com a matéria, também conhecido como poder de freamento, vem sendo investigado por mais de um século, gerando grandes descobertas. Entretanto, conseguir obter medidas experimentais com alta precisão, ou elaborar um completo entendimento teórico dos processos de perda de energia são tarefas extremamente difíceis e ainda muito requeridas pela comunidade científica. Além disso, dados de perda de energia são pré-requisitos em várias aplicações e ramos da ciência moderna, tais como: engenharia, implantação e modificação de materiais, danos em dispositivos eletrônicos (radiação espacial), física médica (próton terapia), etc. Esta tese tem dois focos: i) desenvolver um rigoroso protocolo experimental para medir stopping power com alta precisão e ii) investigar a quebra de validade do modelo de Gás de Elétrons Livres (FEG) para a perda de energia de prótons lentos em metais de transição e terra raras. Na primeira parte apresentamos uma abordagem experimental para obter com alta precisão o poder de freamento em materiais puros (Al e Mo) para prótons no intervalo de energia de [0,9 - 3,6] MeV pelo método de transmissão. A rastreabilidade das fontes de incerteza foi determinada e as incertezas finais encontradas foram: 0,63 % (0,32 % aleat. e 0,54 % sist.) para Al e 1,5 % (0,44 % aleat. e 1,4 % sist.) para Mo, ambas devido a qualidade e homogeneidade das folhas freadoras. Para Al, esta acurácia representa um avanço comparado com publicações anteriores e, assim, serviu como uma referência de nosso procedimento. As mais importantes fontes de incerteza foram: aleatória incerteza das posições dos picos e dos ajustes Gaussianos e sistemática não-uniformidade das folhas-alvo (um procedimento foi desenvolvido para corrigir isso). Embora a incerteza final do Mo é um pouco maior do que do Al, nossos resultados ajudaram a complementar a baixa quantidade de dados disponíveis para o intervalo de energia considerado. Ambos conjuntos de dados foram comparados com os mais comuns modelos teóricos e códigos de Monte Carlo na literatura. Para a segunda parte, poder de freamento em metais não tão comuns tais como transição (Ta) e terras-raras (Gd) para prótons com baixas velocidades foram experimentalmente investigados, e os dados comparados com resultados de Pt e Au, a fim de entender como o stopping power destes metais está correlacionado com as estruturas de bandas eletrônicas, e assim tentar explicar a falha do modelo de FEG. Os altos valores das perdas de energias encontradas para Ta e Gd não puderam ser explicadas pelo modelo de FEG, e portanto foram correlacionados com a densidade de estados (DOS) em ambos os níveis ocupados e não ocupados destes metais. Para o caso do Gd, os dados experimentais foram estendidos em um intervalo de energia até alcançarem o pico de Bragg. A primeira parte desta tese foi publicada na Physical Review A 93 022704 (2016), e a segunda parte na Physical Review Letters 18 103401 (2017).

Le présent travail porte sur une étude comparative des caractéristiques optiques et électriques des décharges glissantes se propageant aux interfaces solide/gaz sur des isolateurs de verre, de Bakélite et de résine époxy en présence des gaz N2, CO2 et SF6 et des mélanges SF6/N2 et SF6/CO2, sous tension continue et alternative (50 Hz), en géométrie pointe - plan. L’objectif est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans l’initiation des décharges partielles et leur évolution et développement en décharges surfaciques (glissantes) lesquelles peuvent conduire au contournement des composants et systèmes haute tension. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la morphologie et la longueur finale (d’arrêt ou d’extension maximale) des décharges surfaciques dépendent de la forme et de l’amplitude de la tension, de l’épaisseur et de la nature du solide isolant, du type du gaz/mélange et de sa pression. Il est montré que la longueur finale des décharges Lf augmente quasi-linéairement avec la tension. Lf diminue lorsque la pression du gaz et/ou l’épaisseur du solide augmentent. Cette longueur est plus courte dans le SF6 que dans le CO2 ou le N2 ; et elle diminue significativement lorsque le taux du SF6 dans le mélange de gaz augmente. Par ailleurs, pour une tension donnée, Lf augmente avec la constante diélectrique de l’isolant solide. La longueur finale des décharges est nettement plus élevée sous tension alternative que sous tension continue. La morphologie des décharges glissantes générées sous tension continue et alternative est généralement non radiale; leur orientation est fortement influencée par la présence des charges d’espace présentes ou déposées sur la surface de l’isolateur. Une analyse fractale des décharges glissantes obtenues expérimentalement sous tension continue est également réalisée et une corrélation entre la dimension fractale, la pression du gaz, la constante diélectrique et l’épaisseur du matériau solide est mise en évidence. En particulier, la dimension fractale augmente lorsque la constante diélectrique augmente et/ou l’épaisseur de l’isolant solide diminue et/ou la pression du gaz diminue. / This work deals with a comparative study of optical and electrical characteristics of creeping discharges propagating at solid/gas interfaces on insulators made of glass, Bakelite and epoxy resin in the presence of N2, CO2 and SF6 gases and SF6/N2 SF6/CO2 mixtures, under DC and AC (50 Hz) voltage, using a point - plane electrode arrangement. The objective is to better understand the mechanisms involved in the initiation of partial discharges and their evolution and development into discharges surface (creeping discharges) that can lead to flashover of components and high voltage systems. The results show that the morphology and final length (maximum extension or stopping length) depend on the shape and amplitude of the voltage, the thickness and the nature of the solid insulator, type of gas / mixture and its pressure. It is shown that the final length Lf increases quasi-linearly with the voltage. Lf decreases as the gas pressure increases and/ or the thickness of the solid increases. Lf is shorter in SF6 than in CO2 or N2, and it decreases significantly when the rate of SF6 in the gas mixture increases. Moreover, for a given voltage, Lf increases with the dielectric constant of the solid insulation. The final length of the discharge is much higher under AC voltage than under DC voltage. The morphology of creeping discharges generated under DC and AC voltage is generally not radial; and their orientation is strongly influenced by the presence of space charges present or deposited on the surface of the insulator. A fractal analysis of creeping discharges experimentally obtained under DC voltage is also carried out and a correlation between the fractal dimension, the pressure of the gas, the dielectric constant and the thickness of the solid material is highlighted. In particular, the fractal dimension increases when the dielectric constant increases and / or thickness of the solid insulator decreases and / or pressure of the gas decreases.

Nous explorons l'étendue du champ applicatif des processus markoviens décisionnels au travers de deux problématiques. La première, de nature industrielle, propose l'étude numérique de l'optimisation d'un processus d'intégration lanceur en collaboration avec Airbus DS. Il s'agit d'un cas particulier des problèmes de gestion d'inventaire dans lequel un calendrier de tirs joue un rôle central. La modélisation adoptée entraîne l'impossibilité d'appliquer les procédures d'optimisation classiques liées au formalisme des processus markoviens décisionnels. Nous étudions alors des algorithmes basés sur des simulations qui rendent des stratégies optimales non triviales et qui sont utilisables dans la pratique. La deuxième problématique, de nature théorique, se concentre sur les questions d'arrêt optimal partiellement observables. Nous proposons une méthode d'approximation par quantification de ces problèmes lorsque les espaces d'états sont quelconques. Nous étudions la convergence de la valeur optimale approchée vers la valeur optimale réelle ainsi que sa vitesse. Nous appliquons notre méthode à un exemple numérique. / We investigate the potential of the Markov decision processes theory through two applications. The first part of this work is dedicated to the numerical study of an industriallauncher integration process in co-operation with Airbus DS. It is a particular case of inventory control problems where a launch calendar has a key role. The model we propose implies that standard optimization techniques cannot be used. We then investigate two simulation-based algorithms. They return non trivial optimal policies which can be applied in actual practice. The second part of this work deals with the study of partially observable optimal stopping problems. We propose an approximation method using optimal quantization for problems with general state space. We study the convergence of the approximated optimal value towards the real optimal value. The convergence rate is also under study. We apply our method to a numerical example.

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