Groundwater flow in alluvial valleys consists of two components, baseflow and underflow. The baseflow component of the Darcy flux flows normal to the river and contributes to the surface flow. The underflow component moves downstream in the same direction as the river but at a much slower rate. Underflow is important in Texas because the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water is regulated by controlling the diversion of underflow by wells. Land owners in Texas are legally entitled to unrestricted use of the underground water beneath their property. Stream underflow, however, has been expressly excluded from the definition of underground water. The distinction is important because it allows the State to legally restrict the non-domestic pumpage of groundwater (in an "underflow zone") near streams. Regulators are interested in controlling pumpage near rivers in order to prevent streamflow depletion. Historically, the underflow exemption has not been well recognized by the courts. In large measure, this may be due to the fact that our understanding of underflow in alluvial valleys is incomplete. If the underflow rule is to be successfully implemented, a complete understanding of the nature and occurrence of underflow is imperative. This study was initiated to: 1) determine the hydrogeologic factors that control underflow (and baseflow) in alluvial valley aquifers in Texas and the United States; and 2) to examine the suitability of the underflow criterion as a management tool for the prevention of streamflow depletion by wells. To accomplish this, a data base of 23 alluvial river basins was compiled and a 3-dimensional digital model of a hypothetical alluvial valley aquifer was constructed. Examples from the data base indicate that alluvial aquifers can be classified into three types based on the predominant regional groundwater flow direction: baseflow-dominated, underflow-dominated, and mixed flow. Flow patterns can be transient, however, and respond rapidly to changing river stage if the aquifer and the riverbed are highly permeable. Therefore, the distinction must be made between local, transient underflow and baseflow occurring near the river and regional, steady state underflow and baseflow away from the river. Underflow dominated aquifers are found in classic bedload depositional settings which are characterized by high channel gradient, high width to depth ratio, low channel sinuosity, and low river penetration. Linear regressions performed on the parameter values in the data base verify the validity of the data. The degree of correlation provides the basis for a method of estimating the predominant regional groundwater flow direction in an alluvial aquifer based on geomorphologic and morphometric data. The results from the digital model agree with the findings from the data base. Digital simulations indicate that the amount of underflow is directly related to the channel gradient, the amount of recharge, the aquifer hydraulic conductivity, and the streambed hydraulic conductivity. The riverbed hydraulic conductivity is the most critical hydraulic factor controlling the amount of underflow. The output from the model is 100 percent underflow at low values of riverbed permeability. Both the model results and published field data do not support the existence of a significant local "underflow zone" adjacent to rivers in large alluvial systems. Close to the river, the baseflow component may predominate even in regionally underflow-dominated systems due to the influence of high transverse valley gradients. There are many problems associated with the use of underflow as a management tool. The definition is vague and ambiguous. Underflow can be transient and spatially variable. Texas alluvial systems are baseflow dominated and there is probably no significant "underflow zone" near rivers. Lastly, the presence of underflow has been difficult to prove in court. It is the finding of this study that the underflow criterion is insufficient to prevent streamflow depletion by wells. The underflow rule in the Texas Water Code should be reconsidered, or perhaps abandoned, in favor of criteria that are more justifiable. / text

The report explores three development alternatives that support and strengthen Jourdan-Bachman Pioneer Farms as a sustainable nonprofit organization and valued member of the community. Each strategy promotes success through improved stability, increased revenue streams and enhanced volunteer support without depleting current resources or funding. Designed as a potential employment plans for Pioneer Farms, benefits and constraints associated with each course of action are compared and contrasted. / text

As the cloud computing paradigm has gained prominence, the need for verifiable computation has grown urgent. Protocols for verifiable computation enable a weak client to outsource difficult computations to a powerful, but untrusted, server. These protocols provide the client with a (probabilistic) guarantee that the server performed the requested computations correctly, without requiring the client to perform the computations herself. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η παρουσίαση ενός συστήματος ανίχνευσης και διαχείρισης παρασίτων σε δεδομένα εγκεφαλογραφήματος (EEG). Το σύστημα αυτό σε πραγματικό χρόνο ανιχνεύει της ύπαρξη παρασίτων κατά την διάρκεια της καταγραφής, αξιοποιώντας ένα προ-εκπαιδευμένο μοντέλο. Τα παράσιτα που ανιχνεύτηκαν μπορούν να διαχειριστούν με αρκετές τεχνοτροπίες ανάλογα με τις ανάγκες της εκάστοτε εφαρμογής. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική παρουσιάζεται μια τεχνοτροπία η οποία αφαιρεί ένα οφθαλμικό παράσιτο με αξιοποίηση τανυστών. Συγκεκριμένα, στην διπλωματική αυτή παρουσιάζονται οι ανάγκες διαχείρισης ροών δεδομένων και πως αυτές αντιμετωπίζονται στην περίπτωση των δεδομένων εγκεφαλογραφήματος. Ο όγκος των δεδομένων καθώς και ο ρυθμός μετά- δοσής τους είναι καθοριστικοί για την διαχείριση και ανάλυση της εισερχόμενης στο σύστημα ροής. Στην διπλωματική αυτή παρουσιάζονται οι γενικές στρατηγικές που έχουν σχεδιαστεί για την διαχείριση χρονοσειρών μεγάλου όγκου και παρουσιάζεται η εφαρμογή τους σε δεδομένα εγκεφαλογραφήματος. Το προτεινόμενο λοιπόν σύστημα μπορεί σε πραγματικό χρόνο να διαχειριστεί ροές δεδομένων εγκεφαλογραφήματος και να διαχωρίσει σε πραγματικό χρόνο περιόδους που υπάρχει κάποιο παράσιτο στο ληφθέν σήμα. Επίσης προ- τείνεται μια μέθοδος που σε offline ανάλυση μπορεί να αφαιρέσει έναν τύπο παρασίτου και συγκεκριμένα το οφθαλμικό παράσιτο. / This diploma thesis presents a system able to detect and manage artifacts in EEG data streams.

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ABSTRACT The modern day City of Winnipeg is situated on the poorly drained floor of pro-glacial Lake Agassiz, one of the flattest regions on earth. Within the area now bounded by the Perimeter Highway sixteen major streams and at least twenty small coulees once emptied into the Àssiniboine and Red Rivers. Behind the levees of these rivers large areas of marsh existed providing detention storage of surface waters. The overflow from these wetlands fed many of the streams. The first settlers in the region mimicked the natural drainage regime by damming the waters of the streams to drive grist mills. Later agricultural settlers, occupying the uninhabited but marginally drained lands behind the levees began to drain the wetlands. During the explosive growth period of the City (1880-1910) the drainage regime was radically altered and an expensive and inadequate conduit system was substituted in it's place. Serious flooding episodes have occurred from the first alterations up to the present day. In an attempt to solve the flooding problems, overcome the expense of conduit systems and add amenity, a series of stormwater retention ponds was introduced by private developers in 1965. Functually these impoundments imitate the original hydraulic relationship between the ponds, wetlands and streams of the native landscape. Approximately on hundred years after the elimination of the natural drainage regime, Plan Winnipeg 1981 calls for the preservation of all natural watercourses in recognition of their high value for storm drainage and recreational amenity. Of the original thirty-six streams and coulees only nine exist today. All wetland storage areas have been eliminated. This practicum traces the historical progression of land drainage in the City of Winnipeg, summarizes the design criteria for future urban stormwater management, and outlines the present condition and rehabilitation of the historic water features.

Our ability to predict community responses to environmental stress remains limited. To address this issue, I investigated how species abundance, community composition and food-web structure varied across abiotic gradients (principally disturbance and habitat size) in New Zealand streams. In surveys, community composition, biomass and richness were all strongly influenced by flood-related habitat disturbance, although disturbance influenced each trophic level via different mechanisms. Experiments indicated that macroinvertebrate prey communities were primarily structured by physical disturbance effects, whereas predatory fish communities were structured by physical disturbance effects and disturbance-mediated changes to prey communities. Prey community biomass and composition affected fish species identity and abundance and an in situ stream channel experiment suggested that prey communities were structured by trade-offs between resisting biotic interactions in physically stable environments and successfully exploiting highly disturbed habitats. The prey community traits associated with different disturbance regimes then directly influenced the composition and predatory impact of the resultant fish communities. In addition to disturbance-mediated biotic interactions, abiotic gradients also provided strong selection pressures on predatory fish communities. In particular, disturbance and habitat size strongly influenced predator community responses (e.g., biomass and maximum body size) in surveys and experiments. However, a habitat’s capacity to support predator community biomass was largely determined by its size. Food-web structure changed with habitat size; small streams supported more prey than predator biomass, whereas large streams had inverted biomass pyramids (i.e., more predator than prey biomass). Similar relationships between food-web structure and habitat size were found in grassland and forested streams, but terrestrial invertebrate subsidies meant that forested streams supported more predator biomass per unit area than grassland stream food webs. My results indicate that human actions resulting in habitat loss (e.g., water abstraction or river impoundment) and increases in flood-related disturbance events (e.g., climate change) are likely to have significant impacts on stream food webs, ultimately leading to habitats that support smaller fish communities (i.e., less biomass, smaller body size). This means that ecologists and managers will need to consider the separate, interactive and indirect effects of disturbance and habitat size on ecological communities if we are to accurately predict and manage food-web responses to global environmental change.

Recent studies within the past decade or so have shown the importance of algae in geomorphic and hydrologic processes of lotic systems. However, the ecohydraulic role of algae in bedrock systems has largely been ignored. In addition, the utility of algae as indicators of channel dynamics have often been assumed by geomorphologists, but relatively few studies have examined this relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine whether algae, specifically diatoms, are useful indicators of channel geomorphological dynamics, and to examine if distinct habitats or biotopes typical in fluviokarst and bedrock systems provide unique habitat space for diatoms, and to address the potential ecohydraulic implications. The investigation was performed in a 100 m reach of Shawnee Run, a limestone, fluviokarst tributary to the Kentucky River in Mercer County, KY. The results of the study showed that periphyton are not useful indicators of channel dynamics, and that biotopes and other distinct habitats, including riffles, bedforms, and fine sediment, do not provide unique habitat in terms of diatom community composition.

Eutrophication is a major problem in the Baltic Sea, as a result of increased loading of nitrogen and phosphorus. In the coastal parts of Östergötland the soil largely consists of clay and contains high levels of phosphorus bound to clay particles. Erosion of the soil in agricultural areas makes the water turbid and transports phosphorus to the Baltic Sea. The aim of this project was to examine the relationship between phosphorus and turbidity in the coastal streams of Östergötland. The aim was also to evaluate the possibility to use turbidity as a surrogate measure for phosphorus. Water samples from 41 streams along the coast of Östergötland were collected once from each location 7 – 11 of April 2014. Variables examined were turbidity, total phosphorus, molybdate reactive phosphorus and water color (absorbance 420 nm). On average, particulate phosphorus made up 80 % of total phosphorus. The study showed a significant correlation between total phosphorus and turbidity (R2adj=0.879, P<0.01, linear regression). Water color was not correlated with total phosphorus. A multiple regression with turbidity and water color as independent variables resulted in a slightly improved model (R2adj = 0,886), but was regarded as not meaningful considering the additional efforts. The conclusion of the project is that is it possible to use turbidity as a surrogate measure in these streams. / Övergödning av Östersjön är ett stort problem orsakat av ett överskott av kväve och fosfor. I de östra delarna av Östergötland består jordarna till stor del av lera och innehåller rikligt med fosfor bundet till lerpartiklarna. Vid erosion från jordarna grumlas kustmynnande vattendrag och fosfor transporteras ut till Östersjön. Syftet med projektet var att undersöka om mätning av turbiditet kan användas för att uppskatta koncentrationen av totalfosfor i Östergötlands kustmynnande vattendrag. En fältstudie genomfördes där 41 vattendrag provtogs en gång per lokal den 7 - 11 april 2014. Vattenprover från lokalerna analyserades med avseende på totalfosfor, molybdatreaktiv fosfor, turbiditet och färg (absorbans 420 nm). I genomsnitt så bestod 80 % av totalfosfor av partikulärt bunden fosfor. Det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan totalfosfor och turbiditet (R2 adj =0,879, P<0,01, linjär regression) men inte mellan färg och totalfosfor. Vid multipel regression med turbiditet och färg som oberoende variabler förbättras förklaringsgraden så marginellt (R2adj=0,886) att det inte motiverar analys av färg, då det ger en ökad arbetsinsats. Projektet visar att turbiditet går att använda som ersättningsmått för totalfosforhalt i kustmynnande vattendrag i Östergötland.

Video surveillance today can look very different depending on the objective and on the location where it is used. Some applications need a high image resolution and frame rate to carefully analyze the vision of a camera, while other applications could use a poorer resolution and a lower frame rate to achieve it's goals. The communication between a camera and an observer depends much on the distance between them and on the contents. If the observer is far away the information will reach the observer with delay, and if the medium carrying the information is unreliable the observer has to have this in mind. Lost information might not be acceptable for some applications, and some applications might not need it's information instantly. In this master thesis, IP network communication for an automatic tolling station has been simulated where several video streams from different sources have to be synchronized. The quality of the images and the frame rate are both very important in these types of surveillance, where simultaneously exposed images are processed together. The report includes short descriptions of some networking protocols, and descriptions of two implementations based on the protocols. The implementations were done in C++ using the basic socket API to evaluate the network communication. Two communication methods were used in the implementations, where the idea was to push or to poll images. To simulate the tolling station and create a network with several nodes a number of Raspberry Pis were used to execute the implementations. The report also includes a discussion about how and which video/image compression algorithms the system might benefit of. The results of the network communication evaluation shows that the communication should be done using a pushing implementation rather than a polling implementation. A polling method is needed when the transportation medium is unreliable, but the network components were able to handle the amount of simultaneous sent information very well without control logic in the application.