La recherche de nouveaux métabolites d'intérêt médical est toujours d'actualité, surtout si l'on considère que d'anciennes, mais aussi des nouvelles infections bactériennes ou virales apparaissent régulièrement. Les actinomycètes, et plus particulièrement les Streptomyces, sont les principaux producteurs de molécules anti-microbiennes. En effet, ils produisent presque 60-70% des produits naturels d'origine microbienne. La plupart de ces métabolites appartient à la classe des polycétides, qui sont synthétisés par des complexes multienzymatiques, les polycétide-synthétases (PKS). Les PKS utilisent des acides gras simples pour assembler des structures polycétidiques très diversifiées. Une approche très prometteuse pour identifier des nouvelles voies de biosynthèse de métabolites secondaires est basée sur une approche génomique ou « genome mining ». Le séquençage du chromosome linéaire de Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877 a, entre autre, révélé sur le bras chromosomique droit, un cluster cryptique de gènes de PKS de type I de grande taille. Ce cluster contient 25 gènes, dont 9 gènes de biosynthèse, pour un total de 25 modules, tous fonctionnels. Les analyses in silico des gènes de PKS ont permis de prédire que le cluster serait responsable de la synthèse d'une molécule appartenant à la famille des macrolides. Dans des conditions standard de laboratoire, le cluster était silencieux. Afin d'activer l'expression du cluster, un gène de régulation, samR0484, présent dans le cluster et codant un régulateur de la famille LAL (Large ATP binding protein of the LuxR family), a été surexprimé dans la souche sauvage. Les analyses transcriptionelles ont montré que cela se traduisait par l'induction de l'expression des gènes de biosynthèse. Par conséquence, une stratégie de « comparative metabolic profiling » a été menée entre la souche sauvage et la souche mutante afin d'identifier le nouveau métabolite. Quatre formes différentes d'un macrolide avec un cycle lactonique de 50 carbones, ont été isolées et caractérisées. Ces composants, nommés sambomycine A, B, C et D, ont montré une activité antibactérienne et une activité antiproliférative intéressante. La détermination de la structure de la sambomycine a révélé des caractéristiques uniques et intéressantes, concernant la réaction de cyclisation et la synthèse d'un précurseur atypique. Ces mécanismes de biosynthèse ont fait l'objet d'une étude plus approfondie. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la régulation de ce cluster. Le régulateur LAL agit comme un activateur transcriptionnel essentiel. Des analyses préliminaires indiquent que ce régulateur se fixe aux régions promotrices de certains gènes, notamment celles des gènes de biosynthèse ainsi que celles d'autres gènes de post-modification, activant ainsi leur transcription. / The constant and urgent need of novel bioactive compounds is the result of the emergence in the last decades of new and old infectious diseases, a sore for humankind. Actinomycetes and especially the genus Streptomyces are the principal producers of microbial drugs producing nearly 60-70% of the natural products. The majority of secondary metabolites belong to the class of polyketides that are synthesised by multienzymatic complexes named polyketides synthases (PKS). PKSs condensate simple small carboxylic acids to generate a wide range of complex polyketide structures. In the search for new drugs, the genome mining approach proved to be a powerful tool in the identification of cryptic secondary metabolite pathways. The sequencing and the analysis of Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC23877 genome has revealed a large type I PKS cluster, on the right arm of the chromosome. The cluster contains 9 PKS, composed of 25 functional modules. In silico analysis of the PKS genes and of the tailoring genes enabled to predict the structure of the expected metabolite, a macrolide. In the laboratory standard conditions, the cluster showed to be silent. Therefore, to promote the expression of the cluster, the regulatory gene samR0484, encoding a LAL regulator (Large ATP binding protein of the LuxR family) was overexpressed in the wt strain. Transcriptional analyses showed that the PKS genes were expressed. Subsequently, by comparative metabolic profiling between the mutant strain and the wt, we were able to detect the novel metabolite produced by S. ambofaciens. Structural elucidation revealed four form of a 50-membered macrolide, named sambomycin. The compounds endow antibacterial and antitumoral activities. The structure unveiled unique and interesting characteristics of sambomycin, i.e. the cyclization reaction and the presence of an atypical extender unit. The mechanisms of biosynthesis have been analysed more in details in this work. We also investigated in the regulation of the cluster. The LAL regulator was shown to be an essential transcriptional activator, binding to the promoter regions of the PKS genes and probably to other genes in the cluster.

Several bacteria were isolated from the bottom sediments of Tyume River and investigated for bioflocculant production potentials. Kaolin clay suspension (4 g/l) was used to measure the flocculating activity and three of the positive isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence analyses and the sequences deposited in GenBank as Streptomyces sp Gansen (accession number HQ537129), Brachybacterium sp UFH (accession number HQ537131.), and Cellulomonas sp Bola (accession number HQ537132). Streptomyces sp Gansen exhibited its maximum flocculating activity using lactose (85% activity), peptone (76.3% activity), Ca2+ as sole sources of carbon, nitrogen and cations respectively, and at a neutral pH of 7.0, while, the bioflocculant produced by Brachybacterium sp UFH with glucose, urea and Ca2+ as carbon, nitrogen and cations sources yielded 82% and 97% flocculation activity respectively at a neutral pH. Also, glucose (73.2% activity), ammonium chloride (78.2% activity) and Ca2+ resulted in optimal production of bioflocculant by Cellulomonas sp Bola, also at a neutral pH. Chemical analysis confirmed that bioflocculant produced by Streptomyces Gansen is a polysaccharide while Brachybacterium sp UFH and Cellulomonas sp Bola produces a glycoprotein compound. This freshwater actinomycetes appears to have a tremendous potential as sou rces of new bioflocculants.

Streptomyces roseochromogenes, NCIB 10984, hydroxylates exogenous progesterone to 16a hydroxyprogesterone and thereafter in a second phase bioconversion to 2ß, 16a-dihydroxyprogesterone. Characterisation of this reaction was carried out at the whole cell level. The cellular components responsible for this reaction were also purified to homogeneity. S. roseochromogenes contains a cytochrome P450 and two electron transfer proteins, roseoredoxin and roseoredoxin reductase. A reconstituted incubation containing these purified proteins and the natural electron donor, NADH. produced identical hydroxyprogesterone metabolites as intact cells. In sodium periodate (Na104) supported incubations, the initial rate of progesterone hydroxylation was marginally higher than in the natural reconstituted system but the product yield was significantly lower. The yield data showed that the reconstituted natural pathway, supported multiple rounds of hydroxylation in contrast to a likely single round by a minority of P450s in the periodate reaction. When S. roseochromogenes was incubated with exogenous progesterone for 25 h the major metabolite, 16a-hydroxyprogesterone was produced in 3.6 fold excess to the minor metabolite 2ß, 16a-dihydroxyprogesterone. In a reconstituted system containing highly purified progesterone 16a-hydroxylase cytochrome P450, roseoredoxin and roseoredoxin reductase, both metabolites were produced but in a 10: 1 ratio. When S. roseochromogenes was preincubated with progesterone and the purified components of the hydroxylase system assayed as before, the ratio of 16a-hydroxyprogesterone to 2ß, 16adihydroxyprogesterone produced, decreased to 2.8: 1, virtually identical to the ratio in whole cell biotransformations. Reconstitution assays containing all combinations of hydroxylase proteins purified from progesterone preincubated and control cells, identified roseoredoxin as solely responsible for the observed changes in in vitro metabolite ratios. The fact that the 2.8: 1 ratio was also obtained when S. roseochromogenes was exposed to cycloheximide prior to progesterone pre-incubation; pointed to post translation modification of roseoredoxin. Separation of two isoforms by 2-D isoelectric focusing supported this proposition. A partial 10 amino acid sequence was obtained for both the cytochrome P450 and roseoredoxin for the purpose of probe design for eventual cloning. An amino acid sequence search revealed this P450 to be unique and unlike any other known P450 sequence. These two proteins were also successfully crystallised by hanging drop vapour diffusion trials, giving isomorphous crystals. These crystals will be used for structure determinations pending further growth.

As actinobactérias endofíticas estão presentes nos tecidos das plantas e, por meio da produção de metabólitos ativos, às protegem e auxiliam em condições de estresse. Esses microrganismos tem sido amplamente estudados no controle de doenças fitopatogênicas, como a mancha marrom causada por Bipolaris sorokiniana. Este fungo é o agente causal da podridão comum da raiz, manchas foliares, morte de plântulas e ponto preto das sementes de trigo e cevada, causando redução significativa na produtividade. Neste contexto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a virulência de isolados de B. sorokiniana e a atividade antifúngica de actinobactérias contra este fitopatógeno. Os antagonistas com elevada atividade contra o fitopatógeno foram caracterizados quanto à produção enzimática, fisiologia, condições de crescimento e produção de metabólitos, bem como sequenciamento do 16S rRNA para identificação dos antagonistas. A caracterização parcial dos metabólitos foi realizada por meio de sistemas de Cromatografia de Camada delgada (CCD) contendo diferentes solventes. Os resultados mostraram que os isolados de B. sorokiniana apresentaram elevada virulência às plântulas e sementes de trigo, sendo que a maior agressividade foi relatada à semente. Por outro lado, 69,6% das actinobactérias apresentaram elevada atividade antifúngica contra isolados de B. sorokiniana em meio sólido, e 17% a mantiveram em cultura submersa. A maior produção ocorreu a 30°C após 72h de incubação, para a maioria dos isolados. A detecção da produção de catalase, amilase, pectinase, lipase e esterase foi observada para a maioria das actinobactérias (100, 95,6, 91,30, 95,6, 100%, respectivamente). Enquanto que a degradação de caseína, carboximetilcelulose e gelatina foi realizada por 60,8, 34,78 e 47,82% dos isolados, respectivamente. Os isolados 6(2), 6(4), 16(3) e R18(6), selecionados devido à elevada atividade antifúngica e enzimática, apresentaram reação positiva para produção de compostos voláteis, quitinase e glucanase, sideróforos, fixação de nitrogêno, AIA e colonização de raizes. Somente isolado R18(6) não apresentou capacidade de solubilizar fosfatos. A caracterização molecular determinou que estes isolados pertencem ao gênero Streptomyces. Os metabólitos produzidos pelo isolado R18(6) foram mais estáveis a mudanças de temperatura e pH, bem como para a ação das proteases e EDTA, quando comparado aos demais. Os solventes acetato de etila e hexano foram mais eficientes na extração de metabólitos do extrato bruto, porém a melhor separação de metabólitos em CCD foi obtida com misturas de solventes. / Endophitic actinobacterias are present in plant tissues and by means of active metabolites they protect and help them in stress conditions. These microorganisms have been widely used in the control of phytopathogenic diseases, such as the spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. This fungus is a causal agent of common root rot, leaf spots, death of seedlings and black point of the seeds of wheat and barley, causing significant reduction in productivity. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the virulence of the B. sorokiniana isolates and the antifungal activity of actinobacterias against this phytopathogen. The antagonists with the higher activity against the phytopatogen were characterize taking in consideration their physiology, enzyme production, growth conditions and metabolites production and 16S rRNA sequencing for identification of the antagonists. Partial characterization (nós não purificamos) of the metabolites was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) systems containing different solvents. The results showed that the isolates of B. sorokiniana have a high virulence on wheat seed and seedlings, however the greater aggressiveness was observed to seed. On the other hand, 69.6% of actinomycetes showed high antifungal activity against of B. sorokiniana isolates on solid medium, and 17% maintained this behavior in submerged culture. The highest yield happened, for most isolates, when grown at 30°C with agitation after 72h of incubation. The detection of catalase, starch, pectin, lipase and esterase production was observed for most of the actinomycetes (100, 95.6, 91.30, 95.6, 100%, respectively). While the hydrolysis of casein, carboxymethylcellulase and gelatin was performed by 60.8, 34.78 and 47.82% of the isolates, respectively. Isolates 6(2), 6(4), 16(3) e R18(6), selected due to the high antifungal and enzyme activity, showed a positive reaction for the production of volatile compounds, chitinase and glucanase, siderophores, nitrogen fixation, AIA and colonization of the roots. Only the isolated R18(6) showed no ability to solubilize phosphates. Molecular characterization of the isolates determined that they belong to the genus Streptomyces. The metabolites produced by isolate R18 (6) were more stable to temperature and pH changes, as well to the action of proteases and EDTA, when compared to the others. The solvents ethyl acetate and hexane were more efficient for the extraction of the metabolites from the crude extract, however a better separation of the metabolites in the TLC was obtained with mixture of solvents.

Os isolados Streptomyces sp. R18(6) e 6(4) foram avaliados quanto à sua capacidade de controlar a mancha marrom e podridão comum de raiz, causados por Bipolaris sorokiniana em plantas de trigo. A atividade antifúngica desses isolados foi testada usando os ensaios de dupla camada e pareamento de cultura à 28°C. A atividade fisiológica e enzimática foi avaliada através de ensaios de sideróforo, ácido indol-3-acético, fixação de nitrogênio e solubilização de fosfato. O controle biológico da doença e a eficiência de crescimento das plantas de trigo foram avaliados utilizando ensaios in vivo em casa de vegetação. Nos ensaios de pareamento de cultura, ambos os isolados inibiram o crescimento micelial de B. sorokiniana, enquanto na dupla camada apenas o isolado R18(6) inibiu. Streptomyces sp. 6(4) produziu auxina, sideróforos, fixou nitrogênio e solubilizou fosfato, enquanto R18(6) não produziu sideróforos. Nos ensaios em casa de vegetação, o isolado R18(6) mostrou diferenças estatísticas na massa seca da parte aérea e na massa seca de raiz em comparação com a do isolado 6(4) na presença do fitopatógeno (P≤0,05). Estes resultados foram mais evidentes quando a temperatura foi maior. Na ausência do fitopatógeno, o isolado 6(4) aumentou a massa seca de raiz em comparação com a do controle durante o mesmo período. Portanto, esses isolados apresentaram potencial em controlar a podridão das raízes e mancha marrom e podem promover o crescimento das plantas de trigo. / Streptomyces sp. R18(6) and 6(4) strains were evaluated for their ability to control brown spot and common root rot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat crops. The antifungal activity of these isolates was tested using a doublelayer assay and culture pairing at 28 °C. Physiological and enzymatic activity were evaluated through siderophore, indole-3-acetic acid, nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization assays. The biocontrol of the disease and growthpromoting efficiency of wheat seedlings were assessed using in vivo assays in greenhouse. In the culture pairing assays, both strains inhibited B. sorokiniana mycelial growth, while in the double-layer only R18(6). Streptomyces sp. 6(4) produced auxin, siderophores, fixed nitrogen and solubilized phosphate, whereas R18(6) did not produce siderophores. In the greenhouse assays, strain R18 (6) showed statistical differences in shoot dry mass and root dry mass compared with those of strain 6(4) in the presence of the phytopathogen (P ≤ 0.05). These results were more evident when the temperature was higher. In the absence of the phytopathogen, strain 6(4) increased the root dry mass compared with that of the control during the same period. Therefore, these isolates can potentially control root rot and brown spotting and may promote the growth of wheat plants.

Streptomyces are known to produce a large variety of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds with remarkable industrial importance. Streptomyces sp. COUK1 was found as a contaminant on a plate in which Rhodococcus erythropolis was used as a test strain in a disk diffusion assay and produced a zone of inhibition against the cultured R. erythropolis. The identity of the contaminant was confirmed as Streptomyces through 16S rRNA sequencing. This Streptomyces produces a strong inhibitory compound in different growth media. A culture extract from inorganic salts starch agar was found to be very active; producing a large zone of inhibition against several Gram positive and Gram negative test strains. The active molecules in this extract have been detected via TLC and bioautography. The difference in the antibacterial activity and chromatographic properties of extracts recovered from different growth media suggests that this Streptomyces strain could produce more than one type of inhibitory compound.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [207]-216).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 196 p.; also includes graphics (some col). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Robert W. Bruegemeier, Dept. of Pharmacy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-196).

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