[EN] The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is an electron-positron collider conceived for the study of High-Energy Physics in the TeV center of mass energy region, is based on a two-beam operation principle: instead of using active elements (klystrons), the necessary RF power to accelerate the Main Beam (MB) is obtained from the deceleration of a high-current, moderate energy Drive Beam (DB) in the so-called Power Extraction and Transfer Structures (PETS). These structures emit an RF signal of about 130 MW power at 12 GHz. As this frequency is above the cut-o ff frequency of the fundamental mode for the specified beam pipe dimensions (7.6 GHz), the inference propagates from the PETS to the neighboring devices, including the Beam Position Monitors (BPM). According to the CLIC Conceptual Design Report (CDR), an ef ficient beam position monitoring system for the CLIC DB decelerator needs to meet the following requirements: - It should be as simple and economic as possible, as 41580 units are required, amounting to 75% of all CLIC BPMs. - The signal processing scheme should not be a ffected by the PETS interference. This rules out processing the signals at the beam bunching frequency (12 GHz). - The resulting position signal should detect changes in the beam position whose duration is 10 ns or longer. - The required spatial resolution is 2 um for a 23 mm diameter vacuum pipe. - Wide dynamic range: the electronic acquisition system must be able to process signals with extreme levels, induced by either very high (100 A) or very low (3 A) current beams. This PhD thesis describes the electromagnetic and mechanical design of the first prototype BPM developed for the CLIC Drive Beam and its characterization tests in laboratory and with beam. The first two chapters introduce the CLIC project and review the state-of-the-art beam position monitoring techniques. Chapter 3 presents the design of the BPM. The stripline technology has been selected, as it is the only one among the most commonly used BPM techniques to present a suitable frequency response to filter out the RF interference caused by the PETS. Choosing an appropriate length for the electrodes, it is possible to tune one the periodic notches in the stripline frequency response to 12 GHz. The influence of di erent electromagnetic and geometrical aspects is also studied, such as beam coupling impedance or the ratio between longitudinal and transverse dimensions. The design of the electronic acquisition system is presented in Chapter 4, considering the project requirements in terms of resolution (2 u m), accuracy (20 um) and time resolution (10 ns). Due to the high amount of units required, the number of electronics components has been minimized. As the designed signal processing scheme is based on charge integration, it can be adapted to di erent stripline pick-ups by simply modifying the attenuator settings according to the required output signal levels. The laboratory characterization tests of the prototype stripline BPM, in the low and the high frequency ranges, performed with a thin wire and a coaxial waveguide, respectively, are described in Chapter 5. The measurement results are compared with the theoretical estimation and the electromagnetic field simulations. In addition, the high-frequency test reveals that the first prototype stripline BPM does not provide su cient suppression of the 12 GHz PETS RF interference. An additional study proposed several modifications and guidelines for a second prototype stripline BPM. Finally, Chapter 6 presents the beam tests of the prototype stripline BPM at the CLIC Test Facility 3 (CTF3) in the Test Beam Line (TBL), a scaled version of the CLIC Drive Beam decelerator. Two types of tests were performed: linearity/sensivity and resolution. These results are compared to the ones in the laboratory characterization tests. An upper bound of the resolution is estimated performing a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis. / [ES] El Colisionador Lineal Compacto (Compact Linear Collider, CLIC), un colisionador de electrones y positrones concebido en el CERN para el estudio de la Física de Altas Energías en la región de los TeV, se basa en un principio de funcionamiento de doble haz: en lugar de emplear elementos activos (klystrons) para proporcionar la potencia RF requerida para acelerar el haz principal (Main Beam, MB), ésta se obtiene de la deceleración de un haz secundario (Drive Beam, DB), de alta corriente y energía moderada, en las llamadas estructuras de extracción y transferencia de potencia (Power Extraction and Transfer Structures, PETS). Estas estructuras emiten una señal interferente RF de más de 130 MW de potencia a 12 GHz, que, por estar localizada en una frecuencia superior a la de corte del modo fundamental en el tubo de vacío del haz (7.6 GHz), se propaga por éste hacia los dispositivos adyacentes, entre los cuales se encuentran los sistemas de monitorización de la posición (Beam Position Monitor, BPM). De acuerdo con el informe conceptual de diseño de CLIC (Conceptual Design Report, CDR) , un sistema eficiente de monitorización de la posición del haz en el decelerador del haz secundario deberá cumplir los siguientes requisitos: - Debe ser lo más sencillo y económico posible, ya que se precisan 41580 unidades: el 75% de todos los BPMs de CLIC. - El procesado de señal en el sistema de adquisición deberá ser inmune a la interferencia generada en las PETS. Esto excluye la solución habitual de procesar las señales del BPM a la frecuencia de pulsado del haz (12 GHz). - La señal de posición resultante del procesado debe ser capaz de detectar cambios en la posición del haz de duración igual o mayor a 10 ns (resolución temporal). - La resolución espacial requerida es de 2 um para un tubo de vacío de 23 mm de diámetro, con una calibración precisa. - Amplio rango dinámico: el sistema electrónico de adquisición del BPM debe poder resistir los altos valores de señal provocados por los casos de desviación extrema del haz nominal (se contempla una desviación máxima de la mitad del radio del tubo), así como detectar las señales inducidas por las configuraciones de haz con menor carga de todas las previstas, cuyos niveles serán muy débiles. / [CA] El Col·lisionador Lineal Compacte (Compact Linear Collider, CLIC), un col·lisionador d'electrons i positrons concebut per l'estudi de la Física d'Altes Energies a la regió dels TeV (energía del centre de massa), es basa en un principi de funcionament de doble feix:en lloc de fer servir elements actius (klystrons) per proporcionar la potència RF requerida per accelerar el feix principal (Main Beam, MB), aquesta s'obtè de la desacceleració d'un feix secundari (Drive Beam, DB), d'alt corrent i energia moderada, a les anomenades estructures d'extracció i transferència de potència (Power Extraction and Transfer Structures, PETS). Aquestes estructures emeten una senyal interferent RF de més de 130 MW de potència a 12 GHz, que, pel fet d'estar localitzada a una freqüència superior a la de tall del mode fonamental al tub de buit del feix (7.6 GHz), es propaga a través d'aquest fins els dispositius adjacents, entre els quals trobem els sistemes de monitorització de la posició (Beam Position Monitor, BPM). D'acord amb l'informe conceptual de disseny de CLIC (Conceptual Design Report, CDR), un sistema eficient de monitorització de la posició del feix al desaccelerador del feix secundari haurà de complir els següents requisits: ¿ - Ha de ser el més senzill i econòmic possible, ja que es necessiten 41580 unitats: el 75% de tots els BPMs de CLIC. ¿ - El processat de la senyal al sistema d'adquisició haurà de ser inmune a la interferència generada als PETS. Això exclou la solució habitual de processar les senyals del BPM a la freqüència de pulsacions del feix (12 GHz). ¿- La senyal de posició resultant del processat ha de ser capaç de detectar canvis a la posició del feix de durada igual o més gran que 10 ns (resolució temporal). ¿- La resolució espaial necessària és de 2 um per a un tub de buit de 23 mm de diàmetre. ¿- Ampli rang dinàmic: el sistema electrònic d'adquisició del BPM ha de poder processar senyals amb nivells extrems, induïdes per feixos de molt alt (100 A) i molt baix (3 A) corrent. / Benot Morell, A. (2016). Beam position monitoring in the clic drive beam decelerator using stripline technology [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64067

La technologie MID (Molded Interconnect Device), fait de leur performance électrique, la flexibilitédans les circuits RF, le potentiel de réduire le nombre de composants, les étapes du processus et laminiaturisation du produit final, a conduit à de nouvelles contraintes à la RF (Radio Frequency) et ledomaine des micro-ondes. Composants moulés sont interconnectées avec des substratsthermoplastiques et les pistes conductrices sont injectés sur la surface. L'objectif de cette thèse estd'étudier la compatibilité de MID pour les applications RF. Les avantages de la technologie MID dansle domaine RF est exploitée pour les lignes de transmission, filtres passifs, coupleurs directionnels etantennes réalisation. La caractérisation RF de différents matériaux de substrat MID et l'étude de laperformance des composants RF ci-dessus sur la base de différentes technologies de fabrication MIDsont inclus dans la thèse. Enfin, le concept d'une étude d'amélioration de la permittivité de certainsthermoplastiques sont également étudiés. / MID (Molded Interconnect Devices) technology, owing to their electrical performance,flexibility in RF circuits, its potential to reduce the number of components, process steps andminiaturization of the final product, has led to some new constraints to the RF (RadioFrequency) and microwave domain. Molded components are interconnected withthermoplastic substrates and conductive traces are injected on the surface. The objective ofthis thesis is to study the compatibility of MIDs for RF applications. The advantages of MIDtechnology in the RF domain is exploited for transmission lines, passive filters, directionalcouplers and planar and 3D antennas realization. The RF characterization of various MIDsubstrate materials and the study of the performance of the above RF components based onvarious MID fabrication technologies are included in the thesis. Finally, an permittivityimprovement study of some thermoplastics are also studied.

La technologie MID (Molded Interconnect Device), fait de leur performance électrique, la flexibilitédans les circuits RF, le potentiel de réduire le nombre de composants, les étapes du processus et laminiaturisation du produit final, a conduit à de nouvelles contraintes à la RF (Radio Frequency) et ledomaine des micro-ondes. Composants moulés sont interconnectées avec des substratsthermoplastiques et les pistes conductrices sont injectés sur la surface. L'objectif de cette thèse estd'étudier la compatibilité de MID pour les applications RF. Les avantages de la technologie MID dansle domaine RF est exploitée pour les lignes de transmission, filtres passifs, coupleurs directionnels etantennes réalisation. La caractérisation RF de différents matériaux de substrat MID et l'étude de laperformance des composants RF ci-dessus sur la base de différentes technologies de fabrication MIDsont inclus dans la thèse. Enfin, le concept d'une étude d'amélioration de la permittivité de certainsthermoplastiques sont également étudiés. / MID (Molded Interconnect Devices) technology, owing to their electrical performance,flexibility in RF circuits, its potential to reduce the number of components, process steps andminiaturization of the final product, has led to some new constraints to the RF (RadioFrequency) and microwave domain. Molded components are interconnected withthermoplastic substrates and conductive traces are injected on the surface. The objective ofthis thesis is to study the compatibility of MIDs for RF applications. The advantages of MIDtechnology in the RF domain is exploited for transmission lines, passive filters, directionalcouplers and planar and 3D antennas realization. The RF characterization of various MIDsubstrate materials and the study of the performance of the above RF components based onvarious MID fabrication technologies are included in the thesis. Finally, an permittivityimprovement study of some thermoplastics are also studied.

Massive multiple input multiple output - MIMO systems are a reality and modern communication systems rely upon this technology to cope with the increasing need for capacity and network usage. Antenna arrays are at the heart of the of the massive-MIMO system and are the enabling technology. The defining cost of such a system is the number of transmit receive ports TRx as they dictate the number of control points and the associated digital control computational capacity. Typically users are spread along the azimuth and there is limited angular user spread along elevation. This enables us to group the elements in elevation which of course limits the elevation scanning performance. The element grouping result in grating lobes when we do elevation scanning. In the newly introduced frequency range 3 - FR3 in the envisioned 6G communication systems that is from 6-20 GHz it will not be allowed to transmit power above the horizon and the resulting grating lobes from the standard grouping should be mitigated. This project is structured into two parts. In the first part a grating lobe mitigation technique based on irregular subarray grouping utilizing the wellknown Penrose irregular tessellation is developed. This tessellation is based into two geometrical shapes where when put together they can fully tile the space aperiodically. Introducing this apperiodicity the grating or quantization lobes of the array are mitigated. In addition, in the first part a beam forming algorithm is developed based on particle swarm optimization that is able to produce the optimal weights for the array steering as well as optimize some of the embedded patterns of the irregular grouping. The last optimization step of the irregular subarray patterns is utilized only when the grouping results in a narrow pattern in azimuth and as a result we have static single port beamforming networks. This of course is a trade off between the broadside gain and the azimuth steerability of the array. In the second part of this thesis two low loss band pass filters have been developed with a PCB integrated suspended stripline techology. The filters were optimised for the frequencies within FR3. The resulted filtering structures can further be integrated at the input port of the proposed feeding network with the same technology. The two parts of this thesis target to introduce on one hand a antenna array architecture with subarray groupings that produce no grating lobes and on the other hand the proposed filtering structures have small enough dimensions to fit within the subarray footprint. / Dagens moderna kommunikationssystem använder sig av Massive multiple input multiple output (m-MIMO) för att kunna möta det allt större kraven på kapacitet och nätverksanvändning. Gruppantenner är den mest fundamentala delen av massive-MIMO system och möjliggör dess funktion. För ett sådant system (m-MIMO-system), så kommer den största kostnaden från antalet sändare/mottagare (TRx) -portar som används. Antalet portar i ett massiveMIMO system bestämmer vilken kapacitet systemet har till hands när det gäller lobformning. Vanligtvis är användare utspridda i det horisontella planet, samtidigt som de är begränsade i sin spridning i höjdled. Detta möjliggör användandet av en gruppantenn som grupperar sina antennelement i höjdled, vilket såklart begränsar gruppantennens lobformning i höjdled. Grupperandet av antennelement skapar sidlober när gruppantennen lobformar i höjdled. I det nya frekvensbandet, 3 - FR3 i det föreställda 6G kommunikationssystemet som opererar mellan 6-20 GHz, så kommer det inte att vara tillåtet att sända ut effekt över horisonten, samtidigt som de sidlober som kommer från standardgruppering måste begränsas. Detta projekt är strukturerat i två delar. I första delen så presenteras ett sätt att lindra sidlober, som baseras på irreguljära gruppantenner via Penrose tessellation. Denna tessellation är indelad i två geometriska former sådan att när vi sätter ihop dem så kan de framgångsrikt täcka vår geometri icke-periodvist. Genom att introducera denna icke-periodicitet så kan sidloberna från gruppanetnnen lindras. Utöver detta så är också så är en lobformningsalgoritm skapad som baseras på particle swarm optimization (PSO), som kan skapa de optimala vikterna för lobformning och lobstyrning. Det sista optimiseringssteget av de irreguljära gruppantennmönstret används bara när gruppering av antennelement resulterar i ett snävt mönster i azimut-riktning. Därför använder vi ett statiskt enportsmatningsnätverk. Detta är såklart en vägning mellan bredsideförstärkning och förmågan att kunna lobforma i det horisontella planet. I den andra delen så har två låg förlust bandpassfilter utvecklats med en PCB-integrerad suspended sripline teknik. Filtrerna optimerades för frekvenser inom FR3. De resulterande filterstrukturerna kan integreras längs input-porten av det föreslagna matningsnätverket som använder sig av den samma teknik. De två delarna i denna uppsats presenterar dels en gruppantenn med irreguljär antennelementsindelning som lindrar sidlober, samt dels filterstrukturer som kan användas tillsammans med gruppantennen.

The Archimedean spiral antenna is well-known for its broadband characteristics with circular polarization and has been investigated for several decades. Since their development in the late 1950's, establishing an analytical expression for the characteristics of spiral antenna has remained somewhat elusive. This has been studied qualitatively and evaluated using numerical and experimental techniques with some success, but many of these methods are not convenient in the design process since they do not impart any physical insight into the effect each design parameter has on the overall operation of the spiral antenna. This work examines the operation of spiral antennas and obtains a closed-form analytical solution by conformal mapping and transmission line model with high precision in a wide frequency band. Based on the analysis of spiral antenna, we propose two novel design processes for the stripline-fed Archimedean spiral antenna. This includes a stripline feed network integrated into one of the spiral arms and a broadband tapered impedance transformer that is conformal to the spiral topology for impedance matching the nominally-high input impedance of the spiral. A Dyson-style balun located at the center facilitates the transition between guided stripline and radiating spiral modes. Measured and simulated results for a probe-fed design operating from 2 GHz to over 20 GHz are in excellent agreements to illustrate the synthesis and performance of a demonstration antenna. The research in this work also provides the possibility to achieve conformal integration and planar structural multi-functionality for an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) with band coverage across HF, UHF, and VHF. The proposed conformal mapping analysis can also be applied on periodic coplanar waveguides for integrated circuit applications.

The thesis is focused on the design of a measuring antenna for 1 – 6 GHz band. It deals with the types of log periodic antennas with the the detailed elaboration of log periodic dipole antennas (LPDA). One can find the description of their functions, maximum features and the possibilities to use the asymmetrical feeder. Also there is the procedure of LPDA design and the realization of the design itself including simulation in 4NEC2 programme. In the next part there is a planar LPDA realization with the microstrip-to-balanced stripline balun symmetrization. This design was simulated and tested within the frames of Zeland IE3D programme. The last part contains the measuring results of S parametres as well as beam characteristics of the planar version of LPDA.

This thesis investigates into possibilities of a design of a workplace for device endurance experiments against strong high-frequency electromagnetic field. It deals with testing methods, describes advantages and disadvantages of such methods. It investigates possibiities of testing devices, possible magnitudes of fieldstrenght. One can find in the thesis a review of a way of testing using a high-intensity electromagnetic field. A concept of a construction of a stripline including a practical example is a part of the thesis.

Ces travaux de thèse concernent le développement de combineur de puissance faibles pertes et compact selon une architecture planaire pour des applications amplificateur de forte puissance à état solide en bande X. La conception du combineur de puissance s’appuie sur l’étude de structures multicouches faibles pertes et compactes en triplaque à air suspendu. Une étude électromagnétique et thermique est proposée pour déterminer les performances de ces structures de transmission dans la bande X. Un système de refroidissement est également mis en place pour permettre aux structures de transmission de tenir des puissances moyenne de l’ordre de 50 W. La réalisation et la caractérisation de ces structures triplaques à air ont permis de démontrer les caractéristiques de faibles pertes et de compacité de ces circuits imprimés. Cette technologie triplaque à air suspendue est alors compatible pour des applications de forte puissance comme les émetteurs à état solide. / This PhD thesis deals with planar architecture design development of low loss and compact power combiner for solid-state high power amplification in X-band. The design is based on the study of innovative multilayer air dielectric stripline transmission structures. A reliable printed circuit process allows to obtain low loss, compact and replicable stripline structures. Electromagnetic FEM and thermal studies are proposed to evaluate transmission structures performances in X-band. Two compact and scalable structures were developed and may be integrated into complex multilayer systems. Finally a cooling system with periodic ceramic contacts is developed to improve the power handling capability of these stripline structures up to 50 W. The study, development and benchmark of these stripline structures demonstrated their compactness and low loss behaviour. Ultimately, these attributes make them excellent candidates for high power solid-state emitters.

This diploma thesis deal with the design of log-periodic antenna. The log-periodic antenna is self-complementary and broadband antenna. Antenna self-complementary structures are described only by angles. Input impedance of log-periodic antenna is equal to theoretical impedance ohms. The input impedance and radiation patterns of broadband antenna structures are independent of frequency over theoretically unlimited bandwidths. The log-periodic antennas provide linearly polarized radiation pattern. In this thesis is designed antenna for bandwidths 1 to 5GHz. In this diploma thesis is introduced design balanced unit, this is compound broadband balun and broadband impedance transformer. The broadband balun is based on conversion of microstrip line to balanced stripline. The Klopfenstein impedance taper is used for design. For simulation was used software from firma Zeland software IE3D.