To properly design the microwave components such as transmission lines, filters, capacitors, inductors, and many others, it is important to know the characteristics of the construction materials at microwave frequencies. One of the most reliable techniques in material characterization at microwave frequencies is the coplaner coupled stripline resonator technique. This technique is an enhancement to the classical stripline resonator technique. In this technique, the measured resonance frequency and quality factor of the resonator are used to determine the complex permitivity. One of the main problems in this technique is the proper modeling of the coupling gaps. In this dissertation we will introduce an accurate model of the coupling gap, which will shows that the capacitive behavior of the gap is not pure capacitive as known before, but it turns into more complex one at higher frequencies depending on the dimensions of the gap primarily. The second main problem is the limitation in the frequency range for accurate measurements. At higher frequencies, the coupling reaches its peak value for a given stripline resulting in excessive loading to the resonator and thus a lowered Q value. In this frequency range, measurement of the dielectric properties looses its accuracy because the lowered Q values which means inaccuracies in determining the resonant frequencies as well as great error in determining the Qc and Qd terms. In this dissertation, attempts to remedy this problem by introducing two different approaches to get an improved design for the coplaner coupled stripline resonator are presented. The first approach to optimize the design of the coplaner coupled stripline resonator is based on optimizing the dimensions of the coplaner coupled stripline resonator three sections (coplaner, transition region, and the center stripline). In the second approach, a reactive stub (via) is introduced in the coupling gap between the coplaner line and the center stripline. The added stub is designed to improve the Q values of the structure resonances. Simulations of different designs of the coplaner coupled stripline resonator using different stub dimensions are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of these designs as well as the solution to their resonance frequency shift problems are discussed as well. / Ph. D.

No description available.

A guided-wave THz System-on-Chip (TSoC) is emerging as an attractive alternative to the routine free-space THz systems to reduce physical bulk, propagation loss, pulse dispersion and cost of free-space THz systems. Recently, our research group succeeded in demonstrating a novel waveguided TSoC based on the coplanar stripline (CPS) transmission lines on a 1 µm-thin Silicon Nitride membrane. The novelty of this membrane-based platform was bonding the transmitter and receiver directly on the transmission line to eliminate the radiation loss by the routine THz optics. Besides, the delicate thin-membrane dramatically reduces the dielectric loss of the platform which results in low-loss and low-dispersion THz-bandwidth pulses. This Ph.D. dissertation presents the first end-to-end TSoC components that were designed and fabricated using the CPS transmission lines on 1 µm-thin Si3N4 membranes. These components are integrated into a TSoC by bending or connecting different impedance CPS transmission-line sections. We demonstrate four passive TSoC components: THz low-pass filter (TLPF), THz power divider (TPD), THz apodized Bragg grating (TABG) and THz branch-line coupler (TBLC). One of the most significant gains from this work is the assurance that more complex TSoCs can be designed and fabricated using this membrane-platform based on the strong agreement between simulation and experimental results. / Graduate / 2021-12-01

<p>Ericsson develops a new stripline directional coupler. Its design is described in appendix B and differs from the directional couplers Ericsson uses in current products. The new directional coupler will be used for transmission power measurement in future UMTS 3G base stations.</p><p>The most important parts of directional coupler theory are presented. It is necessary to study this theory to understand how the coupler works and how it should be designed to get good performance.</p><p>Optimal directional coupler termination component values to get high directivity and broad directivity bandwidth have been investigated.</p><p>The trim screws trim ranges have been studied.</p><p>A simple analysis of serial production performance when termination component tolerances are taken into consideration has been done.</p><p>The resistance components reactive (inductive/capacitive) characteristics at 2.14 GHz have been analyzed.</p><p>The directivity performance limitations of the directional coupler, when Ericsson’s band pass filter is connected, are investigated.</p><p>Design changes leading to better performance are proposed. Some important relations between design choices and performance are explained.</p> / <p>Ericsson utvecklar en ny typ av striplineriktkopplare. Dess utformning beskrivs i appendix B och skiljer sig från de riktkopplare Ericsson använder i nuvarande produkter. Den nya riktkopplaren ska användas för uteffektmätning i framtida UMTS 3G basstationer.</p><p>De viktigaste delarna av riktkopplarteori gås igenom. Det är nödvändigt att studera teorin för att förstå riktkopplarens funktion och för att förstå hur den ska designas för att få bra prestanda.</p><p>Optimala värden på riktkopplartermineringskomponenter har laborerats fram för att få så hög direktivitet och stor direktivitets-bandbredd som möjligt.</p><p>Trimskruvarnas trimområde har kartlagts.</p><p>En enkel analys av serieproduktionsprestanda har gjorts med hänsyn till termineringskomponenternas toleranser.</p><p>Resistanskomponenternas reaktiva (induktiva/kapacitiva) karakteristik vid 2.14 GHz har undersökts.</p><p>Riktkopplarens direktivitetsprestandabegränsningar när Ericssons bandpassfilter är inkopplat utreds.</p><p>Förslag till möjliga förbättringar ges. Vissa viktiga samband mellan designval och prestanda klarläggs.</p>

Ericsson develops a new stripline directional coupler. Its design is described in appendix B and differs from the directional couplers Ericsson uses in current products. The new directional coupler will be used for transmission power measurement in future UMTS 3G base stations. The most important parts of directional coupler theory are presented. It is necessary to study this theory to understand how the coupler works and how it should be designed to get good performance. Optimal directional coupler termination component values to get high directivity and broad directivity bandwidth have been investigated. The trim screws trim ranges have been studied. A simple analysis of serial production performance when termination component tolerances are taken into consideration has been done. The resistance components reactive (inductive/capacitive) characteristics at 2.14 GHz have been analyzed. The directivity performance limitations of the directional coupler, when Ericsson’s band pass filter is connected, are investigated. Design changes leading to better performance are proposed. Some important relations between design choices and performance are explained. / Ericsson utvecklar en ny typ av striplineriktkopplare. Dess utformning beskrivs i appendix B och skiljer sig från de riktkopplare Ericsson använder i nuvarande produkter. Den nya riktkopplaren ska användas för uteffektmätning i framtida UMTS 3G basstationer. De viktigaste delarna av riktkopplarteori gås igenom. Det är nödvändigt att studera teorin för att förstå riktkopplarens funktion och för att förstå hur den ska designas för att få bra prestanda. Optimala värden på riktkopplartermineringskomponenter har laborerats fram för att få så hög direktivitet och stor direktivitets-bandbredd som möjligt. Trimskruvarnas trimområde har kartlagts. En enkel analys av serieproduktionsprestanda har gjorts med hänsyn till termineringskomponenternas toleranser. Resistanskomponenternas reaktiva (induktiva/kapacitiva) karakteristik vid 2.14 GHz har undersökts. Riktkopplarens direktivitetsprestandabegränsningar när Ericssons bandpassfilter är inkopplat utreds. Förslag till möjliga förbättringar ges. Vissa viktiga samband mellan designval och prestanda klarläggs.

Currently two main tracks are considered for integration of photonic circuits. Silicon based integration may be more cost effective; however implementation of some functionalities like laser, is problematic. In contrast InP offers complete solution of photonic integration including laser diodes. Additionally, much higher speeds may be anticipated from InP based integration. As in the case of ordinary integrated circuits, attempts to increase degree (density) lead to undesired coupling-crosstalk between the components. Three types of cross coupling may be clearly distinguished: optical, RF(electric) and thermal. Each of them has its specifics, physical mechanisms and methods of analysis. Modeling RF crosstalk will be in the focus of this project. To drive active components, such as laser and photodiodes, conducting tracks are integrated with photonic components. In multichannel photonic IC chips these tracks become very dense leading to strong parasitic electrical couplings between them. This crosstalk becomes more problematic in high speed photonic IC chips where the frequency of the RF signals (modulation, detection) is in the range up to 10GHz and beyond. Thus modeling of the crosstalk between RF tracks (also between RF and DC) is of prime importance. This is the main task of the project. A further task is analysis of the crosstalk using developed models and considering designs allowing reduced cross coupling.

A novel topology is developed and used to design a switched multiplexer. In the new topology there are two noncontiguous switched multiplexer modules containing the channels 2-4 GHz, 6-8 GHz, 10-12 GHz and 14-16 GHz named as odd channels and 4-6 GHz, 8-10 GHz, 12-14 GHz and 16-18 GHz, named as even channels to improve isolation between adjacent channels. The input signal is split at input into the two multiplexer and the outputs of the multiplexers are combined by 2-18 GHz power dividers. The input and output multiplexers are combined through switch + Low Noise Amplifier + attenuator blocks which are also used for amplitude equalization. The input/output multiplexers are designed using a novel technique that transforms a contiguous manifold multiplexer into non-contiguous multiplexers with 2 GHz bandwidth to form guard bands between channels to improve isolation. The HP outputs of the channels are split by LP-HP diplexers with corner frequencies at the centers of the channels. Then only the LP outputs of these diplexers are fed to the output to form a non-contiguous multiplexers. The HP outputs of LP-HP diplexers are terminated in 50 ohms. The incorporation of LP-HP diplexer to form noncontiguous channels is a novel approach which avoids interaction of channels. The diplexers forming the switched multiplexer are designed using a novel approach which incorporate open circuited parallel coupled line as diplexing element. This structure acts as an integral part of the diplexer and contributes its performance. The LP-HP diplexers are designed and fabricated successfully in suspended stripline. The implemented LP-HP diplexers are then combined to form the even and odd channel multiplexers. The measured results of the individual diplexers are then combined with attenuator+Amplifier blocks to form the circuit model of the targeted switched multiplexer yielding successful performance. Thus, the design is complete and ready for the realization of a switched multiplexer.

As the fifth generation of telecommunications is deployed, and the number of devices transmitting in the microwave bands grows, effective filtering technologies are becoming ever more important. When a filter is designed, some performance trade-offs have to be made, and one of them is the trade-off between filter size and electrical performance. This thesis addresses this tradeoff by proposing two fourth order all-pole Chebyshev filters in the Ku band realised in suspended integrated stripline technology, which combine a small physical footprint with high unloaded Q-values. These characteristics make it possible to create more compact systems, or increase the filtering capability in systems where the existing filter size is the limiting factor. The first filter was designed with the goal of maximum compactness, with the resonators made up of metallic strips on both sides of the microwave substrate, with intra-resonator capacitive coupling between the strip, and inter-resonator capacitive coupling mainly between adjacent resonators. The second filter was made slightly larger but with improved electrical performance, with the main difference being a via shorting the resonator strips together, largely confining the electric field to the suspended integrated stripline’s air cavity. The comparison between these filters allows a potential systems engineer to make an informed decision on how compact a filter could be while still providing good enough performance. Both filters had a return loss less than 20 dB in the entire passband, the first filter had an insertion loss ranging from -2.15 dB to -1.6 dB, and the second filter had an insertion loss ranging from -2 dB to -1.1 dB. / I takt med att den femte generationen av telekommunikationsteknologi utvecklas och lanseras så finner sig kommunikationssystem i en allt mer brusig signalmiljö. Fler och fler system kommer att behöva dela på det tillgängliga elektromagnetiska spektrat, och därmed behövs allt mer effektiv teknologi för att filtrera signalerna, både på mottagar- och sändarsidan. Trådlös kommunikation sker med hjälp av elektromagnetisk strålning inom radiospektrat, och dessa signaler kräver speciella mikrovågskomponenter för förstärkning och filtrering. Mikrovågsfilter konstrueras ofta som stora och materialkrävande kavitetsfilter i metall, eftersom denna typ av filter har lägst förluster av de vanligt förekommande filtertyperna. Den stora materialåtgången är en uppenbar nackdel ur en hållbarhetssynpunkt, och storleken på filtret kan i vissa kompakta tillämpningar utgöra en begränsning av ett systems filtreringsförmåga. Detta examensarbete presenterar därmed två nya filter för Ku-bandet i integrerad hängande-substrat-stripline-teknologi, vars konstruktion kombinerar ett kompakt format med relativt låga energiförluster. Dessa filter utgör ett alternativ för framtida system som både kan tillåta miniatyrisering av system där filtrena är den begränsande faktorn storleksmässigt, såväl som att möjliggöra ökad filteringskapabilitet för redan kompakta system. Det första filtret, vars mål var maximal kompakthet hade förluster mellan -2.15 dB och -1.6 dB i passbandet, medan det andra filtret hade något större dimensioner och hade förluster mellan -2 dB och -1.1 dB. Då filtrena konstruerades i form av diskreta komponenter med koaxialdon, så är de angivna förlusterna till viss del orsakade av donen och dess omgivande struktur i filtrena. Förlusterna kan alltså vidare minimeras om filtrena i stället konstrueras som en del av ett integrerat system, direkt anslutna till en eller flera angränsande komponenter.

New mobile communication generations need electromagnetic sensors capable of steering their high-directive beams towards the users. Conventional base stations use square lattice phased arrays to accomplish this task. These arrays are composed of a large number of radiating elements to achieve the required high directivity and scanning capabilities. These systems are of high complexity and cost because after each element there is a large electronic chain. Therefore, it is of high interest to reduce the element count in the aperture of the array while maintaining its performance. Instead of using a square lattice to place the radiating elements, a triangular lattice can be used. It is proven that a triangular lattice optimally samples the aperture and reduces the element count by up to a 15.5%, hence reducing the cost and complexity of the complete antenna system. However, dual-polarized Vivaldi elements do not conform naturally to this kind of lattice and, consequently, they have not been thoroughly studied in the literature despite this well-known advantage. In this work, a novel dual-polarized fully-metallic Vivaldi element is presented. Also, the feeding network for this element is designed in the form of a suspended stripline. This technology presents low loss in comparison with a conventional stripline or microstrip. The radiating elements can be manufactured in a single piece, and they are easily integrated with the stripline feeding by just placing one on top of the other. An infinite array analysis, i.e. unit cell analysis, was performed to show the correct performance of the triangular lattice array and the proposed dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna design. A good matching was achieved over the entire band from 6 to 15 GHz for all the scanning planes and up to 60◦ scanning angle. The active element patterns show the good behaviour of the array, i.e. the absence of scan blindness and grating lobes. Finally, the unit cell analysis is compared to a finite 11×11 array for verification. / Nya generationer av mobilkommunikation behöver elektromagnetiska sensorer som kan styra sin högriktade signalenergi mot användarna. Konventionella basstationer använder kvadratiska gitterfasuppsättningar. Dessa arrayer är sammansatta av ett stort antal strålningselement för att uppnå den erforderliga höga riktningsförmågan och avsökningskapaciteten. Dessa system är av hög komplexitet och kostnad eftersom det efter varje element finns en lång elektronisk kedja. Därför är det av stort intresse att minska antalet element i arrayens apertur samtidigt som dess prestanda bibehålls. Istället för att använda ett kvadratiskt gitter för att placera de strålande elementen, kan ett triangulärt gitter användas. Det är bevisat att ett triangulärt gitter optimalt samplar aperturen och minskar elementantalet med upp till 15.5%, vilket minskar kostnaden och komplexiteten för hela antennsystemet. Dubbelpolariserade Vivaldi-element överensstämmer dock inte naturligt med denna typ av triangulära symmetri och följaktligen har de inte studerats grundligt i litteraturen trots denna välkända fördel. I detta arbete presenteras ett nytt dubbelpolariserat fullt metalliskt Vivaldi-element. Matningsnätverket för detta element är också utformat i form av en upphängd stripline. Denna metod ger låga förluster i jämförelse med en konventionell stripline eller mikrostrip. En oändlig array-analys, d.v.s. enhetscell, utfördes för att visa den korrekta prestandan för den triangulära gittermatrisen. En bra matchning uppnåddes över hela bandet från 6 till 15 GHz för alla skanningsplan och upp till 60° utstyrningsvinkel. Aktiva elementstrålnings diagrammet visar konfigurationens lovande egenskaper, d.v.s. ingen skanningsblindhet eller gallerlober. Slutligen jämförs enhetscellanalysen med en ändlig 11x11 array för verifiering.

This report is introduced with a presentation of fundamental electromagnetic theories, which have helped a lot in the achievement of methods for calculation and design of microstrip transmission lines and circulators. The used software for the work is also based on these theories. General considerations when designing microstrip solutions, such as different types of transmission lines and circulators, are then presented. Especially the design steps for microstrip lines, which have been used in this project, are described. Discontinuities, like bends of microstrip lines, are treated and simulated. There are also sections about power handling capability of microstrip transmission lines and different substrate materials. In the result part there are computed and simulated dimensions of the microstrip transmission lines used in the prototype system. Simulations of conceivable loads in the cavity illustrate quantitatively the reflection coefficient. Even practical measurements are made in a network analyzer and are presentedin this part. Suitable materials and dimensions for the final microwave feed transmission line system for high powers are then presented. Since circulators are included in the system a basic introduction to the design of these in stripline and microstrip techniques is also made. At last conclusions, examinations of the designed system and comparisons to the today’s systems are made.