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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

On the Role of Local Information in the Spatial Organisation of Collective Nest Digging in the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta vollenweideri (Forel, 1893) / Über die Rolle lokaler Information in der räumlichen Organisation des kollektiven Nestgrabeverhaltens bei der Blattschneiderameise Atta vollenweideri (Forel, 1893)

Pielström, Steffen January 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Many ant species excavate underground nests. One of the most impressive examples is the Chaco leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri from the Gran Chaco region in South America. The nests excavated by the workers of that species are among the largest insect-built structures on the planet. They are ecavated over years possibly involving millions of working individuals. However, the mechanisms underlying the organisation of collective nest digging in ants remain largely unknown. Considering the sheer dimensions of the nest in comparison to the size and presumably limited perceptual and cognitive abilities of the single worker, the assumption can be made that organising mechanisms are mostly based on responses of individuals to local stimuli within their perceptual range. Among these local stimuli that guide nest digging we can expect environmental variables, stimuli that relate to the requirements of the colony, and stimuli related to the spatial coordination of collective effort. The present thesis investigates the role of local stimuli from these three categories in the organisation of collective digging behaviour in the Chaco leaf-cutting ant. It describes experiments on (1) how workers respond in the context of digging to differences in soil moisture, which comprises an important environmental variable; (2) how available nest space influences nest enlargement; (3) and how the spatial coordination of excavating workers is implemented by responding to stimuli arising from nest mates while engaged in digging behaviour. The experiments on soil water content show that workers prefer to dig in moist materials that allow for fast excavation and transport rates. Accordingly, an unequal distribution of water in the soil around a nest can influence how the nest shape develops. On the other hand, results also indicate that workers strongly avoid excavating in extremely moist materials. Regarding the abundant occurrence of flooding events in the Gran Chaco region, the latter can be interpreted as an adaptation to avoid water inflow into the nest. In the experiments on the effect of nest space, the ants excavated less when presented with larger nests. When a large amount of space was suddenly added to the nest during the digging process, excavation rates decreased according to the new volume. These observations confirm the hypothesis that digging activity is regulated according to space requirements, possibly because crowding conditions inside the nest influence excavation behaviour. However, observations also indicate an intrinsic decrease of digging motivation with time. Moreover, excavation rates correlate with nest size only when comparing nests of similar shape. Distributing a similar nest volume to three smaller chambers, instead of one, resulted in drastically decreased digging rates. A possible explanation for that observation lies in the distribution of workers inside the nest that may vary according to nest geometry: a different distribution of individuals can lead to in different local crowding conditions in similar nest volumes. Furthermore, two different stimuli are described that are used in the spatial coordination of collective digging effort. First, fresh soil pellets deposited close to the digging site on their way from the surface increase the probability that arriving workers join excavation efforts at the same site. The deposition of pellets on the way is a consequence of sequential task partitioning during soil transport. The pellets are carried in transport chains that closely resemble the modalities of leaf transport observed at the surface. Second, workers stridulate while digging. The short-ranged vibrational signals produced thereby also attract nest mates to excavate at the same location. Accordingly, two mutually complementing mechanisms are described that allow to concentrate excavators at one location. In both cases, a local stimulus that is generated by current close-by excavation activity increases the probability of the stimulus receiver to dig close to other excavators. In an environment otherwise poor in digging stimuli, these mechanisms can be especially important to give collective digging efforts a common direction. As a consequence it can be argued that the spatial organisation of collective digging is based on choice copying. Individuals copy nest mate decisions on where to excavate by responding to local stimuli provided by nest mate digging activity. Taken together, responses to local stimuli can determine the direction of nest growth, aid in preventing the inflow of surface water into the nest, guide the adjustment of nest size to colony requirements and spatially coordinate collective digging efforts. Even though it cannot be ruled out that digging responses based e.g. on spatial memory or long-term experience exist, the results presented here clearly demonstrate that responses to local information account for many important aspects of nest development. / Viele Ameisenarten graben unterirdische Nester. Eines der wohl eindrucksvollsten Beispiele ist die Chaco-Blattschneiderameise Atta vollenweideri aus der Gran Chaco Region in Südamerika. Die Nester dieser Art gehören zu den größten von Insekten gebauten Strukturen auf unserem Planeten, und an ihrer Konstruktion sind vermutlich Millionen von Individuen über mehrere Jahre beteiligt. Die Mechanismen, die der Organisation des kollektiven Nestgrabeverhaltens zu Grunde liegen, sind weitgehend unbekannt. Berücksichtigt man allerdings allein die Dimensionen des gebauten Nestes im Vergleich zur Größe, und den vermutlich begrenzten Sinnes- und Kognitionsleistungen der einzelnen Arbeiterin, so liegt die Vermutung nahe, daß den Organisationsmechanismen überwiegend Reaktionen auf lokale Reize innerhalb der Wahrnehmungsreichweite zu Grunde liegen. Zu diesen lokalen Reizen gehören vermutlich Umweltvariablen, Reize, die mit den Bedürfnissen der Kolonie zusammenhängen, und Reize, die der räumlichen Koordination gemeinsamer Bemühungen dienen. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht die Rolle lokaler Reize in der Organisation des kollektiven Grabeverhaltens bei Atta vollenweideri auf diesen drei Ebenen. Sie beschreibt Experimente (1) zur Reaktion grabender Arbeiterinnen auf Unterschiede in der Bodenfeuchte, die in diesem Zusammenhang eine wichtige Umweltvariable darstellt, (2) zum Einfluß der verfügbaren Nestgröße auf die Nesterweiterung und (3) zur räumlichen Koordination grabender Arbeiterinnen durch Reize, die von anderen grabenden Arbeiterinnen ausgehen. Die Versuche zur Bodenfeuchte zeigen eine Präferenz für feuchte Materialen, die hohe Grabe- und Transportraten ermöglichen. Demzufolge kann die Verteilung des Wassers im Boden um ein Nest erheblichen Einfluß auf die Entwicklung der Nestform haben. Andererseits zeigen die Ergebnisse aber auch, daß Arbeiterinnen vermeiden, in extrem nassen Materialen zu graben. In Anbetracht der regelmäßigen Überflutungen in der Gran Chaco Region lässt sich diese Ablehnung als eine Adaptation interpretieren, die hilft, Wassereinbrüche ins Nest zu vermeiden. In den Experimenten zum Einfluß der Nestgröße gruben die Ameisen weniger, wenn ihnen ein größeres Nest zur Verfügung stand. Wenn das Nest im Laufe des Grabeprozesses künstlich schlagartig vergrößert wurde, passte sich die Graberate dem neuen Volumen an. Diese Beobachtungen bestätigen die Hypothese, daß die Grabeaktivität abhängig vom Platzbedarf reguliert wird, vermutlich, weil die Individuendichte im Nest das Grabeverhalten beeinflusst. Andererseits zeigen die Beobachtungen aber auch eine zeitabhängige, intrinsische Abnahme der Motivation zu graben. Zudem korreliert die Graberate nur dann mit der Nestgröße, wenn Nester von vergleichbarer Form in Betracht gezogen werden. Die Verteilung eines ähnlichen Nestvolumens auf drei kleinere Kammern statt einer größeren führte zu deutlich niedrigeren Graberaten. Eine mögliche Erklärung für diese Beobachtung liegt in der Verteilung der Arbeiterinnen im Nestinnern, die möglicherweise mit der Nestgeometrie variiert. Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Individuen können bei gleichem Nestvolumen unterschiedliche lokale Individuendichten zur Folge haben. Des weiteren werden zwei verschiedene Stimuli beschrieben, die zur räumlichen Koordination des kollektiven Grabeverhaltens genutzt werden. Zum einen erhöht sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß eine ankommende Arbeiterin sich den Grabearbeiten an einer bestimmten Stelle anschließt, wenn auf dem Weg dorthin, nahe der betreffenden Stelle, frisch ausgegrabene Bodenpartikel, sogenannte pellets, abgelegt wurden. Das passiert in Folge der sequentiellen Arbeitsteilung beim Transportieren der Erde, denn der Transport der pellets erfolgt in Arbeitsketten, ähnlich wie der Transport von Blattfragmenten an der Oberfläche. Zum anderen stridulieren die Arbeiterinnen beim Graben und erzeugen dadurch Vibrationssignale von kurzer Reichweite, die ebenfalls Nestgenossinnen zum Graben an derselben Stelle motivieren. Es werden also zwei sich gegenseitig ergänzende Mechanismen beschrieben, die es erlauben, grabende Arbeiterinnen an einer bestimmten Stelle zu konzentrieren. In beiden Fällen erhöht ein Reiz, der durch aktuelle Grabeaktivität in unmittelbarer Nähe generiert wird, die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß der Reizempfänger in der Nähe anderer grabender Arbeiterinnen zu Graben beginnt. Besonders in einem ansonsten, in Bezug auf das Grabeverhalten reizarmen Umfeld können derartige Mechanismen wichtig sein, um den kollektiven Grabebemühungen eine gemeinsame Richtung zu geben. Dementsprechend lässt sich argumentieren, daß die räumliche Organisation des Grabeverhaltens auf der Nachahmung von Entscheidungen basiert. Individuen kopieren die Entscheidungen ihrer Nestgenossinnen, wo gegraben wird, indem sie auf Reize reagieren, die von der Grabeaktivität anderer Arbeiterinnen ausgehen.
2

A Passive Acoustic and Experimental Study of Juvenile Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, Sound Production and Agnostic Behavior in the Tidal Freshwater James River

Morgan, Laura 05 May 2014 (has links)
Blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, are an invasive species in the James River, VA. They produce stridulation sounds and passive acoustic monitoring may prove useful in locating and monitoring their populations. Little is known about their behavior, therefore my goal was to examine agonistic behavior and the use of sound in defending a territory. This thesis consists of two manuscripts: 1) A passive acoustic study of the tidal freshwater James River, 2) An experimental study of agonistic behavior in juvenile Blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus. The first study showed that three sounds (click, run croak) occurred more often in warmer months than cooler months. The second study showed that Blue catfish utilized a variety of agonistic behaviors in territory defense, with residency status and size having an effect on the type and number of displays used. Stridulation sounds were not present in territorial contests although Blue catfish produce stridulatory pulses when held.
3

Účinnost multimodální výstražné signalizace Tritomegas sexmaculatus vůči ptačím predátorům / Effects of multimodal warning siglals of Tritomegas sexmaculatus on reactions of bird predators

Binderová, Jana January 2011 (has links)
Aposematic animals advertise their defensive mechanisms to potential predators using warning signals. Signalling through more than one sensory pathway is called multimodal warning display. Most experimental studies of aposematism have been focused on the effect of a particular warning signal rather than on importance of multimodal signalling. Focusing on the multimodal signalling of real prey is the best way how to understand its effect in nature. The present study is focused on comparing the effect of multimodal warning display of insect prey with its particular warning signals on two species of bird predators. Multimodal warning signalisation of the burrowing bug, Tritomegas sexmaculatus consists of visual (black and white coloration), chemical (odour, possibly taste) and acoustic (stridulation) signals. We compared reactions of wild-caught great tit (Parus major) and blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) to three types of bugs with different warning displays. The non-manipulated bugs displayed multimodally, the brown painted bugs had their warning coloration manipulated and the dealatized bugs couldn't emit acoustic signals. The wild-caught birds of both species avoided all types of bugs. In an experiment with naive hand reared great tits we compared their reactions to non-manipulated and dealatized bugs. Naive...
4

Sound Production in Two Loricariid Catfishes

Webb, Amanda Lynn 01 August 2011 (has links)
Many families of catfish produce sounds via pectoral spine stridulation and/or swim bladder compression using sonic muscles attached to the swim bladder. The sound production capabilities and characteristics in Loricariidae, the largest catfish family, have not been well examined. Sounds produced by two loricariid catfish species, Macrotocinclus affinis and Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps were recorded. Both species produce broad band calls via pectoral spine stridulation. These species produce sounds by rubbing the ridges of the dorsal process of the pectoral spine base against the groove of the pectoral girdle. Call duration was generally shorter in M. affinis (2-15 ms) as opposed to those produced by P. gibbiceps (20-200 ms). Mean dominant frequencies were approximately 4000 Hz for M. affinis and 1000 (abduction) and 4500 Hz (adduction) for P. gibbiceps. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the dorsal process of the pectoral spines from the largest and smallest M. affinis, and from a wide range of sizes from P. gibbiceps. Mean distances between dorsal process ridges of M. affinis and P. gibbicepswere approximately 50 and 160 microns, respectively. For P. gibbiceps, dominant frequency was an inverse function of total length and inter-ridge distance.
5

Pharmacological studies on the contribution of the neuropeptide proctolin to the cephalic control of singing behavior in grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus (L.1758) / Pharmakologische Untersuchungen zu der Beteiligung des Neuropeptides Proctolin an der Cephalen Kontrolle der Stridulation bei der Heuschreke Chorthippus biguttulus (L.1758) / Фарамакологично изследване на ролята на невропептида проктолин в мозъчния контрол на стридулацията (пеенето) при скакалеца Chorthippus biguttulus (L.1758)

Vezenkov, Stoyan Raykov 02 November 2004 (has links)
No description available.

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