Thesis advisor: Devin Pendas / Thesis advisor: James Cronin / Political structures, ideology, and science interact to shape public health policy in a way that is complex and still poorly understood. The German experience in the 20th century creates a unique historical opportunity for studying this interplay. This study examines the development and variation of tuberculosis control measures under the Kaiser Reich, during the Weimar Republic, in the era of Nazism, and in the post-1945 occupation zones and subsequent German states. This dissertation examines major milestones in scientific understanding, medical practice, public health policy, legislation, and regulation related to tuberculosis control under successive German states and governments will help to clarify their interaction. In the course of this turbulent German century, profound changes occurred in the scientific understanding of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis had reached epidemic proportions in Germany in the wake of the industrial revolution, spurring considerable research into its origins, treatment, and the conditions of its spread. Robert Koch's 1882 discovery of the tuberculosis bacillus launched a period of progress in diagnosis and treatment that coincided with increased political interest in public health more generally. Only with the discovery of streptomycin in 1945 did medical science begin to develop the first effective drug therapies and struggled with questions of how to integrate these into existing treatment and prevention paradigms. Here, a comparison between the East and West German experience proves particularly helpful in exploring the importance of ideology, politics, medical knowledge, as well as institutional and professional interests. Ultimately, through the case study of tuberculosis treatment and control, this dissertation examines how the interaction between various German states' ideologies, their medical traditions, and their scientific knowledge shaped Germany's public health policies and practices. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Department of Biology

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The purpose of this study is to find out that if antibiotic streptomycin decreases neuronal network activity or affects the pharmacological responses. The experiments in this study were conducted via MEA (multi-electrode array) technology which records neuronal activity from devices that have multiple small electrodes, serve as neural interfaces connecting neurons to electronic circuitry. The result of this study shows that streptomycin lowered the spike production of neuronal network, and also, sensitization was seen when neuronal network pre-exposed to streptomycin.

Thesis (Master of veterinary science)--Washington State University, December 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 13-17).

Orientador: Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T00:18:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maia_PatriciaPenido_D.pdf: 738805 bytes, checksum: 45cdc642b12e037677eca58fb443a574 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Antimicrobianos como fungicidas e/ou bactericidas têm sido utilizados para a melhoria da qualidade de produtos vegetais destinados à alimentação humana ou para sua maior produtividade em várias fases de sua obtenção, tais como: preparo do solo, crescimento, colheita, industrialização e comercialização. Entretanto, vários destes compostos podem permanecer como resíduos nos alimentos consumidos, e, dependendo de sua toxicidade e nível de exposição, podem apresentar risco à saúde do consumidor. Entre estas substâncias estão os agentes antimicrobianos usados para combater ou prevenir o aparecimento de alterações de origem microbiana no alimento. O desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a identificação e quantificação destes agentes em produtos vegetais é de grande interesse, uma vez que a exposição crônica em baixos níveis antimicrobianos pode promover a resistência bacteriana a antibióticos, assim como reações alérgicas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou desenvolver metodologia para o isolamento, identificação e quantificação de resíduos de oxitetraciclina em tomate, o qual é muito sensível a bacterioses, assim como comparou os níveis residuais encontrados nos frutos de cultura protegida (estufa) e cultura de campo. A metodologia analítica desenvolvida foi aplicada na análise de tomates comercializados na região de Campinas/SP e Alfenas/MG. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com os limites máximos de resíduos (LMRs) e os intervalos de segurança estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira em condições de plantio no campo. Foi validado, ainda, um método para quantificação dos antibióticos oxitetraciclina e estreptomicina em formulações para uso agrícola utilizadas para tratamento de tomates / Abstract: Antimicrobials as fungicides and/or bactericides have been used for the improvement of the quality of vegetal products destined to the human feed and for its higher productivity in some phases of its cultivation, such as: preparation of the ground, growth, harvest, industrialization and commercialization. However, several of these compounds can remain as residues in consumed foods, and, depending on its toxicity and level of exposure, they can present a risk to the health of the consumer. Among these substances are the antibiotics used to combat or to prevent the appearance of alterations of microbial origin in the food. The development of analytical methods for the identification and quantification of these agents in vegetal products is of great interest, once the chronic exposure to low levels of antimicrobials can promote bacterial resistance to the antibiotics, as well as allergic reactions. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a methodology for the isolation, identification and quantification of residues of oxytetracycline in tomato, which is very sensible to bacterioses, as well as was compared the residual levels found in fruits cultivated in greenhouse and open field. The developed analytical methodology was applied in the analysis of tomatoes purchased in the region of Campinas/SP and Alfenas/MG. The obtained data were compared with the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and the intervals of security established by the Brazilian legislation in conditions in the field. It was validated a method for quantification of antibiotics oxytetracycline and streptomycin in agricultural formulations used for treatment of tomatoes / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Nelson Eduardo Duran Caballero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T19:54:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gaspari_PriscylaDanielyMarcato_M.pdf: 3916509 bytes, checksum: 15b4d148bf7fb5ebc6d8b40b2108c914 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O projeto consistiu na preparação e caracterização de sistemas de liberação sustentada veiculando a estreptomicina, um agente antimicobacteriano. A estreptomicina (STM) foi encapsulada em micropartículas poliméricas preparadas a partir do polímero biodegradável poli(e-caprolactona) (PCL) e do copolímero biodegradável poli(3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato) (PHBV), pela técnica de emulsificação seguida da evaporação do solvente. Estas partículas foram caracterizadas quanto ao diâmetro médio e distribuição de tamanho, morfologia, Potencial Zeta e eficiência de encapsulamento. Micropartículas de PCL e PHBV foram obtidas pelo método de dupla emulsão e evaporação de solvente com diferentes morfologias, sendo que as partículas de PCL apresentaram superfície mais lisa do que as de PHBV. Além disto, a adição do co-solvente acetona na fase orgânica, provocou a formação de micropartículas de PHBV maiores e mais porosas. Alterações em parâmetros da preparação como, aumento da concentração do tensoativo, evaporação de solvente a baixa pressão e uso de polímero com menor massa molar foram fatores que reduziram do diâmetro das partículas. A eficiência de encapsulamento nas micropartículas de PHBV, medida por eletroforese capilar, foi de 43 ± 4 %. No ensaio biológico in vitro em células V- 79 (células de fibroblastos de pulmão derivadas de hamsters chineses), hepatócitos e Vero (células do rim de macaco) foi verificada baixa toxicidade do antibiótico estreptomicina nos alvos celulares avaliados (captura do corante vermelho neutro, conteúdo de ácidos nucléicos e redução do corante metiltiazoletetrazolium). Entretanto, as micropartículas de PHBV com e sem fármaco apresentaram alteração no lisossoma, que pode ter sido causada pela presença de PVA na superfície das partículas. A atividade antimicrobiana da estreptomicina livre e encapsulada frente à Escherichia coli foi verificada, obtendo menor eficiência do fármaco encapsulado em relação ao fármaco livre. Entretanto, nos testes frente à Streptococcus lentus, foi verificada maior eficiência quando o fármaco estava encapsulado. / Abstract: This research was related to the preparation and characterization of a sustained release system with streptomycin, an antimycobacterial agent. The streptomycin (STM) was encapsulated in polymeric micro and nanopartículas from the biodegradable polymers, poli(e-caprolactona) (PCL) and of the biodegradable copolymers, poli(3-hydroxybutirate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), by double emulsion and solvent evaporation method. These particles were characterized in function of the size and size distribution, morphology, Potential Zeta and encapsulation efficiency. PCL and PHBV microparticles that were obtained by described methods, PCL presented surface smoother than the PHBV microparticles. Moreover, the addiction of the co-solvent acetone in the organic phase provoked the formation of PHBV microparticles larger and more porous than in PCL. Alterations in preparation parameters such as increase of the surfactant concentration, solvent evaporation in low pressure and a decrease molar mass were factors that reduced the particle sizes. The encapsulation efficiency in microparticles of PHBV, measured by capillary electrophoresis, it was 43 ± 4.4%. In the in vitro biological assay in V-79 cells (permanent lung fibroblasts cell line derived from Chinese hamsters), hepatocytes and Vero cells (from monkey kidney) was verified low toxicity of the streptomycin in the endpoints targets (neutral red uptake, nucleic acid content and tetrazolium reduction). However, microparticles of PHBV with and without drug demonstrated an alteration in the lysosome that it could have been caused by the presence of poly vinylic alcohol (PVA) in the particles surfaces. The antimicrobial activity of free and encapsulated streptomycin against Escherichia coli was demonstrated. A smaller efficiency of encapsulated drug than the free one was found. However, in the tests against Streptococcus lentus was verified larger efficiency of the free drug than the encapsulated one. / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Este trabalho propõe estudos sobre a caracterização do comportamento térmico dos aminoglicosídeos estreptomicina e tobramicina, que são antibióticos bactericidas, utilizados no combate a microorganismos patogênicos, que agem interrompendo a síntese de proteínas. Após a caracterização espectroscópica dos analitos, foram realizadas medidas termogravimétricas, em atmosfera de ar e nitrogênio, que possibilitaram a determinação da estabilidade térmica do fármaco e o reconhecimento das etapas de decomposição. A calorimetria exploratória diferencial forneceu informações a respeito de processos físicos com variação de entalpia. Os gases envolvidos foram analisados usando termogravimetria acoplada à espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (TG-FTIR), possibilitando a proposta de um mecanismo para sua decomposição térmica. Intermediários de decomposição térmica foram caracterizados por CG-MS e o conjunto de todas essas informações forneceu um possível mecanismo para o comportamento térmico dessas drogas. Também foi sintetizado, caracterizado e analisado por TG, DSC e TG-FTIR, o complexo de tobramicina com o íon Cu+2. / A study regarding the thermal behavior characterization of the aminoglycosides streptomycin and tobramycin which are bactericidal antibiotics is presented. These antibiotics are widely against pathogenic microorganisms and act by interrupting the synthesis of proteins. Thermogravimetric measurements were performed under air and nitrogen conditions. To evaluate thermal stability of the drugs and their decomposition steps. A differential scanning calorimetry provided information on physical processes with enthalpy change. Evolved gas analysis was performed using thermogravimetry coupled to infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and was used to characterize the gases released during the thermal heating of the samples. Decomposition intermediates were characterized by CG-MS and the set of all these resultsallowed the proposition of a mechanism for the thermal behavior of drugs. The complex of tobramycin with the Cu+2 ion was also synthesized, characterized and analyzed by TG, DSC and TG-FTIR.