Magistriniame moksliniame tiriamajame darbe „Paviršinių nuotekų Vilniaus mieste užterštumo tyrimai“ buvo apžvelgta mokslinė – techninė literatūra, kurioje aprašoma paviršinių nuotekų užterštumo skendinčiosiomis medžiagomis kaita lietaus metu. Literatūroje taip pat išanalizuotas pirmojo teršalų antplūdžio reiškinys, t.y., kuomet po tam tikro sausojo periodo, lyjant lietui, urbanizuotoje teritorijoje susiformuoja ypač užterštos pirmosios paviršinių nuotekų porcijos. Ištyrus pirmojo teršalų antplūdžio reiškinio dėsningumą, patikimumą ir universalumą, galima būtų šias žinias panaudoti valytino paviršinių nuotekų kiekio nustatymui. Žinodami, kad didžioji dalis miesto teršalų transportuojama lietaus pradžioje, o likusioji dalis neturi reikšmingos įtakos upių ekosistemoms, valymo įrenginius galėtume projektuoti taip, kad į juos nukreiptume tik pirmąsias paviršinių nuotekų porcijas. Tai suteiktų galimybę efektyviau ir ekonomiškiau tvarkyti paviršines nuotekas. Šiame tiriamajame darbe atsitiktiniu būdu tyrimo objektu buvo pasirinkti Vilniaus miesto šiaurinės dalies vienas didžiausių (Verkių g. Nr. 1) ir vienas mažiausių (Sporto g. Nr. 2) paviršinių nuotekų surinkimo baseinų išleistuvai. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad paviršinių nuotekų debito bei skendinčiųjų medžiagų koncentracijos kaita priklauso nuo urbanizuotos teritorijos baseino charakteristikų, nuo tinklo akumuliacinių savybių, nuo lietaus intensyvumo bei nuo sausojo periodo. ... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work of scientific research named „The research of the pollution of storm water runoff in Vilnius city“ overlooks the fluctuation of concentration of suspended solids in a storm water runoff. There was also the concept of the first flush phenomenon investigated, which means, that the store of pollutants that had accumulated on paved surface in dry weather are quickly washed off during the beginning of the storm. Investigation of the first flush phenomenon consistent reliability and universality would help to determine the amount of storm water runoff that needs to be purified. Knowing that most of the urban pollutant load is transported in the beginning of a storm and the rest of storm water runoff do not have a significant impact on river ecosystem, water treatment facilities could be designed so that they accept only the first portions of the storm water runoff. In this case, a much smaller volume of runoff storage would be needed to treat and remove urban pollutants. This would allow more efficient and economical control of storm water runoff. The study areas where selected to be the representative drainage basin for a large (Verkių g. Nr1) and small (Sporto g. Nr.2) commercial-residential district. Research results showed that storm water runoff flow and suspended solids concentration change depends on the characteristics of the urban catchment’s area, also from the network storage properties and from the intensity of rainfall... [to full text]

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T12:52:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-28T12:54:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-28T12:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Patrícia Layne Alves - 2015.pdf: 6139087 bytes, checksum: 2d26cabd2939ffa1c0a67132b80a0490 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Problems related to water, in the urban environment, have drawn attention in the face of the problem caused by its lack and/or excess. Among this backdrop there is the tumultuous occupation of urban space that combined with the suppression of soil coverage and vegetation leads to the urban runoff higher volume, pollution and shorter time to peak discharge. In this context, the benefits of urban afforestation are present, which besides the aesthetic value added to space, set up physical barriers to stormwater, favoring its retention, storage and infiltration into the soil. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of rainfall interception treetops the some species, reduce the volume of urban runoff, slow the flow peaks, as well as to expand the attention span of an urban watershed. The research was field experiments with recurrent arboreal species in the urban afforestation of Uruaçu, Goiás, using pluviographs, trunk collectors and water level sensor. From the use of interception parameters determined in this study, computer simulations using the Storm Water Management Model Model (SWMM) were performed, starting from the proposition of scenarios with different types of territorial installment associated with the Low Impact Development practices (LID) and urban forestry. During the data collection period 2012/2013, the rainfall events had a median of accumulated rainfall of 16.7mm. During this period, the median values of interception were Mangifera indica - 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa - 7.2mm; and Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. The period of data collection relating to 2013/2014, the median precipitation of rainfall events were 20.7mm, and the median values for interception and stemflow were respectively: 5.7mm and 0.1mm for Mangifera indica; 4.5mm and 0.2mm for Licania tomentosa; and 3.8mm and 0.3mm for Tabebuia ochracea. The delay at the start of average rains caused by tree species was 3min. The presence of individual trees afforded a median delay in the peak time of 3 min, a reduction of the peak flow of 0.8 mm/min and runoff of 4.7mm/min. Through simulations with the scenario where the wooded urban planning aggregated all LID techniques employed in this study, it was possible to achieve a reduction in peak flows in 3.42m³ / s, compared to conventional design; allowing storage of a volume of water in 4470.59m³ local infiltration proposed structures; and delay the peak flows of up to 6 min. This thesis confirms the interference of the individual characteristics of the species in the rain interception capability by their canopies and reducing runoff, highlighting the need for careful definition of the species that make up the urban forestry; testifies the existence of variations in interceptions in relation to rainfall events and during their occurrence; as well as quantitative data points precipitate volume reduction and drained by the tree individual presence in urban areas. Their research shows that, alone, afforestation and LID techniques cause little reduction in volume and flow and little delay in time to peak flow, while combined contribute significantly to drainage. This study differs from the use of recording rain gauges and linígrados for the measurement of precipitation and runoff directly under the canopy of individual trees in an urban environment; and adds to SWMM the insertion of arboreal benefits in hydrological simulation. / Os transtornos relacionados à água, no ambiente urbano, têm merecido destaque diante da problemática causada pela sua falta e/ou excesso. Dentre este cenário, tem-se a ocupação desordenada do espaço urbano, que aliada à supressão da cobertura natural do solo e da vegetação acarretam ao escoamento urbano maior volume, poluição e menor tempo ao pico de vazão. Neste contexto, insere-se os benefícios da arborização urbana, que além do valor estético que agrega ao espaço, oferece barreiras físicas às águas pluviais, favorecendo a sua retenção, armazenamento e infiltração no solo. Este estudo se propõe a avaliar a capacidade de algumas espécies arbóreas em interceptar as águas de chuva pelas suas copas, reduzir o volume de escoamento superficial urbano, retardar os picos de vazão, bem como de ampliar o tempo de concentração de uma bacia hidrográfica urbana. A pesquisa teve experimentos de campo com espécies arbóreas recorrentes à arborização urbana de Uruaçu, Goiás, utilizando pluviógrafos, coletores de tronco e linígrafos. A partir do emprego dos parâmetros de interceptação determinados neste estudo, foram realizadas simulações computacionais com o uso do modelo Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), partindo da proposição de cenários com diferentes tipologias de parcelamento territorial associados às práticas de Low Impact Development (LID) e à arborização urbana. Durante o período de coleta de dados de 2012/2013, os eventos chuvosos tiveram mediana de 16.7mm de precipitação acumulada. Neste período, os valores medianos de interceptação foram: Mangifera indica – 8.0mm; Pachira aquatica - 7.4mm; Licania tomentosa – 7.2mm; e, Caesalpinia peltophoroides - 4.8mm. No período de coleta dados referente a 2013/2014, as precipitações medianas dos eventos chuvosos foram de 20.7mm, e os valores medianos para interceptação e escoamento pelo tronco, foram respectivamente: 5.7mm e 0.1mm para a Mangifera indica; 4.5mm e 0.2mm para a Licania tomentosa; e, 3.8mm e 0.3mm para a Tabebuia ochracea. O retardo mediano no início das chuvas ocasionado pelas espécies arbóreas foi de 3min. A presença dos indivíduos arbóreos propiciou, um atraso mediano no tempo ao pico de 3 minutos, uma redução do pico de vazão de 0.8 mm/min e do escoamento superficial de 4.7mm/min. Através de simulações, com o cenário em que o planejamento urbano arborizado agregava todas as técnicas de LID neste estudo empregadas, conseguiu-se atingir a redução das vazões de pico em 3.42m³/s, em relação ao projeto convencional; permitindo o armazenamento de um volume de água de 4470.59m³ nas estruturas de infiltração locais propostas; e, retardar os picos de vazão em até 6 min. Esta tese, confirma a interferência das características individuais das espécies na capacidade de interceptação de chuva por suas copas e na redução do escoamento superficial, ressaltando a necessidade de definição criteriosa das espécies que comporão a arborização urbana; atesta a existência de variações nas interceptações em relação aos eventos chuvosos e durante suas ocorrências; bem como, aponta dados quantitativos de redução de volume precipitado e escoado pela presença do indivíduo arbóreo no meio urbano. A pesquisa comprovou que, isoladamente, a arborização e as técnicas de LID causam pouca redução no volume e vazão e, pouco retardo no tempo ao pico do escoamento, enquanto que somadas contribuem de forma significativa à drenagem. O presente estudo se difere pela utilização de pluviógrafos e linígrados para a aferição de precipitações e escoamento superficial diretamente sob as copas de indivíduos arbóreos em ambiente urbano; e, agrega ao SWMM a inserção dos benefícios arbóreos na simulação hidrológica.

Wood is a material with an enormous number of applications. For decades, the development of wastewater treatment technologies tailored for the wood sector has focused on those industries that have water as an integral part of the industrial production, such as paper and pulp. However, there is a large and potentially growing sector that has been neglected, which is formed by industries in which water is not part of their production line, as for example, the wood floor and furniture industries (named wood-based dry industries). These industries still produces relatively low volumes of highly polluted wastewaters, with COD up to 30,000 mg/L, due to cleaning/washing procedure (named cleaning wastewaters). These cleaning wastewaters are often sent to the municipal wastewater treatment plant after dilution with potable water. Once there, recalcitrant pollutants are diluted and discharged into recipient water bodies or trapped in the municipal wastewater sludge. Another type of contaminated water these “dry industries” often generate in high volumes, and which is usually discharged with no previous treatment, is storm-water containing contaminants that have leached from large wood storage areas. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase the level of knowledge and competence and to present on-site wastewater treatment options for wood-based dry industries using the wood floor industry as a case-study, with a focus on combined treatment methods and solutions applicable to both the cleaning wastewater and storm-water. Among the treatment technologies investigated, electrocoagulation was studied both as a standalone treatment and combined with sorption using activated carbon. The combined treatment achieved a COD reduction of approximately 70%. Some advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were also studied: a COD reduction of approximately 70% was achieved by photo-Fenton, but the most successful AOP was ozone combined with UV light, were a COD reduction around 90% was achieved, with additional improvement in the biodegradability of the treated effluent. Ozone also proved to be effective in degrading organic compounds (approximately 70% COD reduction) and enhanced the biodegradability of the storm-water runoff from wood storage areas. The results have shown that the application of ozone can be considered an option for treatment of cleaning wastewaters and possibly for storm-water biodegradation enhancement. / Trä är ett material med ett stort antal möjliga användningsområden. Inom träindustrin har utvecklingen av vattenbehandlingsmetoder varit inriktat på de branscher som har vatten som en del av produktionen, såsom papper- och massaindustrin. Men det finns en stor och potentiellt växande sektor inom träindustrin som har försummats, den utgörs av industrier som inte har vatten som en del av produktionen, t.ex. trägolv och trämöbel industrier. Trots detta så producerar dessa industrier fortfarande relativt kraftigt förorenade avloppsvatten med t.ex. COD-värden upp till 30000 mg/l men i relativt låga volymer. Dessa avloppsvatten uppkommer vid rengöring av maskiner och städning av lokaler, varefter de oftast efter utspädning med dricksvatten skickas till det kommunala reningsverket. Väl där späds det förorenade vattnet vidare ut med annat inkommande vatten men passerar dock till stor del obehandlat och släpps ut i mottagande vattendrag eller så fastnar föroreningarna i avloppsslamet. Dagvatten är en annan typ av förorenat vatten från dessa "torra industrier" som ofta genereras i stora volymer och innehåller föroreningar som lakats från de trämaterial som förvaras i de stora upplag som ofta förekommer vid denna typ av industrier. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att öka kunskapen och kompetensen för att kunna miljömässigt riktigt och ekonomiskt billigt behandla industriavloppsvatten lokalt på plats inom trävaruindustrin, genom att använda en trä-golvsindustri som fallstudie. Fokus lades på kombinerade behandlingsmetoder och lösningar som skulle kunna vara lämpliga både för industriavloppsvatten och dagvatten. Ett antal behandlingstekniker har undersökts; elektrokoagulering studerades både som en fristående behandling och i kombination med aktivt kol. Den kombinerade behandlingen gav en COD-reduktion på ungefär 70 %. Flera avancerade oxidationsprocesser (AOP) studerades också, och en COD-reduktion på cirka 70% uppnåddes med en kombination av UV-ljus och Fenton behandling. Den mest framgångsrika behandlingen var ozon i kombination med UV-ljus där en COD-reduktion runt 90 % uppnåddes varvid en avsevärd förbättring av den biologisk nedbrytbarhet på det behandlade avloppsvattenet erhölls. Ozon visade sig också vara effektivt för nedbrytning av organiska föreningar (ca 70% COD reduktion) och förbättrade den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av föroreningarna i dagvattnet från den studerade industrin. Resultaten har visat att ozon kan anses vara ett lämpligt alternativ för att behandla industriavloppsvatten inom trävarusektorn och möjligen för att öka den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av dagvattnet från dessa industrier / Integrated Approach for Handling of Industrial Wastewater and Stormwater / Triple Helix Collaboration on Industrial Water Conservation in Småland and the Islands

This proposed research focused on the prediction and identification of dissolved heavy metals in storm water runoff from elevated roadways. Storm water runoff from highways transports a significant load of contaminants, especially heavy metals and particulate matter, to receiving waters. Heavy metals, either in dissolved or particulatebound phases, are unique in the fact that unlike organic compounds, they are not degraded in the environment. The objective of this research was to develop a mathematical model to relate dissolved heavy metal concentration to different measurable parameters which are easily available and routinely measurable for elevated roadways. The reliability of the developed models was then evaluated by comparing the raw data versus data predicted by the models. The test site for this research was selected at the intersection of the Interstate-10 and Interstate-610, Orleans Parish, New Orleans, Louisiana. Subsequently a research test site was developed and highway storm water runoff was collected. Volumetric flow rates were measured with every collected sample by measuring the amount of collected water and the collection time. Storm water runoff from the examined elevated roadway section was sampled for 10 storm events throughout the course of the study from which hydrologic and water quality data were collected. The measurement of different parameters made it possible to determine the percentage of dissolved heavy metal mass loading and the characterization of high runoff flow intensity and low runoff flow intensity storm events. Another very important achievement in this research was the construction of a predictive model for dissolved heavy metal concentrations based on field measurements. Data analysis proceeded by applying different variable selection statistical methods as well as multiple regression analyses in order to evaluate the simultaneous effects of all variables on the concentration of dissolved heavy metals in storm water runoff. The developed model enables the user to predict dissolved heavy metal concentrations with known field measurements within a prediction interval of 95 % confidence. The reliability of the models was verified by carrying out significant-difference tests for both sets of data, observed and predicted, for a 5% of significance level.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering / South Africa, like many other developing countries, is faced with rapid urbanisation with the associated increase in the pollution load. Much of this pollution is destined for our watercourses, that eventually run into storage reservoirs which may be used for drinking water or recreational purposes. This pollution is usually attributed to human waste products which include nitrogenous wastes, phosphates, microorganisms, organic material and litter, A 6km stretch of the Jukskei river just downstream of Alexandra Township, was used to determine the different biological, physical and chemical processes that pollutants undergo during natural assimilation, their rates and efficiencies of assimilation in rivers and their impact Oil the environment downstream of the urban area. "Grab" samples were taken over a period which included both low-flow and storm events. Due to the high concentration of nutrients in the run-off from Alexandra Township, the major changes seen were in the biological conversion of organic nitrogen compounds and ammonia to nitrates, in the BOD and in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the river, with lows of 1.1 to 1.5 mg/l 02 being recorded at Alexandra. A rapid rise in the concentration of faecal coliforms has been seen with a high of 31 million/100 ml being recorded at Alexandra in September, 1994. Sedimentation at the Alexandra site is also a common occurrence with a lot of adsorbed pollutants being effectively removed from the water column with the suspended solids. The QUAL2E water quality model, used by the EPA in the United States, was used to model the reactions that the nutrients, BOD and DO undergo. BOD and DO were modelled very well with r of 0.98 and 0.94 being calculated respectively. QUAL2E did not model tile dissolved potlutants, dissolved phosphorus and ammonia very well with the observed results showing a greater reduction ill these pollutants. A method by which these pollutants adhere to SS and settle out was / AC2017

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 1997 / Detention storage IS a well tested, and generally accepted, method of attenuating flood hydrographs, but relatively littlo data is available from the monitoring of full scale instc'lations An onstrearn pond was constructed at Sunninqhill Park and details of 15 inflow and outflow hydro [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / MT2016

Como já sabemos, as inundações urbanas no Brasil são decorrentes principalmente do processo de urbanização desordenado que se acentuou a partir da década de 50. As inundações causam problemas tais como: perdas humanas, problemas de saúde pública, degradação da qualidade das águas e prejuízos econômicos da ordem de bilhões de reais. Para tanto, a pesquisa objetivou analisar os prejuízos decorrentes de inundações urbanas na bacia do Córrego do Gregório no município de São Carlos SP, sob duas formas de distribuição temporal de chuvas intensas, considerando seis cenários alternativos de ocupação da bacia e períodos de retorno de 25, 50 e 100 anos. A pesquisa ocorreu em etapas: foram aplicados os métodos de distribuição temporal de chuvas de Huff 1º quartil e blocos alternados para análise dos hidrogramas de cheia na região central da cidade, próxima ao mercado municipal, área sujeita a inundações frequentes. Na sequência, foram traçadas as manchas de inundação resultantes por meio de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG); cadastrados os imóveis residenciais e comerciais (objetos de estudo) presentes na mancha de inundação; desenvolvido um banco de dados em plataforma SIG com as informações dos imóveis; definidas as profundidades de submersão dos imóveis cadastrados para as condições de contorno do estudo. Finalmente, foram calculados os prejuízos aos imóveis cadastrados decorrentes das profundidades de submersão para os cenários estudados pelos diferentes métodos de distribuição das chuvas. Conclui-se que a alteração do método de distribuição temporal das chuvas pode trazer incertezas quanto à transformação da chuva em vazão e, dessa forma, introduzir diferenças significativas nos resultados. Porém, percebeu-se que essas diferenças possuem correlação direta com o processo de infiltração da água no solo, que por sua vez influi no volume da precipitação efetiva, a qual gerará o escoamento superficial. A variação dos resultados em relação aos métodos de distribuição temporal da chuva para os prejuízos econômicos diretos alcançaram valores da ordem de R$ 750.000,00 pelo método de Huff 1º quartil e da ordem de R$ 5.200.000,00 pelo método dos blocos alternados com pico na metade da duração da chuva para o mesmo tempo de retorno e cenário de uso e ocupação do solo.Dessa forma, além da forte influência dos métodos de distribuição temporal das chuvas, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os prejuízos diretos das inundações urbanas são também afetados pelos cenários de ocupação vislumbrados para a bacia hidrográfica e pelos valores do período de retorno adotado para a tormenta de projeto. Levando em consideração esses três fatores observou-se que, para certas situações, houve uma grande sensibilidade frente aos eventos simulados a qual foi constatada em uma análise das variáveis estatísticas aplicadas ao estudo. / Urban flooding in Brazil is mainly caused by urban development that has increased since 60\'s decade. Floods cause problems such as: human loss, public health problems, degradation of water quality and economic loss of billions of reais. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the damage caused by flooding in the Gregory watershed located in São Carlos - SP, by two methods of temporal distribution of intense rainfall. The area of study is located in an area subject to flooding, in the central region of the city, next to the municipal market. It was considered six alternative scenarios of land use and return period of 25, 50 and 100 years. First it were applied the methods of temporal distribution of rainfall from Huff 1st quartile and alternating blocks for analysis of runoff hydrographs. In the sequence, it was traced the resulting flooding spots by the Geographic Information System (GIS); it was registered the residential and commercial properties (objects of study) in the flooding spot; it was generated a database on GIS platform with the properties information; it was defined the submersion depths of the registered properties for the studied boundary conditions. Finally the damage was calculated for the registered properties arising from the submersion depths and the scenarios studied by different methods of distribution of rainfall. It was concluded that the change in the method of temporal distribution of rainfall may introduce uncertainties on the transformation of rainfall to flow and, thus, introduce significant differences in the results. However, it was noticed that these differences are directly correlated to the soil infiltration process. That process influences the net storm rainfall volume, which generates the runoff. The direct economic damage reached values of R$ 750,000.00 using the temporal distribution of rainfall from the Huff 1st quartile method. On the other hand, the alternating blocks method estimated the damages of R$ 5,200,000.00, with a peak in the mid of the rain duration for the same return period adopted to the rainfall project. Considering these three factors, it was observed that for certain situations there was a great sensitivity of the simulated events which were identified in a statistical analysis of the variables applied to the study.

Como já sabemos, as inundações urbanas no Brasil são decorrentes principalmente do processo de urbanização desordenado que se acentuou a partir da década de 50. As inundações causam problemas tais como: perdas humanas, problemas de saúde pública, degradação da qualidade das águas e prejuízos econômicos da ordem de bilhões de reais. Para tanto, a pesquisa objetivou analisar os prejuízos decorrentes de inundações urbanas na bacia do Córrego do Gregório no município de São Carlos SP, sob duas formas de distribuição temporal de chuvas intensas, considerando seis cenários alternativos de ocupação da bacia e períodos de retorno de 25, 50 e 100 anos. A pesquisa ocorreu em etapas: foram aplicados os métodos de distribuição temporal de chuvas de Huff 1º quartil e blocos alternados para análise dos hidrogramas de cheia na região central da cidade, próxima ao mercado municipal, área sujeita a inundações frequentes. Na sequência, foram traçadas as manchas de inundação resultantes por meio de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG); cadastrados os imóveis residenciais e comerciais (objetos de estudo) presentes na mancha de inundação; desenvolvido um banco de dados em plataforma SIG com as informações dos imóveis; definidas as profundidades de submersão dos imóveis cadastrados para as condições de contorno do estudo. Finalmente, foram calculados os prejuízos aos imóveis cadastrados decorrentes das profundidades de submersão para os cenários estudados pelos diferentes métodos de distribuição das chuvas. Conclui-se que a alteração do método de distribuição temporal das chuvas pode trazer incertezas quanto à transformação da chuva em vazão e, dessa forma, introduzir diferenças significativas nos resultados. Porém, percebeu-se que essas diferenças possuem correlação direta com o processo de infiltração da água no solo, que por sua vez influi no volume da precipitação efetiva, a qual gerará o escoamento superficial. A variação dos resultados em relação aos métodos de distribuição temporal da chuva para os prejuízos econômicos diretos alcançaram valores da ordem de R$ 750.000,00 pelo método de Huff 1º quartil e da ordem de R$ 5.200.000,00 pelo método dos blocos alternados com pico na metade da duração da chuva para o mesmo tempo de retorno e cenário de uso e ocupação do solo.Dessa forma, além da forte influência dos métodos de distribuição temporal das chuvas, os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os prejuízos diretos das inundações urbanas são também afetados pelos cenários de ocupação vislumbrados para a bacia hidrográfica e pelos valores do período de retorno adotado para a tormenta de projeto. Levando em consideração esses três fatores observou-se que, para certas situações, houve uma grande sensibilidade frente aos eventos simulados a qual foi constatada em uma análise das variáveis estatísticas aplicadas ao estudo. / Urban flooding in Brazil is mainly caused by urban development that has increased since 60\'s decade. Floods cause problems such as: human loss, public health problems, degradation of water quality and economic loss of billions of reais. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the damage caused by flooding in the Gregory watershed located in São Carlos - SP, by two methods of temporal distribution of intense rainfall. The area of study is located in an area subject to flooding, in the central region of the city, next to the municipal market. It was considered six alternative scenarios of land use and return period of 25, 50 and 100 years. First it were applied the methods of temporal distribution of rainfall from Huff 1st quartile and alternating blocks for analysis of runoff hydrographs. In the sequence, it was traced the resulting flooding spots by the Geographic Information System (GIS); it was registered the residential and commercial properties (objects of study) in the flooding spot; it was generated a database on GIS platform with the properties information; it was defined the submersion depths of the registered properties for the studied boundary conditions. Finally the damage was calculated for the registered properties arising from the submersion depths and the scenarios studied by different methods of distribution of rainfall. It was concluded that the change in the method of temporal distribution of rainfall may introduce uncertainties on the transformation of rainfall to flow and, thus, introduce significant differences in the results. However, it was noticed that these differences are directly correlated to the soil infiltration process. That process influences the net storm rainfall volume, which generates the runoff. The direct economic damage reached values of R$ 750,000.00 using the temporal distribution of rainfall from the Huff 1st quartile method. On the other hand, the alternating blocks method estimated the damages of R$ 5,200,000.00, with a peak in the mid of the rain duration for the same return period adopted to the rainfall project. Considering these three factors, it was observed that for certain situations there was a great sensitivity of the simulated events which were identified in a statistical analysis of the variables applied to the study.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / The City of Boston land use has altered the surrounding watersheds through creation of infrastructure, damming, landfill, and expansion of impervious surfaces. The continued growth of the City has historically outstripped the capacity of its combined storm and sanitary sewer system, necessitating discharges into area water bodies. In light of model forecasts by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicting precipitation increases it is likely the already strained system will need additional capacity. Boston's tradition of expanding artificial capacity is compared to the City of Curitiba's enhanced natural capacity stormwater management plan. Limitations in both are discussed and the author concludes the City of Boston would benefit from increasing decentralized natural capacity through green rooftechnology. To investigate this claim remote sensing data was analyzed over three neighborhoods. The resulting available green roofing area was then combined with historical climate data to create a retention response model. The extrapolated city-wide model predicted retention of 19%-27% of total building received rainfall from 1983-2009. This model was then correlated with Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) discharge National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System report data. The retention volume was found to accommodate most discharges in the FY2009 as well. Thus, extensive green roof technology presents a supplemental capacity building strategy for the City of Boston to avoid increases in future CSOs.

Modern urban stormwater infrastructure includes vegetated bioretention facilities (BRFs) that are designed to detain water and pollutants. Phosphorus (P) is a pollutant in stormwater which can be retained in BRF soils in mineral, plant, and microbial pools. We explored soil properties and phosphorus forms in the soils of 16 operational BRFs in Portland, OR. Since soil hydrology can significantly impact P retention, we selected BRFs along an infiltration rate (IR) gradient. We conducted sequential fractionation and tests of P pools and measured P release in a subset of soils after drying and flooding samples for ten days. We hypothesized that mineral or organic soil P forms would be correlated with IR, and that vulnerability to P release would depend on the interaction of drying and flooding treatments with P forms and pools. IR did not significantly explain differences in P forms. Soil TP was elevated across all sites, compared with TP in agriculturally-impacted wetlands and was substantially composed of soil organic matter (OM)-associated P. Phosphorus sorbed to mineral Fe and Al oxides- was variable but positively correlated with water-extractable P. The concentration gradient of water-extractable P was primarily controlled by overall P pools. Experimentally induced P releases were seen in 5 of 6 soils exposed to drying conditions, presumably released through microbial mineralization of OM. Only one site showed significant P release following the flooding treatment. Our measurements supported the idea that Fe and Al oxides provide P sorption capacity in these BRF soils. Variable inputs of P to BRFs through stormwater and litterfall may contribute to variability in P profiles and P release vulnerability across sites. Design specifications and management decisions relating to bioretention soils (e.g. establishment of acceptable soil test P levels, focusing on P forms known to influence vulnerability of P release) may benefit from detailed biogeochemical investigations.