Maintaining closeness between data sources and data consumers is crucial for workload I/O performance. In cloud environments, this kind of closeness can be violated by system administrative events and storage architecture barriers. VM migration events are frequent in cloud environments. VM migration changes VM runtime inter-connection or cache contexts, significantly degrading VM I/O performance. Virtualization is the backbone of cloud platforms. I/O virtualization adds additional hops to workload data access path, prolonging I/O latencies. I/O virtualization overheads cap the throughput of high-speed storage devices and imposes high CPU utilizations and energy consumptions to cloud infrastructures. To maintain the closeness between data sources and workloads during VM migration, we propose Clique, an affinity-aware migration scheduling policy, to minimize the aggregate wide area communication traffic during storage migration in virtual cluster contexts. In host-side caching contexts, we propose Successor to recognize warm pages and prefetch them into caches of destination hosts before migration completion. To bypass the I/O virtualization barriers, we propose VIP, an adaptive I/O prefetching framework, which utilizes a virtual I/O front-end buffer for prefetching so as to avoid the on-demand involvement of I/O virtualization stacks and accelerate the I/O response. Analysis on the traffic trace of a virtual cluster containing 68 VMs demonstrates that Clique can reduce inter-cloud traffic by up to 40%. Tests of MPI Reduce_scatter benchmark show that Clique can keep VM performance during migration up to 75% of the non-migration scenario, which is more than 3 times of the Random VM choosing policy. In host-side caching environments, Successor performs better than existing cache warm-up solutions and achieves zero VM-perceived cache warm-up time with low resource costs. At system level, we conducted comprehensive quantitative analysis on I/O virtualization overheads. Our trace replay based simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of VIP for data prefetching with ignorable additional cache resource costs.

The ship emission already occupy the eighth position in the world biggest emitters ranking. This happens because the ship operations have a huge demand variation therefore in order to reduce the ship emissions is required an efficient operation of the generators. This work aims at integrating advanced storage systems into the operation of diesel generators. The variation of the operation point has a direct interference on the emissions and on the diesel consumption, this variation is allowed through the frequency and voltage control. The use of lithium batteries for various operation points of the generators is analyzed. The use of an energy storage system allowed the operation of the generators in a better operation point therefore there was a reduction in diesel consumption and in CO2 emissions when the diesel generators. The main result of this work could also shed light in the operation of isolated power systems equipped with advanced storage systems and diesel generators. / As emissões dos navios já ocupam a oitava posição entre os países com maior emissão no mundo. Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de que as operações dos navios têm uma grande variação de demanda de potência, com isso a operação inteligente dos geradores a diesel é fundamental para a redução das emissões. A abordagem desenvolvida nesse trabalho integra o uso de sistemas de armazenamento avançados na operação dos geradores a diesel. A variação do ponto de operação dos geradores a diesel interfere diretamente no consumo e nas emissões, essa variação só é possível por meio do controle de frequência e tensão providos pelo sistema de armazenamento de energia. Nesse trabalho foram analisados o uso de baterias de lítio para diferentes pontos de operação do gerador a diesel. O uso das baterias possibilitou a operação dos geradores num melhor ponto de carga com isso houve uma redução das emissões e do consumo de combustível. Os resultados encontrados nesse trabalho podem ser extrapolados qualitativamente para outros sistemas de potência offshore, como plataformas de petróleo e de perfuração, que operem com sistemas de baterias avançadas e geradores a diesel.

Os Sistemas de Armazenamento a Baterias (SAEB) têm demonstrado uma grande flexibilidade de aplicações em melhorias e resoluções de problemas em Sistemas de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica (SDEEs). Grandes variações no valor de tensão dentro de um período, seja diário ou semanal, são observados devido à predominante topologia radial dos SDEEs e o constante aumento da utilização de Geradores Distribuídos (GDs). Pelas características de operar como carga ou geração, os SAEBs podem ser utilizados para melhorar o perfil de tensão. No entanto, as restrições de operação desses dispositivos tornam dificultoso identificar bons momentos de atuação e barramentos de alocação para este propósito. Geralmente, essa atuação é tratada de uma forma dependente dos GDs, porém essa abordagem não permite que os SAEBs possam operar em momentos independentes a fim de melhorar o perfil de tensão do SDEE. Desta forma, neste trabalho é desenvolvida uma abordagem para o planejamento da alocação e atuação do SAEB, utilizando uma modificação no algoritmo Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) de forma que o SAEB possa atuar independente dos GDs e ser alocado em outras barras, com o objetivo de melhorar o perfil de tensão. As soluções são analisadas através de simulações de Monte Carlo para investigar o comportamento em diversas situações de curva de carga. Os resultados demonstram que a abordagem proposta busca encontrar boas alocações e atuações e que os parâmetros técnicos dos SAEBs, como capacidade de energia armazenada e potência nominal do inversor, influenciam diretamente nos resultados. / Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have demonstrated great flexibility of applications in improvements and problem-solving in Electrical Distribution Systems (DSs). Significant variations in the nominal voltage value within a period, either daily or weekly, are observed due to the predominant radial topology of the DSs and the constant increase of the use of Distributed Generators (DGs). By the characteristics of operating as load or generation, SAEBs can be used to improve the voltage profile. However, the restrictions of these devices make it difficult to identify good operating moments and allocation buses for this purpose. Generally, this operation is treated in a way dependent on the DGs, but this strategy does not allow the BESS to operate at independent moments to improve the voltage profile of the SDEE. Thus, in this work an approach is developed for SAEBs allocation and operation planning, using a modification in the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm so that the SAEB can operate independently of the GDs and be allocated in other bars, with the objective to improve the voltage profile. The solutions are analyzed through Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the behavior in various load curve situations. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach seeks to find proper allocations and actions and that the technical parameters of SAEBs directly influence the results.

The way the world creates and distributes energy is changing. In 2015 77% of the world’s new power generation installations were either wind or solar PV. These forms of energy are by their nature intermittent – the sun will never shine 24 hours a day. With the rise of these intermittent energy sources, the need to store the energy they create has also risen. Batteries are emerging as a popular choice to solve this problem, with some analysts predicting that by 2024 battery energy storage will reach a scale of 12.5 gigawatts and become an industry with $165 billion in annual revenue. The increase in electric vehicles has caused the average price of lithium-ion batteries to plummet in recent years with expectations of this trend continuing. Managing the energy stored in many, distributed batteries is difficult, but when done right has numerous benefits. This business plan outlines the way Energy Max will provide a software platform to manage battery energy storage. Energy Max plans to sell its software directly to battery energy storage system manufacturers. The company will leverage its connections in Asia in order to focus on potential customers in China and Taiwan. By pursuing this strategy, the company can become a trusted partner to these manufacturers in helping them build a more complete solution to provide end-users. In return for providing the software, customers will be required to pay a one-time integration fee as well as a $15/kWh fee for batteries utilizing the software. This business plans assumes the first year of operations will be spent both building the product and developing Energy Max’s pipeline of future customers. In Year 2 the company will have two customers, but deployment of batteries with the software platform will still be low due to the likely cautious nature of customers. Under a normal growth scenario, the company will grow to Year 5 when Energy Max will attract 18 customers and have its software on 1% of worldwide Li-ion energy storage installations. Following this plan will require $3.5 million of outside funding and positive net income after tax in Year 4.

The ship emission already occupy the eighth position in the world biggest emitters ranking. This happens because the ship operations have a huge demand variation therefore in order to reduce the ship emissions is required an efficient operation of the generators. This work aims at integrating advanced storage systems into the operation of diesel generators. The variation of the operation point has a direct interference on the emissions and on the diesel consumption, this variation is allowed through the frequency and voltage control. The use of lithium batteries for various operation points of the generators is analyzed. The use of an energy storage system allowed the operation of the generators in a better operation point therefore there was a reduction in diesel consumption and in CO2 emissions when the diesel generators. The main result of this work could also shed light in the operation of isolated power systems equipped with advanced storage systems and diesel generators. / As emissões dos navios já ocupam a oitava posição entre os países com maior emissão no mundo. Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de que as operações dos navios têm uma grande variação de demanda de potência, com isso a operação inteligente dos geradores a diesel é fundamental para a redução das emissões. A abordagem desenvolvida nesse trabalho integra o uso de sistemas de armazenamento avançados na operação dos geradores a diesel. A variação do ponto de operação dos geradores a diesel interfere diretamente no consumo e nas emissões, essa variação só é possível por meio do controle de frequência e tensão providos pelo sistema de armazenamento de energia. Nesse trabalho foram analisados o uso de baterias de lítio para diferentes pontos de operação do gerador a diesel. O uso das baterias possibilitou a operação dos geradores num melhor ponto de carga com isso houve uma redução das emissões e do consumo de combustível. Os resultados encontrados nesse trabalho podem ser extrapolados qualitativamente para outros sistemas de potência offshore, como plataformas de petróleo e de perfuração, que operem com sistemas de baterias avançadas e geradores a diesel.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-07-19T17:30:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroLeiteNeto.pdf: 15729023 bytes, checksum: 58efe211075c14c50cf9c297aa235d4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T17:30:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroLeiteNeto.pdf: 15729023 bytes, checksum: 58efe211075c14c50cf9c297aa235d4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The development of microgrids was driven by the need to supply consumers with more stable and reliable electricity. The intermittent nature of renewable sources differs from the requirements of consumers - especially in isolated areas - who expect an uninterrupted and quality energy supply. Isolated microstrips may have available one or more renewable sources to be explored, configuring hybrid systems. Although such renewable sources are inexhaustible, energy conversion systems are capacity limited and need to be explored efficiently. Hybrid systems typically include solar photovoltaic and wind, already well studied. In this thesis are introduced the oceanic energies in their gradient and tidal currents forms. This thesis contributes to the efficient exploration of the oceanic sources, both as a single source as well as in a hybrid configuration. In relation to the isolated operation, the storage system is of fundamental importance. Considering the high costs of a battery bank over the total cost of the system, operating strategies that preserve its useful life while maintaining uninterrupted power supply are mandatory. Considering these aspects, in this work is proposed a dual energy storage system composed of two subsystems with diversified functions and submitted to different chage/discharge conditions. The purpose of this new strategy is a more efficient use of the storage system, since this operating regime becomes closer to the recommended by the battery manufacturers. The benefits of this strategy are reflected in the overall cost reduction of the microgrid. In order to achieve optimum operating strategies, a more accurate mathematical model of the batteries is used to reproduce the behavior of the batteries in a more realistic way. In addition, it is investigated the performance of operating strategies that allow maximum benefits to be obtained through the diversification of the microgrid energy matrix, by including hydrokinetic tidal sources. The motivation for including this source lies in its high potential, especially on the northern coast of Brazil. These benefits should be evaluated mainly through the more efficient use of the storage system as well as the reduction of the participation of fossil fuel units in the operation of isolated microgrids. / O desenvolvimento das microrredes foi impulsionado pela necessidade de suprir os consumidores com eletricidade de forma mais estável e confiável. A natureza intermitente das fontes renováveis se contrapõe às exigências dos consumidores - especialmente em áreas isoladas - que esperam por um fornecimento de energia sem interrupções e com qualidade. As microrredes isoladas podem ter disponíveis uma ou mais fontes renováveis para serem exploradas, configurando sistemas híbridos. Embora tais fontes renováveis sejam inesgotáveis, os sistemas de conversão de energia são limitados em capacidade e devem ser explorados com eficiência. Sistemas híbridos normalmente incluem energia solar fotovoltaica e eólica, já bastante estudadas. Nesta tese são introduzidas as energias oceânicas nas suas formas de gradiente e de correntes de marés. Esta tese contribui para a exploração eficiente de fontes oceânicas, tanto na operação como fonte única assim como em configuração híbrida. No que tange a operação isolada, o sistema de armazenamento tem importância fundamental. Considerando os elevados custos de um banco de baterias sobre o custo total do sistema, estratégias de operação que preservem sua vida útil, ao mesmo tempo que mantenham o fornecimento ininterrupto de energia, são mandatórias. Diante destes aspectos, neste trabalho é proposto um sistema dual de armazenamento de energia composto de dois subsistemas com funções diversificadas e submetidos a condições de carga/descarga diferentes. O objetivo desta nova estratégia consiste no uso mais eficiente do sistema de armazenamento, uma vez que esse regime de operação se torna mais próximo daquele recomendado pelos fabricantes de baterias. Os benefícios desta estratégia são refletidos na redução dos custos globais da microrrede. Para conseguir as estratégias de operação ótima, neste trabalho é utilizado um modelo matemático mais acurado das baterias a fim de reproduzir de forma mais realista o comportamento das baterias. Além disso, é investigado o desempenho de estratégias de operação que permitam obter o máximo de benefícios decorrentes da diversificação da matriz energética da microrrede, através da inclusão de fontes hidrocinéticas maremotrizes. A motivação para a inclusão desta fonte está no seu elevado potencial, em especial no litoral norte do Brasil. Estes benefícios devem ser avaliados especialmente quanto ao uso mais eficiente do sistema de armazenamento, assim como a redução da necessidade de participação de unidades baseadas em combustível fóssil na operação de microrredes isoladas.

In this modern rather interconnected era, an organization’s top priority is to protect itself from major security breaches occurring frequently within a communicational environment. But, it seems, as if they quite fail in doing so. Every week there are new headlines relating to information being forged, funds being stolen and corrupt usage of credit card and so on. Personal computers are turned into “zombie machines” by hackers to steal confidential and financial information from sources without disclosing hacker’s true identity. These identity thieves rob private data and ruin the very purpose of privacy. The purpose of this project is to identify suspicious user activity by analyzing a log file which then later can help an investigation agency like FBI to track and monitor anonymous user(s) who seek for weaknesses to attack vulnerable parts of a system to have access of it. The project also emphasizes the potential damage that a malicious activity could have on the system. This project uses Hadoop framework to search and store log files for logging activities and then performs a ‘Map Reduce’ programming code to finally compute and analyze the results.

O aprimoramento de técnicas e dispositivos aplicados à conversão de energia provenientes de fontes alternativas de energia, no contexto da geração distribuída, possui um papel importante para o estabelecimento definitivo de um novo paradigma de despacho e consumo de energia elétrica. Neste contexto, esta tese de doutorado aborda uma proposta de gerenciamento de energia e controle de uma microrede com célula a combustível e painel fotovoltaico como fontes primárias, operando juntamente com elementos armazenadores. Nesta proposta, destaca-se o uso de duas principais técnicas: droop k-sharing e Maximum Power Point Tracking with Saturation Technique (MPPT-ST). A técnica droop k-sharing permite associar uma dinâmica preestabelecida à célula a combustível, de forma que as baterias absorvam o espectro complementar. Adicionalmente, o uso da variável k-sharing com a adição da técnica droop permite o compartilhamento de potência entre as duas fontes sem a necessidade de comunicação entre elas. Já a técnica MPPT-ST, permite a operação de painéis fotovoltaicos no Maximum Power Point (MPP) e fora do MPP utilizando um saturador dinâmico. Por fim, propõe-se uma técnica para o acoplamento dos modelos dinâmicos dos conversores CC-CC por meio do equacionamento da tensão do barramento Corrente Contínua (CC) em espaços de estados, tornando possível analisar a estabilidade da microrede com o método indireto de Lyapunov. Para validar as técnicas propostas, são apresentados resultados de simulação e experimentais. / The improvement of techniques and devices applied to the energy conversion of alternative energy sources, in the distributed generation context, has an important role for the definitive establishment of the new paradigm of energy delivery and consumption. In this context, this PhD thesis addresses a proposal of an energy management strategy for microgrids with fuel cells and photovoltaic panels as primary sources, operating with storage devices. In the proposed control scheme, it is possible to highlight two control techniques: droop k-sharing and MPPT-ST. With the droop k-sharing technique, it is possible to design a specific dynamic behavior for the Fuel Cell, while the battery absorbs the complementary (high frequency) spectrum. Additionally, the use of the k-sharing variable with droop technique makes it possible to share the energy between the two sources without the need of a high-speed communication link. On the other hand, with the MPPT-ST technique, the photovoltaic modules can be operated in the MPP or off-MPP by using a simple dynamic anti-windup strategy. For the stability analysis using the Lyapunov Indirect Method, it is proposed a state space technique to couple the DC-DC converters models using the DC-link capacitor. Finally, to evaluate the proposed theoretical algorithm and analysis, simulations and experimental results are presented.

Secure communication under channel uncertainty is an important and challenging problem in physical-layer security and cryptography. In this dissertation, we take a fundamental information-theoretic view at three concrete settings and use them to shed insight into efficient secure communication techniques for different scenarios under channel uncertainty. First, a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) Gaussian broadcast channel with two receivers and two messages: a common message intended for both receivers (i.e., channel uncertainty for decoding the common message at the receivers) and a confidential message intended for one of the receivers but needing to be kept asymptotically perfectly secret from the other is considered. A matrix characterization of the secrecy capacity region is established via a channel-enhancement argument and an extremal entropy inequality previously established for characterizing the capacity region of a degraded compound MIMO Gaussian broadcast channel. Second, a multilevel security wiretap channel where there is one possible realization for the legitimate receiver channel but multiple possible realizations for the eavesdropper channel (i.e., channel uncertainty at the eavesdropper) is considered. A coding scheme is designed such that the number of secure bits delivered to the legitimate receiver depends on the actual realization of the eavesdropper channel. More specifically, when the eavesdropper channel realization is weak, all bits delivered to the legitimate receiver need to be secure. In addition, when the eavesdropper channel realization is strong, a prescribed part of the bits needs to remain secure. We call such codes security embedding codes, referring to the fact that high-security bits are now embedded into the low-security ones. We show that the key to achieving efficient security embedding is to jointly encode the low-security and high-security bits. In particular, the low-security bits can be used as (part of) the transmitter randomness to protect the high-security ones. Finally, motivated by the recent interest in building secure, robust and efficient distributed information storage systems, the problem of secure symmetrical multilevel diversity coding (S-SMDC) is considered. This is a setting where there are channel uncertainties at both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. The problem of encoding individual sources is first studied. A precise characterization of the entire admissible rate region is established via a connection to the problem of secure coding over a three-layer wiretap network and utilizing some basic polyhedral structure of the admissible rate region. Building on this result, it is then shown that the simple coding strategy of separately encoding individual sources at the encoders can achieve the minimum sum rate for the general S-SMDC problem.

Solving the key issue of sustainability of battery-powered sensors continues to attract significant research attention. The prevailing theme of this research is to address this concern using energy-efficient protocols based on a form of simple cooperative transmission (CT) called the opportunistic large arrays (OLAs), and intelligent exploitation of energy harvesting and hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs). The two key contributions of this research, namely, OLA with transmission threshold (OLA-T) and alternating OLA-T (A-OLA-T), offer an signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage (i.e., benefits of diversity and array (power) gains) in a multi-path fading environment, thereby reducing transmit powers or extending range. Because these protocols do not address nodes individually, the network overhead remains constant for high density networks or nodes with mobility. During broadcasting across energy-constrained networks, while OLA-T saves energy by limiting node participation within a single broadcast, A-OLA-T optimizes over multiple broadcasts and drains the the nodes in an equitable fashion. Another important contribution of this research is the design and analysis of a novel routing metric called communications using HESS (CHESS), which extends the rechargeable battery (RB)-life by relaying exclusively with supercapacitor (SC) energy, and is asymptotically optimal with respect to the number of nodes in the network.