Abstrakt: Stress i arbetslivet för sjuksköterskorna har blivit allt vanligare. Sjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö med sjukare patienter, mindre bemanning, minskad kontroll, stöd och återhämtning kan orsaka stress hos sjuksköterskan. Stress definieras som en obalans mellan de krav som ställs på individen och dess förmåga att hantera dem. En hanteringsstrategi är coping vilket innebär hur en individ bemästrar påfrestande situationer.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera hur sjuksköterskor vid en akutvårdsavdelning upplever och hanterar stressiga situationer.   Metod: En kvalitativ ansats valdes i form av intervjuer som analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre domäner; orsaker till stress, hantering av stress och konsekvenser av stress. Studiens resultat visade att den främsta orsaken till upplevd stress för sjuksköterskorna var när de inte hade kontroll på situationen. Detta ledde till konsekvenser såsom att patientsäkerheten riskerades och att sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de inte räckte till. Sjuksköterskorna hanterade stressen med problemfokuserad och emotionell coping.   Konklusion: Studiens resultat tyder på att stress är vanligt förekommande och att sjuksköterskorna använder sig av olika strategier för att minska på den upplevda stressen. Om sjuksköterskan ska kunna bedriva en god och säker vård i framtiden är det angeläget att arbetsmiljön förändras då den nuvarande stress och kravnivån är för hög i relation till vad som är hanterbart.

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The purpose of the present research was to provide ideas for positive stress management in the orchestra world to help achieve high-level performances. The author developed the Orchestral Performance and Stress Survey and distributed it to 230 musicians of three orchestras that comprised full-time and part-time professional as well as community orchestra musicians. The survey sought to identify stress-causing and performance-enhancing factors in the orchestra environment. Questions on the musicians' background allowed for comparisons to identify groups with particular needs. Results show that musical training often does not include stress management training. Playing-related injuries are common. Two-thirds of full-time musicians who responded have suffered injuries that forced them to stop playing for more than one week. On average, musicians reported that stress neither detracts from, nor enhances performances. The most stressful concert types were classical concerts. Highly critical audiences are the most stressful. / School of Music

Occupational stress of nurses has been widely researched, for example in specific health care units - intensive care, specific conditions - cancer. Personal characteristics like emotional involvement and depersonalisation of patients are also suggested as stressors for nurses. In South Africa the Department of Health has made a number of changes since 1994. One of the changes involved the restructuring of the different departments to unify the fragmented health services. No comparison study was found for professional and enrolled nurses. The objectives of this study were to determine the construct validity and internal consistency of the Nursing Stress Indicator (NSI) and to identify differences between occupational stressors of professional and enrolled nurses. A cross-sectional survey design was used. An random sample of professional nurses (N = 980) and enrolled (N = 800) nurses of seven of the nine provinces of South Africa were used. The NSI was developed as measuring instrument and administrated together with a biographical questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Five internally consistent factors were extracted. The first factor was labelled Stress: Patient Care. It relates to stress because of the care nursing staff provide to patients. The second factor was labelled Stress: Job Demands, and refer to the demands associated with the work of the nurse. The third factor indicated a lack of support in the organisation as well as from supervisors and colleagues, and was labelled Stress: Lack of Support. The fourth factor was labelled Stress: Staff Issues, because it included item loadings on things like shortage of staff, and fellow workers not doing their job. The fifth factor contains items concerning working hours, especially overtime, and was labelled Stress: Overtime. The results indicated that a difference in stress levels exists between professional and enrolled nurses. Professional nurses' severity for the different stressors are higher on all five the extracted factors than those of the enrolled nurses. The sources of occupational stress for professional and enrolled nurses were almost the same. One source of stress for professional nurses that the enrolled nurses did not experience is management of staff. Professional nurses (compared with enrolled nurses) obtained practically significant higher scores on two stressors, namely stress because of making a mistake when treating a patient and stress because of disagreement with medical practitioners or colleagues concerning the treatment of a patient. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Syftet var att med hjälp av en enkätstudie undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad i upplevd autonomi mellan högskolestudenter som upplevde sig ha lägre grad av stress i vardagslivet och de studenter som upplever sig ha högre grad av stress i vardagslivet. Studiens syfte var även att undersöka om det fanns skillnader i upplevd autonomi mellan män och kvinnor. Resultatet visade att det förekom en huvudeffekt mellan deltagarnas upplevda stress och autonomi. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns någon huvudeffekt av kön och inte någon interaktionseffekt mellan kön och stress. / The aim was to use a questionnaire study to examine whether there was any difference in perceived autonomy among college students who perceived themselves to have lower levels of stress in daily life and the students who perceived themselves as having higher levels of stress in everyday life. Another purpose was to investigate whether there are differences in perceived autonomy between men and women. The results showed that there was a main effect of the participant’s perceived stress and autonomy. The results showed that there was no main effect of gender and no interaction effect between gender and stress.

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国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Masters Research - Master of Philosophy (MPhil) / The psychosocial stress of social conflict contributes to the development of depression and anxiety in those individuals vulnerable to its effects, yet the factors that contribute to vulnerability remain unclear. Researchers investigating factors such as behaviour and physiology have used the animal resident/intruder social conflict model whereby a young male rodent (intruder) is placed into the home cage of an older male (resident) that is trained to attack and defeat all intruders. Findings reported previously have shown that defeated intruders displayed medium to longer-term stress-related changes in behaviour and physiology, with considerable variability in the severity of these changes reported from one individual to another. Interestingly, a reduction in severity of behavioural and physiological changes was associated most significantly with intruders that deployed ‘active coping’ behaviours during the social defeat interaction than animals that deployed ‘passive coping’. However, these findings do not describe the short-term effects, raising the question; does coping style also influence the short-term stress response? We investigated the relationship between coping behaviour adopted by intruders during a 10 minute social conflict culminating in defeat and both acute peak plasma corticosterone (CORT) stress hormone levels and number of cells expressing Fos protein in eight brain regions. Our investigations revealed that higher levels of fight and guard behaviours were associated with lower peak plasma CORT levels compared to ready submission, and that higher levels of fight were associated with fewer numbers of Fos-ir cells in prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (Am), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) brain regions. In general terms, these findings indicate that coping behaviour deployed during social conflict influences the endocrine and neurobiological elements of the acute phase of the HPA axis response to psychosocial stress. Intruders that deploy an ‘active’ coping style including fight behaviours display significantly smaller physiological and neurobiological alterations in the acute response than intruders that deploy a ‘passive’ coping style during social conflict. These results demonstrate that the vulnerability to the effects of psychosocial stress are ameliorated by actively engaging with the perpetrator rather than passively taking the attack, and that adopting the behaviour fight is most protective. Further elucidation of the neural mechanisms that underpin the reduction in stress-induced effects is warranted.

Thesis (MEd(Leerondersteuning, Voorligting en Berading))--Universiteit van Pretoria, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2004. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Health Sciences. Bibliography: leaves 351-376.