Torefikacija yra perspektyvi biomasės apdirbimo technologija, leidžianti pagerinti biomasės fizikines savybes, kartu sumažinti išlaidas skirtas biomasės smulkinimui. Torefikuota biomasė gali būti panaudojama esamose anglimi kūrenamose elektrinėse, ją santykine dalimi maišant su įprastomis anglimis, taip sumažinant CO2 kiekį išsiskiriantį deginant iškastinį kurą (Kioto protokolas). Šiuo metu trūksta mokslinių tyrimų ir duomenų apie torefikacijos panaudojimą agrokultūrų atliekoms (šiaudams) apdirbti, pagaminant naują energetiškai patrauklų kurą pasižymintį unikaliomis savybėmis. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas buvo ištirti ir įvertinti iš skirtingų biomasės rūšių pagaminto torefikuoto kuro savybes ir torefikacijos proceso sąlygas. Tam būtina sąlyga: bandomojo torefikacijos reaktoriaus sukūrimas. Sauso kuro aukštutinė degimo šiluma nustatymo (HHV), anglies, vandenilio, azoto, sieros, chloro, lakiųjų organinių junginių kiekio, peleningumo ir pelenų lydumo, masės išeigos, energijos našumo, energetinio tankumo, reaktoriaus patikimumo lyginant su TGA, lakiųjų organinių junginių sudėties ir hidrofobiškumo testai – tai pagrindiniai parametrai kurie buvo nustatinėjami atliekant šį darbą. Torefikacijos procesas buvo atliekamas azotinėje aplinkoje, prie skirtingų temperatūrų (250 °C, 280 °C, 300 °C), bandinį reaktoriuje išlaikant 30 minučių, plius papildomas išlaikymas 10 minučių naudojant 300 °C. Gauti rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad po torefikacijos proceso medžiaga turi didesnę sausojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Torrefaction is a promising fuel pre-treatment technology for biomass, as it improves the physical characteristics, reduces the energy consumption for grinding, improves the co-firing process due to more stable characteristics of this fuel. However, there is still lack of data on torrefaction of agricultural waste which have more unequal composition. The aim of this work was to create fixed bed reactor for torrefaction process and investigate the dependence of properties of formed torrefied products on various biomass materials and process conditions. HHV, amounts of C, H, N, S, Cl, VOC, ash content and ash melting behavior, mass and energy yields, energy density, reactor reliability comparing with TGA results and composition of VOC analysed with TGA-GC/MS, hydrophobicity test were studied as the main factors for comparison. Torrefaction was carried out in the nitrogen environment at variuos temperatures (250°C, 280°C, 300°C) for 30 min and for 10 min at 300 °C too. HHV of woody and agricultural waste after torefaction was increased as energy density too (which allows cheaper logistics), also was found that torrefied material has better hydrophobic properties, biodegradation slows down, material is easy to grind. Determining energy yield for each type of biofuel, assess to find most suitable conditions for torrefied biofuel production. It was found that torrefaction solves one of the major straw as biofuel problems: it’s large amount of sulfur and chlorine levels. Torrefied... [to full text]

Orientador: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Leandro Coelho de Araujo / Banca: Roberto Giolo de Almeida / Resumo: A integração lavoura pecuária (ILP) é uma ferramenta que favorece o estabelecimento de um Sistema de Plantio Direto (SPD) eficiente. A utilização de gramíneas forrageiras do gênero Urochloa, permite grande produção de matéria seca e oferta de forragem podendo interferir positivamente na produtividade de grãos. O presente trabalho avaliou a viabilidade da sobressemeadura de espécies de braquiárias, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, visando ocupação da área em período de outono/inverno, com possibilidade de uso destas espécies para pastejo e/ou produção de palha para o SPD. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental da FEPE/Unesp - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria - MS, no período de outubro de 2012 a outubro de 2013. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 com 4 repetições, ou seja, duas braquiárias (Marandu e Ruziziensis) e cinco épocas de semeadura (em sobressemeadura no início dos estádios de desenvolvimento R6, R7 e R8 da soja, semeadura direta após a colheita da soja de forma solteira ou em consórcio com o sorgo safrinha. Foram avaliadas, na cultura da soja a matéria seca produzida em cada época de semeadura, população final de plantas, características agronômicas e produtividade de grãos, nas braquiárias a produção de matéria seca e a densidade de perfilhos e na cultura do sorgo a população final de plantas, altura das plantas, matéria seca produzida e produtividade de grãos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o tratamento com sobressemeadura em R6 proporcionou maior produção de palha para o sistema plantio direto, os tratamentos com sobressemeadura em R6 e R7 permitem o uso das braquiárias como pasto de forma antecipada e por mais tempo, a sobressemeadura de braquiárias Marandu ou Ruziziensis são viáveis nos estádios de desenvolvimento R6 ou R7 da soja / Abstract: The Crop-livestock system is a tool that favors the establishment of an efficient no tillage system. The use of forage grasses of the genus Urochloa allows large dry matter yield and forage supply without affecting the grain yield. This study evaluated the feasibility of overseeding the Urochloa species in different developmental stages of soybean, aiming occupation of the area in Autumn / Winter, with the possibility of using these species for grazing and / or production of straw. The study was conducted in the avaliation area of FEPE/ Unesp - Ilha Solteira's Campus, located in the city of Selvíria - MS, between October 2012 and October 2013. The experimental design was a randomized block factorial 2 x 5 with 4 replicates, ie, two braquiárias (Mrandu and Ruziziensis) and five sowing dates (overseeded in the early stages of soybean R6, R7 and R8, no tillage after harvest of soybean in single crop or intercropping with winter sorghum . Dry matter yield, plant population, agronomic characteristics,yield of the grain and dry matter production were evaluated in soybean, in brachiarias the dry matter yield and number of tillers and in the sorghum, plant population, plant height, dry matter yield and grain yield. The results showed that the treatment overseeding in R6 allowed more straw production to tillage conservation, overseedin in R6 and R7 treatments allow the use of Braquiária, as pasture, earlier and for longer period, overseeding of braquiárias Marandu or Ruziziensis is feasable in the R6 or R7 developing stages os soybean / Mestre

Currently, the production of palm oil leads to the destruction of rainforest. A more sustainable source of lipids could be obtained using abundant lignocellulosic waste (e.g. wheat straw) as a source of carbon in the form of polysaccharides. Some species of oleaginous yeast, grown on sugars, can be made to accumulate between 20-80% of their biomass as oil and so offer a promising alternative to terrestrial crops. In this thesis, the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima was selected for its resilience to contamination. Although not previously classified as oleaginous, a combination of low temperature and restricted nutrient availability prevented sporulation and consequently triggered levels of oil production in M. pulcherrima cultures of up to 47%. The potential of this yeast to produce lipids inexpensively on waste resources was investigated. This yeast was grown under non-sterile conditions at pilot scale with minimal temperature control. The possibility of growing M. pulcherrima on lignocellulose was studied on models and showed that it was tolerant to a range of sugars and inhibitors commonly found in hydrolysed lignocellulose. The yeast produced 6.04 g L-1 lipid when cultivated on a mixture of hexoses and pentoses. This was corroborated by demonstrating that the yeast could be cultured on oligomers and sugars produced by hydrolysing wheat straw. Evidence of cellulase production was observed, and this was utilised in a process involving mildly pretreated wheat straw, using a range of pretreatment processes and culture conditions to yield a maximum of 1.12 g L-1 lipid. The usefulness of the products of this cultivation in forming oil in water emulsions was evaluated, and some evidence of surface-active effects was found. Overall, M. pulcherrima was found to have phenotypes that would be highly beneficial in reducing the capital and running costs of a putative lipid production process.

Modern society depends on fossil fuels to fulfill the increasing energy demand, which could cause further damages in the environment. Therefore, it is mandatory to develop technologies for the production of efficient alternative renewable energy sources, like biofuels. Agricultural waste streams, such as wheat straw, produced in larger amount can be utilized for these purposes, and can be used as raw materials for both ethanol and biogas production. However, the compact structure of lignocelluloses present in these materials makes their biological degradation difficult.In order to enhance the biogas production, wheat straw milled to 2mm size was pretreated with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) at 90°C for 7-30 hours in this study. 90°C was applied as treatment temperature for the treatment to be able to investigate if the district heating system could be utilized in the treatment process in the future. The effects of the different pretreatment conditions were then evaluated by running batch anaerobic digestion assays for 45 days at 55°C.The best result was achieved after 7h treatment, leading to 0.47 Nm3/kg VS of straw methane production, corresponding to an increase by 47% compared to methane production obtained for the untreated straw.Furthermore, it was possible to recover up to 91.33% of the straw after the NMMO pretreatment. There were no significant changes in the chemical composition of the straw caused by the treatment, however structural analyses, like FTIR for the determination of crystallinity and and Simon Staining for the determination of porosity of the material showed that the crytallinity decreased, while the porosity increased as results of the treatment.Soaking in water for 72h prior to NMMO treatment was also applied to see whether it can improve the diffusion of NMMO into the material, but without success, due to the dilution of the treatment chemical caused by the soaking. The findings made during the experimental stage indicated that it is possible to run the NMMO pretreatment at an industrial temperature, further evaluation for the economical feasibility of this treatment method is however needed in the future. / Program: MSc in Resource Recovery - Industrial Biotechnology

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-01-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souto_ls_me_botfca.pdf: 550271 bytes, checksum: 91706ee0d726778f1ce55e469bebe106 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a resposta da cultura do milho à adição de níveis crescentes de fitomasssa de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. e níveis de nitrogênio. Este foi conduzido em condições de túnel plástico, no Departamento de Recursos Naturais - Área de Ciência do Solo, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu-UNESP, utilizou-se um solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura média, cultivado anteriormente com B. decumbens Stapf. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, constando os tratamentos de quatro níveis de fertilização nitrogenada (0, 50, 100 e 150 mg dm-3 de N na forma de Uréia) e quatro níveis de palhada de B. decumbens Stapf. (0, 5, 10 e 15 Mg ha-1 de fitomassa seca), totalizando 80 unidades experimentais. Adicinou-se litterbags (bolsas de nylon), no momento da instalação dos tratamentos com palhada de braquiária, para determinação da taxa de decomposição aos 70 dias após a emergência da cultura. As doses de N foram parceladas em três épocas, a saber: i) 1/3 na semeadura; ii) 1/3 no estádio de 4-5 folhas e; iii) 1/3 no estádio de 7-8 folhas totalmente expandidas. Um dia antes da adubação nitrogenada e uma semana após, foram realizadas leituras de clorofila com o Clorofilômetro SPAD-502. Aos 60 dias após a emergência (dae) das plântulas determinou-se a altura média de plantas, diâmetro basal do colmo, número de entrenós e diagnose foliar de nutrientes. Em seguida, coletou-se duas plantas por vaso para determinação da produção de fitomassa seca e teores de nutrientes na parte aérea, bem como a extração de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. As doses de N afetaram significativamente as leituras do clorofilômetro (IRC), a altura de plantas, diâmetro... / The objective of this research was to evaluate corn response to increasing levels of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. straw and levels of nitrogen. This study was set at plastic tunnel conditions, at Recursos Naturais Departament - Soil Science Area, at Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu - UNESP. The soil used was a Latossolo Vermelho distrófico an Oxisoil medium texture, previous cultivated with B. decumbens Stapf.. The treatments were set as a complete randomized experiment, with five repetitions in a factorial pattern, and the treatments were: four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg dm-3) and four levels of B. decumbens straw (0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha-1). Litterbags containing B. decumbens straw were used to evaluate the decomposition rate at 70 days after corn emergence. Nitrogen was applied in three different times: i) 1/3 at planting; ii) 1/3 at 4-5 leaves stage; iii) 1/3 at 7-8 totally expanded leaves stage. Chlorophyll level was measured one day before and one week after nitrogen fertilize. At 60 days after emergence (dae) it was measured plants height, stalk basal diameter, internode numbers, and leaves were collected for foliar diagnosis analyses. At the same period two plants were collected for dry matter evaluation and for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S extraction. Nitrogen rates affected chlorophyll levels (IRC), plants height, stalk basal diameter, internode numbers, foliar diagnosis, dry matter production, and nutrients extraction. Nitrogen at 100 mg dm-3 provided... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

O aproveitamento da palha do café por meio da conversão térmica apresenta-se com uma alternativa para o problema ambiental de descarte e queimadas a céu aberto, evitando a emissão dos gases poluentes na atmosfera, mais conhecidos como gases do efeito estufa (GEE), agregando valor aos resíduos. A palha do café, também conhecida como casca do café, foi utilizada in natura, e submetida à pirólise em reator de leito fixo, em escala laboratorial. Os experimentos foram realizados em sistema de bateladas, uma vez que o equipamento é totalmente fechado; a massa de palha do café utilizada foi de 54g e parâmetros como pressão de alimentação do gás de aquecimento (5,5 Kgf/cm2), taxa de aquecimento (20 °C/min), temperatura de operação do reator de pirólise (Tmáx = 708 0C) e rendimento gravimétrico tanto da fase sólida quanto da fase líquida, foram estudados definindo as melhores condições de controle do processo. Várias caracterizações utilizando as seguintes técnicas: análise imediata, análise elementar, análise térmica (TG/DTG e DSC) e GC/MS foram realizadas com a palha do café, para que fossem inferidos parâmetros de partida para a pirólise da biomassa. Os produtos sólido (cinzas), líquido (bio-óleo) e gasoso foram coletados avaliando-se os rendimentos e relacionando-os com os parâmetros previamente estabelecidos, sendo submetidos a análises com o objetivo de obter informações que possam contribuir para a sua melhor utilização. Quanto à caracterização dos produtos sólidos, os mesmos apresentaram alto poder calorífico, podendo ser utilizado como combustível. A fração liquida é composta basicamente de hidrocarbonetos oxigenados e aromáticos, caracterizando o bio-óleo como insumo para indústria química. O hidrogênio, objetivo deste trabalho, foi obtido em frações significativas e os resultados mostraram que a temperatura, bem como a taxa de aquecimento influem no rendimento do mesmo. / The use of coffee straw through the thermal conversion is presented as an alternative to the environmental problem of disposal and burning in the open, avoiding the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, better known as greenhouse gases (GHGs), and adding value to waste. The coffee straw, also known as \"shell\" coffee, was used in nature, and subjected to a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor at laboratory scale. The experiments were carried out in batch system, once the equipment is completely closed; the coffee straw weight used was about 54g and parameters such as feed pressure process (5.5 kgf/cm2), heating rate (20 0C/min), the operating temperature pyrolysis reactor (Tmax = 708 °C) and gravimetric yield of both the solid phase and liquid phase were studied by defining the best conditions for the process control. Several characterizations using the following techniques: proximate analysis, elemental analysis (CHN), thermal analysis (TG / DTG and DSC), and GC-MS analysis were performed with coffee straw, to be inferred starting parameters for the pyrolysis of biomass. The solid product (ash), liquid (bio-oil) and gases were collected by assessing incomes and linking them with the previously established parameters, being subjected to analysis in order to obtain information that can contribute to improved utilization. The solid products characterization, presented a high calorific value and can be used as fuel. The liquid fraction is composed primarily of aromatics and oxygenated hydrocarbons, characterizing the bio-oil as a feedstock for chemical industry. Hydrogen, objective of this study was obtained in significant fractions, the results showed that the temperature and the heating rate improves the hydrogen yield.

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Salatier Buzetti / Banca: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Banca: Sebastião Ferreira Lima / Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência dos sistemas de manejo do solo, doses de nitrogênio em cobertura e da inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense no arroz de terras altas cultivado após diferentes coberturas vegetais sobre as características agronômicas e componentes de produção da cultura do arroz de terras altas, o trabalho foi desenvolvido, durante os anos agrícolas de 2011/12 e 2012/13 em área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Universidade Estadual Paulista, no município de Selvíria (MS). O solo do local é do tipo Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro de textura argilosa, sob vegetação de cerrado. O trabalho é constituído por três subprojetos envolvendo sistemas de manejos do solo, doses de nitrogênio e, presença e ausência de inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense sobre as coberturas vegetais milheto (subprojeto 1), crotalária (subprojeto 2) e o consórcio milheto + crotalária (subprojeto 3). Pode-se concluir que, a massa seca da parte aérea do arroz aumentou com a inoculação de sementes com A. brasilense em função da cobertura vegetal e do manejo do solo. Houve redução do número de panículas por m2 reduziu nas doses 0 e 80 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio em sucessão ao milheto, e aumento na dose de 120 kg ha-1 em sucessão a crotalária e o milheto + crotalária. A massa de 100 grãos aumentou com a inoculação de sementes em sucessão ao milheto na dose de 40 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. A produtividade aumentou linearmente pela maior disponibilidade de nitrogênio em cobertura, independente do manejo do solo e da cobertura vegetal. Em sucessão ao milheto não houve influencia da inoculação de sementes, porém, em sucessão a crotalária e o milheto + crotalária, maiores produtividades são obtidas no SPD e com doses de nitrogênio de 80 e 120 kg ha-1 / Abstract: In order to evaluate the influence of soil management systems, nitrogen levels in coverage and seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in upland rice grown after different cover crops on agronomic characteristics and rice crop production components highlands, the study was conducted during the growing seasons of 2011/12 and 2012/13 in the experimental area of the Teaching Farm and Research of the Universidade Estadual Paulista, in Selvíria (MS). The soil is of type Ferralsol epi-eutrophic Alic and clayey, originally under savannah vegetation. The average annual rainfall is 1,330 mm, the average annual temperature is 25 ° C and the relative humidity of annual mean air of 66%. The work consists of three sub-projects involving soil managements systems, nitrogen levels and presence or absence of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on the cover crops millet (subproject 1), hemp (subproject 2) and millet consortium + sunnhemp (subproject 3). It can be concluded that the dry weight of shoots of rice increased linearly with inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense seeds in function of plant cover in succession and soil management. There was a reduction in the number of panicles per m2 reduced the doses 0 and 80 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in succession to millet, and increased 120 kg ha-1 in succession to sun hemp and millet + sunnhemp. The mass of 100 grains increased by inoculation of seeds in succession to millet in the dose of 40 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. Productivity increased linearly by the greater availability of nitrogen in coverage, regardless of soil management and plant cover. In succession to millet no influence seed inoculation, however, in succession to sun hemp and millet + crotalária highest yields are obtained in the SPD and nitrogen doses of 80 and 120 kg ha-1 / Doutor

Bibliography: leaves 102-114. This study evaluates the difference in the nutritive value of rice straw varieties using chemical composition and digestibility measurements. It assesses several methods for improving the nutritive value of rice straw and the effect of urea treatment and rice straw quality on the colonisation of ruminal fungi and the characteristics of stem tissue structure.

Ryegrass residue consists of three main C fractions: readily available soluble C, intermediately available cellulose and hemicellulose, and slowly available lignin. Changes in chemical composition during decomposition influence rate of degradation as well as composition of the microbial community involved. Use of ����C-labeled plant material coupled with analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLEA) by isotope ratio mass spectrometry results in a powerful tool for linking microbial community structure and C cycling processes during decomposition. The objective was to investigate the role of soluble C in the decomposition of ryegrass straw. We wanted to determine (i) if the presence or absence of labile C in straw affects C mineralization by the microbial community, (ii) if community structure would differ based on the presence of labile C, and (iii) if community structure would shift as decomposition progressed. Residue was added to soil microcosms at rates that reflect field loads. Treatments were unleached straw (US), leached straw (LS), and leachate (L), plus an unamended control (C). Added substrates had ������C values between 120% and 180% the native soil signature was 26%. Respiration was measured every 4 to 6 hours for the first 5 d, and weekly thereafter. Destructive sampling took place after 0.6, 1 .6, 1 5, 1 8. 50, and 80 d of incubation and microbial biomass '��C (MBC) and PLFAs were analyzed. The soluble component of ryegrass straw strongly influenced C mineralization and assimilation, as well as microbial community composition and dynamics. CO2 evolution rates and ����C signatures were similar in US and L during the first 3 d of incubation. Most soluble C from leachate was consumed during that time, indicated by the rapid decrease in ������C value of CO2 evolved from L treatment. Substrate-derived C moved quickly into and through the microbial biomass. Distinct temporal shifts occurred in community composition. Early communities in amended soils were dominated by short and branched-chain PLFAs such as 15:Oa. Later samples contained more complex and longer PLFAs. 19:Ocy was an indicator for late succession communities in US and L, and 18:2w6,9 characterized late samples in LS. Soluble C affected when the temporal shift occurred in LS and L, communities shifted earlier than in US. Lipids were differentially enriched with ����C. Fungi, as indicated by 18:2w6,9, were more effective at incorporating substrate C into cellular lipids, as this was the most highly labeled of all PLFAs. / Graduation date: 2004

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-64). Also available on the World Wide Web.