Dans le contexte de la bioraffinerie végétale, notamment pour la production du bioéthanol, le prétraitement est une étape incontournable pour réduire la récalcitrance et accroitre la réactivité de la biomasse lignocellulosique vis-à-vis des procédés de conversion enzymatique/biologique. La récalcitrance est principalement due à la présence de la lignine et à la forme cristalline de la cellulose. Le but de tout prétraitement de la biomasse est d’altérer la structure du matériau lignocellulosique pour accroitre l’accessibilité de la cellulose et les hémicelluloses aux enzymes. Les prétraitements conventionnels, comportent généralement des étapes agressives, utilisant des réactifs nocifs, en exposant la matière à des températures et pressions élevées et ce pour de longues durées. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé un procédé original de délignification des résidus de colza, en combinant des prétraitements physiques (ultrasons (US), microondes (MO) et électrotechnologies (CEP, DEHT)) aux prétraitements chimiques conventionnels (organosolv, alcalin). Ce couplage a permis d’améliorer les performances du procédé en terme de rendement d’extraction des phytomélanines (jusqu’à 40 % de gain) dans le cas des pellicules de colza et de rendement de délignification (plus que 2 fois la performance d’un procédé chimique seul) dans le cas des menues pailles de colza tout en réduisant pour la plupart des technologies étudiées la sévérité du procédé global. En termes qualitatifs, la caractérisation des pâtes cellulosiques par microscopie électronique a révélé des modifications au niveau du tissu végétal représentées par l’apparition de pores au niveau des pellicules de colza et une déstructuration des fibres des menues pailles de colza traitées induisant de meilleurs rendements d’hydrolyse enzymatique.Cependant, une perte des sucres de la cellulose et des hémicelluloses a été observée avec les prétraitements physiques. L’analyse structurale des lignines récupérées a confirmé la contamination par ces sucres et a permis d’identifier certains mécanismes d’action tels que la recondensation de la lignine sous l’effet des ultrasons et le clivage des ponts férulates sous l’action des décharges électriques à haute tension. Une étude préliminaire concernant la conception d’adhésifs «verts » éco-sourcés a été menée à partir des fractions de phytomélanines isolées par les procédés étudiés. Enfin, une étude de l'incidence des technologies innovantes en terme de performances technico-économiques a été réalisée pour permettre d'envisager une éventuelle suite à plus grande échelle et il a été conclu que l’étape physique permettait de réduire l’écart entre les coûts et les revenus de l’implantation d’une telle bioraffinerie. / In the context of plant biorefinery, especially for bioethanol production, pretreatment step is important to reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass and to increase the reactivity towards enzymatic / biological conversion processes. Recalcitrance is mainly due to the presence of lignin and crystalline cellulose. The goal of any pretreatment of biomass is to alter the structure of the lignocellulosic material in order to increase the accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose to the enzymes. Conventional pretreatments include aggressive steps, using harmful reagents and exposing the material to high temperatures and pressures for long periods. In this work, we developed a new process for delignification of rapeseed residues, combining physical pretreatments (ultrasounds (US), microwaves (MW)) and electrotechnologies (PEF, HVED)) to conventional chemical pretreatments (Organosolv, alkaline). This coupling has improved the process in terms of phytomelanin extraction yield (up to 40 % gain) in the case of rapeseed hulls and delignification efficiency (more than 2 times more efficient than the chemical process performed alone) in the case of rapeseed straw while reducing for most studied technologies the severity of the overall process. Characterization through electron microscopy revealed changes in plant tissue represented by the appearance of pores in the treated rapeseed hulls and fiber breakdown of treated rapeseed straw inducing better enzymatic hydrolysis performance. However, loss of sugars from cellulose and hemicellulose was observed with physical pretreatments. Analysis of the recovered lignins allowed us to observe lignin modifications during physical treatments such as recondension reactions in presence of ultrasounds and cleavage of ferulates bridges with high-voltage electrical discharges. Then the formulation of « eco-sourced » adhesives from phytomélanins extracted by the previous studied processes was attempted. Finally, a study of the impact of innovative technologies in terms of technical and economic performances was carried out to consider a scale-up of these technologies. It was concluded that physical step enhanced the profitability of this biorefinery.

Sammanfattning Titel: Bockmanuskripet - en kritisk diskursanalys av en alldeles speciell bock Författare: Adam Larsson och David Alin Handledare: Ylva Habel Ämne: Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap Syfte: Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka Aftonbladets gestaltning av Gävlebockens öde mellan åren 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 samt 2016. Teoretiska utgångspunkter: Studien baseras på teorier om nyhetsvärdering. Frågeställningar: Studien har följande frågeställningar:På vilka sätt kan Lotten Gustafsson Reinius “traditionsmanuskript” ha relevans för en studie av Aftonbladets bockbevakning?Har Aftonbladets journalistik rörande Gävlebocken förändrats och i så fall på vilka sätt?Går det att urskilja specifika diskursiva mönster i textmaterialet och i så fall vilka? Metod: För att besvara undersökningens frågeställningar har kritiska diskursanalyser enligt van Dijks metod utförts. Analyserna har kartlagt nyhetstexternas mikro- samt makrodiskurser. Material: Studiens material bestod av 14 artiklar från Aftonbladet publicerade i pap-persform samt digital utgåva från åren 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 och 2016. Resultat: Aftonbladets rapportering rörande Gävlebocken har förändrats. Journalisten väljer att erhålla en mer neutral position i form av nyhetsrapporteringen men fler aktörer får istället ge uttryck för de åsikterna om förekommer. Artiklarnas perspektiv har skiftat, fler aktörer kommer till tals och bockens benämning har förändrats i och med publikens förförståelse och kunskap. Nyckelord: Gävlebocken, julbocken, diskurs, journalistik, nyhetsvärdering, Aftonbladet / Title: The Goat Manuscript - A critical discourse analysis about a special goat Author: Adam Larsson and David Alin Supervisor: Ylva Habel Subject: Media and communication studies Purpose: The purpose of this study has been to investigate Aftonbladets news reporting regarding the Gävle Christmas goat between 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2016. Theoretical points of departure: The study is based on theories regarding news evalu-ation. Objectives and focus: The study has the following questions:In what ways may Lotten Gustafsson Reinius concept "tradition manuscript" have relevance to Aftonbladets news reporting on the Gävle Christmas goat?Has Aftonbladets journalism about the Gävle goat changed in a discoursively way?Is it possible to identify specific discursive patterns in the texts? Method: In order to answer the survey's questions, critical discourse analyzes according to Theu Van Dijk´s method have been conducted. The analyzes have mapped the news texts micro disciplinary- and macro-courses. Material: The study material consists of 14 articles from Aftonbladet published in pa-per form and digital edition from 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2016. Result: Aftonbladets reporting regarding the Gävle Christmas goat has changed over the last 20 years, where journalists uses a more neutral position in the news reporting. The research proves that more people who represent different organizations gets to speak about the accidents. The way journalists refer to the goat has changed and the way me-dia refer to the perpetrator has changed. Keywords: Gävle Christmas goat, yule goat, straw goat, discourse, discourse analysis, journalism, “traditional manuscript”, news evalutation, Aftonbladet

Achieving a transition to sustainability and decrease the environmental impact of building is part of Sweden's sustainability goals. Authorities and policy makers have a big responsibility to promote and facilitate this transition, but how this is to be achieved is not as readily answered. Using the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions, this thesis investigates the conditions for sustainability transitions in Swedish building by learning from the case of earthen and straw home builders. Qualitative mixed methods research, including questionnaires and semi-structured interviews was carried out to explore drivers and barriers for innovative sustainable building in Sweden. Findings suggest that there are barriers for innovative sustainable building in Sweden that might slow down the sustainability transition process, not in terms of regulation but in practices and norms in the current socio-technical regime.

Orientadores: Maria Aparecida Silva, Adriano Viana Ensinas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T18:48:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_Moises_M.pdf: 1760925 bytes, checksum: e0aea99db115c9f20a6c8692e6ab62c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A caldeira é um dos principais equipamentos do setor sucroalcooleiro, ela utiliza o bagaço de cana, como combustível, para geração de vapor. As primeiras caldeiras produziam vapor de média pressão, e utilizavam para geração de vapor todo bagaço gerado na usina, sendo pouco eficientes energeticamente. Na década de 1990, com a descentralização do setor elétrico e a criação de órgãos que permitissem o comércio de excedentes de energia elétrica, viu-se no setor sucroalcooleiro um grande potencial para o comércio de energia elétrica. Os novos projetos de caldeiras passaram a gerar vapor de alta pressão e temperatura, suprindo o consumo de energia da usina (elétrica e mecânica) e gerando um excedente de energia elétrica para a venda. Este trabalho estudou o excedente de energia elétrica de três sistemas para o setor sucroalcooleiro, por meio do simulador Thermoflex19®, do pacote Thermoflow®. O primeiro sistema estudado foi o BPST (?Backpressure Steam Turbine"), em que se comparou o excedente de energia elétrica para o uso de moendas de acionamento mecânico e elétrico. Na seqüência estudou-se o excedente de energia elétrica para o sistema CEST ("Condensing-Extraction Stem Turbine"). O último sistema estudado opera na safra, como os sistemas descritos anteriormente, como também na entressafra, denominado BPST-C. As simulações para o sistema BPST-C, assim com o sistema CEST, foram realizadas considerando a utilização de todo bagaço disponível para cogeração, e com adição de palha de cana com taxas de recolhimento do campo de 10% e 50%. Neste trabalho, os valores considerados para as taxas de consumo de vapor pelo processo foram de 500, 340 e 280 kg de vapor por tonelada de cana. Os resultados descreveram que moendas de acionamento elétrico apresentam uma vantagem da ordem de 6 kWh/t cana em relação às moendas de acionamento mecânico. O sistema CEST apresentou um excedente de energia elétrica de até três vezes o do sistema BPST, utilizando como combustível somente bagaço de cana. O sistema CEST apresentou aumentos no excedente de eletricidade 22,9% e 114,6% para a taxa de 10% e 50% de recolhimento de palha de cana, respectivamente, em comparação com o mesmo sistema quando se utilizou somente bagaço de cana. O sistema BPST-C e o sistema CEST apresentaram valores muito próximos para o excedente de energia elétrica / Abstract: The boiler is one of the main equipment of the sugar-ethanol industry, it uses bagasse as a fuel for steam generation. The first boilers produced steam at medium pressure and used the total available sugarcane bagasse to generate steam, not being energy efficient. In the 1990's, with decentralization of the electricity sector and the creation of institutions that would allow the trading of surplus power, the sugar-ethanol industry found a great potential for trade in electricity. The new projects have boilers to generate steam of high pressure and temperature, supplying the energy consumption of the plant (electrical and mechanical) and generating surplus electricity for sale. This work studied the surplus electric power for three systems applied to the sugar-ethanol industry, through the simulator Thermoflex19®, software Thermoflow®. The first system studied was BPST ("Backpressure Steam Turbine"), which compared the surplus electric power to drive mills using mechanical or electrical energy. Subsequently, we studied the surplus electric power for the system CEST (?Condensing-Extraction Turbine Steam"). The last studied system operates on the season, as the system BPST described above, but also in the offseason, called BPST-C. In the simulations for the BPST-C and CEST systems, it was considered the use of all available bagasse for cogeneration, and also the addition of sugarcane trash considering pickup rates in the field of 10% and 50%. In this work, the considered values for the rates of steam consumption by the process were 500, 340 and 280 kg of steam per ton of cane. The results showed that electrically driven mills have an advantage of about 6 kWh / t cane compared to the mechanical driven ones. The system CEST showed a surplus of electricity up to three times that one of the system BPST, using sugarcane bagasse as a fuel only. The system CEST experienced an increase in excess power above 22.9% and 114.6% for the sugarcane straw pickup rates of 10% and 50%, respectively, compared to the same conditions when using only sugarcane bagasse cane. The systems BPST-C and CEST had values very close for the surplus of electricity / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The aim of this thesis was to create a model of thermal conversion of solid fuel. This is achieved by means of standard modelling tools included in software ANSYS Fluent in combination with user-defined functions (UDF). In first part of thesis basic approaches to CFD modelling of solid fuel combustion are presented. Building of a mathematical model and corresponding algorithms follows. Individual parts of a created model and its parts are tested on simple physical cases and then on case of experimental reactor for analysing biomass combustion.

This master’s thesis applies utilization of alternative raw materials in thermal insulation system of the ETICS of new generation for houses. The theoretical part dealt with the explanation of the ETICS and the selection of suitable raw material for his innovating. In the following practical part were used selected materials to create a new thermal insulation made of straw and binding materials of cement, casein glue, bicomponent fibers and mushroom mycelium. At the end have been applied the variants of base coat of clay and mineral screed on new thermal insulation, from which was selected the optimal variant. From optimal thermal insulation and suitable base coat was conducted proposal of final version of new ETICS.

Orientador: Ivonete Ávila / Resumo: A biomassa apresenta-se como uma promissora alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis por ser renovável, de baixo custo e amplamente disponível. Esta pode ser obtida a partir de resíduos agroindustriais mostrando-se como um importante modelo de energia sustentável. Os principais componentes da biomassa são hemicelulose, celulose e lignina e, por possuírem diferentes propriedades químicas, influenciam diretamente na eficiência de um processo de conversão termoquímica. Metodologias convencionais atualmente aceitas na determinação dos principais componentes da biomassa requerem maior tempo e possuem alto custo. A análise termogravimétrica (TG) é uma técnica rápida e de baixo custo, resultando em curvas TG/DTG que fornecem uma indicação do percentual de cada um dos componentes da biomassa. Entretanto, não há uma metodologia aceita no sentido de substituir o método convencional por via úmida na determinação dos constituintes de materiais lignocelulósicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da interação entre os componentes do bagaço e da palha de cana-de-açúcar (hemicelulose, celulose e lignina), isolados por diferentes tratamentos químicos, por meio da análise de sinergismo em ensaios termogravimétricos. Este estudo contribuirá para a elaboração de uma metodologia para determinação dos teores desses componentes por meio da análise termogravimétrica, com precisão similar aos métodos convencionais. Os resultados da caracterização química e a caracterização físico-quími... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Biomass presents itself as a promising alternative energy source to replace or reduce the use of fossil fuels because it is renewable, low cost and widely available. This can be obtained from agro-industrial waste, showing itself as an important model of sustainable energy. The main components of biomass are hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin and, due to their different chemical properties, they directly influence the efficiency of a thermochemical conversion process. Currently, the accepted methodologies for determining the main components of biomass require time and are expensive. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a fast and low-cost technique, resulting in TGA/DTG curves that provide an indication of the percentage of each biomass components. However, there is no accepted methodology in the sense to replace the conventional wet method use to determining the lignocellulosic materials components. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the interaction between the components of sugarcane bagasse and straw (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin), isolated by different chemical treatments, through the analysis of synergism in thermogravimetric tests. This study will contribute to the development of a methodology for determining the content of these components through thermogravimetric analysis, with precision similar to conventional methods. The results of chemical characterization and physico-chemical characterization by FTIR and DRX technique of t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Zielstellung des Forschungsprojekts ist es, halm- und stengelförmige biogene Brennstoffe so zu einer handlings- und verkaufsfähigen Form mit hoher Energiedichte aufzubereiten, die für Verbrennungsanlagen kleinerer Leistung geeignet ist und gegenüber bisher verwendeten Brennstofformen, z.B. Häcksel, eine wesentliche Verbesserung des Abbrand-, Emissions- und Ascheverhaltens erreicht wird. Ein Funktionsmuster zur kontinuierlichen Aufbereitung von hochverdichteten, abriebfesten und formstabilen Briketts ist zu erstellen. In Kopplung mit Verbrennungsuntersuchungen werden die spezifischen Anforderungen an die Briketts abgeleitet und der Verfahrensablauf für die Aufbereitung optimiert. Bei der Erstellung eines Konzeptes für ein Demonstrationsobjekt für die zukünftige Verwertung von Biomassebriketts bildet die Wirtschaftlichkeit einen besonderen Schwerpunkt. Die Arbeiten zur Entwicklung des Brikettierverfahrens zeigen, daß eine Herstellung von stabilen Briketts aus Stroh oder Heu ohne zusätzliche Bindemittel möglich ist. Mit Hilfe experimenteller Untersuchungen konnten die erforderlichen Verfahrensparameter ermittelt werden. Um dauerhaft haltbare Briketts gleichbleibender Qualität herzustellen, muß das zu verarbeitende Halmgut unzerkleinert und mit einem Feuchtegehalt von 12 bis 15 % vorliegen. In der Verformung der unzerkleinerten Halme sowohl in Längsrichtung als auch in der Ebene des Stengelquerschnitts ist die Ursache für den Bindemechanismus in den Briketts zu finden. Unter Einwirkung von Preßdrücken von 100 bis 160 MPa liegt die Dichte der hergestellten Briketts je nach Gutart, bei 0,8 bis 1,2 g/cm3. Der Abriebanteil der Briketts, ermittelt nach ASAE S.269.4, liegt bei max. 5%. Ein Funktionsmuster zur Brikettierung (Brikettpresse mit vorgeschalteter Strangformungsstufe) für 25-mm - Briketts wurde konstruiert, gebaut und getestet. Mittels Elementar-, Immediat-, Chlor- und Schwermetallanalyse wurden die Eigenschaften für zehn verschiedene biogene Brennstoffe, vorwiegend Halmgüter (Getreide- und Rapsstroh, Wiesenheu, Miscanthus) charakterisiert. Die Abbranduntersuchungen der Briketts im Vergleich zum Häcksel zeigen, daß die Reaktionsphasen der Flüchtigenverbrennung und des Restkoksabbrandes gleichzeitig ablaufen. Eine wesentliche Verlängerung der Abbrandzeit ist zu verzeichnen, die mit zunehmender Brikettgröße und -dichte noch steigt. Während der gesamten Brennzeit werden die Schadstoffe gleichmäßig freigesetzt. Durch längere Verweilzeiten der Briketts im Reaktor wird der Kohlenstoffanteil des Brennstoffs vollständiger oxidiert, was sich in den wesentlich geringeren CO-Emissionen im Vergleich zum Häcksel widerspiegelt. Im Vergleich mit der TA Luft liegen die CO- und SO2-Emissionen der Biomassebriketts durchgängig unter den Grenzwerten. Durch eine luftgestufte Verfahrensführung (60% Primärluft, 40% Sekundärluft) ist es möglich, die NOx-Werte ebenfalls unter den Grenzwert der TA Luft abzusenken. Fallstudien zu möglichen Demonstrationsvorhaben belegen, daß eine wirtschaftliche Lösung für das Brikettieren in Verbindung mit einer energetischen Nutzung in kleinen Anlagen erreichbar ist. Die Leistung der Brikettieranlage bestimmt deutlich deren Wirtschaftlichkeit. Dabei muß eine Tagesproduktion von 8 bis 10 t erreicht werden (250 Betriebstage im Jahr). Gegenüber dem Funktionsmuster muß jedoch eine Vergrößerung des Brikettdurchmessers erfolgen.

Densification of rice straw such as compacting and pelletizing is an important process to increase the density of rice straw resulting in a reduction of transportation cost. Within this research, we conducted a techno-economic investigation of rice straw densification to produce compressed bales and pellets, which are later used for animal feed. In line with the main deliverable of the performance of rice straw compacting and pelletizing processes, we also looked into the quality of the product in terms of uptake and digestibility of the cattle feed which could be improved by adding amendments such as urea during the compacting process. The compacting technology resulted in a 400% increase of bale density (from 94 to 390 kg.m-3). This could reduce transportation costs by about 60% for a 60 km driving distance using trucks. The net profit that resulted from compacted bales was USD 0.0062 kg-1. Although the pelletizing technology increased the cost of the densified product by 40–50%, its density increases by 700%, from 94 to 666 kg.m-3. The enriched-rice straw pellets contained 12.1% protein, 2.8% lipid, 32.7% raw fibre, and 11.2% ash. In addition, a test of this product for cattle feeding illustrated an increase in its eating desirability for cows. Findings from this study contribute to reducing feedstock cost and developing densified rice straw products. These, therefore, provide more alternative options to increase the benefits from rice production and thus, reduce the unsustainable burning of rice straw in the field. / Nén ép rơm là quá trình quan trọng và cần thiết để tăng khối lượng thể tích với mục đích giảm chi phí vận chuyển. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã thực hiện nghiên cứu đánh giá tính khả thi về kỹ thuật và kinh tế đối với nội dung nén ép rơm cuộn và ép viên rơm. Cùng với mục đích chính là tăng dung trọng của sản phẩm từ rơm, chúng tôi cũng đánh giá chất lượng sản phẩm làm thức ăn cho bò giúp cho tăng kích thích quá trình tiêu hóa. Kết quả nén ép cuộn rơm đã làm tăng dung trọng của kiện rơm đến 400% (từ 94 đến 398.7 kg.m-3). Qua đó, đã giảm được chi phí vận chuyển 60% được ước tính cho 60 km khoảng cách vận chuyển. Đối với ép viên rơm, dung trọng tăng đến 700% (từ 94 đến 666 kg.m-3). Hàm lượng dinh dưỡng của viên nén hỗn hợp rơm gồm protein (12,1%), chất béo (2,8%), chất xơ (32,7%), và lượng tro tổng (11,2%). Ngoài ra, kết quả thử nghiệm cho bò ăn sản phẩm viên nén này cho thấy bò có cảm giác thích và ăn hết toàn bộ viên nén. Kết quả của nghiên cứu đã góp phần giảm chi phí khi sản xuất thức ăn cho bò, tăng thu nhập cho người nông dân và từ đó giảm tác động môi trường do việc đốt rơm trên đồng.

This study resulted in a comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for rice production with different infield rice straw management practices based on an experiment conducted in An Giang Province of Vietnam, during the autumn - winter season of 2016. Direct field GHGE was analyzed based on in-situ measurement and the total direct and indirect GHGE were estimated by applying the life cycle assessment using Ecoinvent3 database which is incorporated in SIMAPRO software. The experiment was conducted based on a completely random design with three treatments and three replications. The three treatments are [T1] Incorporation of straw and stubbles treated with Trichoderma; [T2] Incorporation of stubbles and removal of straw; and [T3] In-field burning straw. Closed chamber protocol and gas chromatography (SRI 8610C) was used to measure and analyse CH4 and N2O. CH4 emission rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) among the three treatments during sampling dates except on the days 17 and 24 after sowing (DAS). N2O emission rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) either. However, there were high variations of N2O emission after the dates of urea applied. Direct field emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) are not significantly different among the three treatments, but the amount of CO2eq per kg straw in T1 of incorporating rice straw treated with Trichoderma is significantly higher than in T3 of in-field burning straw. LCA based analysis resulted in total GHGE in the range of 1.93-2.46 kg CO2-eq kg-1 paddy produced consisting of 53-66% from direct soil emissions. Incorporationof straw treated with Trichoderma did not indicate the improvement of paddy yield. However, the organic matter, N-NH4+, and N-NO3- of this treatment was higher than those of the other researched treatments. This research was just conducted in one crop season, however, the results have initial implications for the other crop seasons. / Nghiên cứu này phân tích phát thải khí nhà kính từ sản xuất lúa theo các biện pháp quản lý rơm rạ khác nhau dựa vào thí nghiệm được thực hiện ở vụ Thu Đông năm 2016 tại tỉnh An Giang, Việt Nam. Lượng phát thải khí nhà kính từ đất đã được phân tích dựa vào kết quả đo đạt tại ruộng và tổng lượng phát thải khí nhà kính trực tiếp và gián tiếp được ước tính bằng phương pháp vòng đời sử dụng cơ sở dữ liệu Ecoinvent3 gắn kết với phần mềm SIMAPRO. Thí nghiệm được bố trí hoàn toàn ngẫu nhiên gồm 3 nghiệm thức và 3 lần lặp lại. Các nghiệm thức gồm [T1] vùi rơm và rạ với Trichoderma, [T2] lấy rơm ra khỏi ruộng và vùi rạ và [T3] đốt rơm. Kỹ thuật buồng kín (closed chamber protocol) và máy sắc ký khí (SRI8610C) được sử dụng để đo đạt và phân tích khí CH4 và N2O. Tốc độ phát thải khí CH4 không khác biệt giữa ba nghiệm thức, ngoại trừ kết quả ở lần lấy mẫu 17 và 24 ngày sau sạ. Tốc độ phát thải N2O cũng không có sự khác biệt giữa các nghiệm thức. Tuy nhiên, tốc độ phát thải biến động rất lớn sau các ngày bón phân đạm. Lượng phát thải trực tiếp từ ruộng của CH4, N2O và CO2 tương đương (CO2-eq) không có sự khác biệt giữa ba nghiệm thức, nhưng lượng CO2-eq/kg rơm ở nghiệm thức vùi rơm và rạ với Trichoderma (T1) cao hơn nghiệm thức đốt rơm (T3). Kết quả phân tích LCA cho thấy lượng phát thải khí nhà kính dao động trong khoảng 1,93 – 2,46 kg CO2-eq/kg lúa với 53 – 66% lượng phát thải trực tiếp từ trong đất. Vùi rơm rạ với Trichoderma chưa cải thiện được năng suất lúa. Tuy nhiên, phần trăm chất hữu cơ và hàm lượng đạm hữu dụng trong đất của nghiệm thức này cao hơn so với hai nghiệm thức còn lại của thí nghiệm. Nghiên cứu này chỉ mới được thực hiện một vụ, nhưng đã mang lại nhiều kết quả có thể ứng dụng cho các vụ sau.