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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
591

Modeling the interplay of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in conformational polymorphs.

Karamertzanis, P.G., Day, G.M., Welch, G.W.A., Kendrick, John, Leusen, Frank J.J., Neumann, M.A., Price, S.L. 20 January 2011 (has links)
No / The predicted stability differences of the conformational polymorphs of oxalyl dihydrazide and ortho-acetamidobenzamide are unrealistically large when the modeling of intermolecular energies is solely based on the isolated-molecule charge density, neglecting charge density polarization. Ab initio calculated crystal electron densities showed qualitative differences depending on the spatial arrangement of molecules in the lattice with the greatest variations observed for polymorphs that differ in the extent of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. We show that accounting for induction dramatically alters the calculated stability order of the polymorphs and reduces their predicted stability differences to be in better agreement with experiment. Given the challenges in modeling conformational polymorphs with marked differences in hydrogen bonding geometries, we performed an extensive periodic density functional study with a range of exchange-correlation functionals using both atomic and plane wave basis sets. Although such electronic structure methods model the electrostatic and polarization contributions well, the underestimation of dispersion interactions by current exchange-correlation functionals limits their applicability. The use of an empirical dispersion-corrected density functional method consistently reduces the structural deviations between the experimental and energy minimized crystal structures and achieves plausible stability differences. Thus, we have established which types of models may give worthwhile relative energies for crystal structures and other condensed phases of flexible molecules with intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding capabilities, advancing the possibility of simulation studies on polymorphic pharmaceuticals.
592

Analysis of Inbreeding in a Closed Population of Crossbred Sheep

MacKinnon, Kathryn Michelle 05 September 2003 (has links)
Genetic diversity and the effect of lamb and dam inbreeding on multiple traits were analyzed in an 11-yr closed population of sheep established in 1983 and remained closed after 1987, with 50% Dorset, 25% Rambouillet, and 25% Finnsheep breeding to determine selection response for spring fertility. The population had been randomly divided in 1987 into a fall-lambing selection line (S) of 125 ewes and 10 rams, fall-lambing environmental control line (E) of 55 ewes and 5 rams, and a spring-lambing genetic control line (G) of 45 ewes and 5 rams. Inbreeding effects were estimated from 2678 lambs and 556 dams present after the creation of the respective lines. The traits assessed were ewe spring-fertility, lambing date, lamb birth, 60 d, and 120 d weight, and lamb survival to 1, 3, and 14 d. Genetic diversity was assessed by estimating change in inbreeding per generation (ΔF) and effective number of breeding animals (N<sub>e</sub>), and parameters derived from gene drop simulations and an iterative procedure developed by Boichard et al. (1997); effective number of founders (f<sub>e</sub>), effective number of ancestors (f<sub>a</sub>), founder genome equivalents (f<sub>g</sub>), and two additional measures of genetic diversity (GD₁, GD2). In order to estimate the diversity available in S and G, three sets of animals from the end of the study and one set of animals at line formation were considered in each line: all lambs born (including dead lambs), all matings (including potential offspring, even if a lamb was not born), and all rams and ewes available at the end of the study and at line formation. At the time of line formation, most of the loss in diversity was due to unequal founder representation. The smaller population of G, as compared to S, caused a greater decrease in diversity due to bottlenecks at line formation. Very little diversity was lost due to additional drift by the time of line formation because selection had not occurred and a random mixing of founders was the goal. Allelic diversity decreased moderately; of the 322 founder alleles, there were 71% in S and 58% in G of rams and ewes (RE) that appeared in at least 50 runs of gene drop. By the end of the study in 1998, the amount of allelic diversity had decreased substantially. Of the alleles possible in RE at the end of the study in S and G, only 6 and 8 %, respectively, appeared in greater than 50 simulations of gene drop. The measures of f<sub>e</sub>, f<sub>a</sub>, and f<sub>g</sub> revealed there was not much additional loss in diversity from the line founders to the end of the study due to unequal founder representation, but there was a larger amount of loss due to bottlenecks and additional drift. The diversity loss was similar, which was the goal of the selection study, when values for RE were compared in S and G. The effects of lamb and dam inbreeding were estimated from REML analysis. Effects of lamb or dam inbreeding were negative but not significant for lambing date or survival to 1, 3, or 14 d. Spring fertility was estimated to decrease by 0.70 ± 0.30 %/% inbreeding of the ewe (P < 0.01), which seems even greater since the average spring fertility was only 47.5 %. Effects of lamb inbreeding on birth, 60-d, and 120-d weights were -0.012 ± 0.006 (P < 0.05), -0.045 ± 0.020 (P < 0.05), and -0.130 ± 0.034 kg/% (P < 0.01), respectively. Dam inbreeding had smaller effects on birth, 60-d, and 120-d weights of -0.008 ± 0.010 (ns), -.033 ± 0.034 (ns), and -0.087 ± 0.056 (P < 0.1) kg/%, respectively. / Master of Science
593

Museum of Skin Instruments

Al-Masri, Antoun Salim 31 October 2005 (has links)
Skin is a very broad topic that allows discovering and exploring all the possibilities of what skin can be. Furthermore, skin is much known for its flexibility that can shape and wrap almost every object we can think of. At the beginning of my thesis research about skin, I thought I knew enough about it to start, but I discovered later on that skin is not a surface. Moreover, I directed myself into exploring more and more about skin and its characteristics. I built many models to help me understand some of the natural identity of skin and related materials. Those models became a concept for my project - a museum of skin instruments - in Alexandria, Virginia where I implied the mechanism of different skin instruments in each building. Exploration and experiments were the key to develop my design process. / Master of Architecture
594

Studies on the Structure of Lycopodine

Harrison, William Ashley 04 1900 (has links)
The ring opened in the formation of α-cyanobromolycopodine has been found to be six-membered or larger. The product of hydrogenation of β-cyanobromolycopodine in alkaline medium has been shown to be the cyclized compound, C17H24ON2, not β-cyanolycopodine, C17H26ON2, as thought previously. A study was made of the β-cyclized compound but it could not be ascertained whether it has a ketone or an enol-ether structure. The possibility of a β-piperidone structure for lycopodine is discussed / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)
595

Impact des pratiques agricoles intensives sur la structure du sol : paramètres physiques et biologiques

Xu, Yan 27 January 2024 (has links)
Les pratiques agricoles intensives produisent un compactage du sol qui influence la plupart des propriétés et des processus physiques, chimiques et biologiques du sol qui favorisent l'agrégation. Les microorganismes du sol jouent un rôle majeurs dans la structure physique du sol. Ce travail visait à (1) construire des modèles de prédiction des indices de compactage du sol, (2) mesurer l'impact des pratiques de travail du sol sur l’agrégation, (3) construire des modèles de prédiction des indices d’agrégation, et (4) mesurer la réponse de la diversité bactérienne du sol à l'agrégation et au compactage. L'ensemble de données comprend la teneur en eau gravimétrique, la masse volumique apparente, la distribution des particules, la répartition granulométrique, la masse volumique maximale, la teneur critique en eau, le carbone organique total, l'azote total, les concentrations de Si, Fe, Al, Mn, Mg et Ca dans des échantillons du sol prélevés sur 49 sites au Québec en 2014 pour élaborer les modèles de compactage et d’agrégation. Les données de 94 essais comparant les systèmes de labour conventionnel et de semis direct provenaient de 20 articles. Des échantillons de sol prélevés sur 16 fermes au Québec en 2014 ont été analysés pour diverses mesures de la diversité bactérienne et reliées au compactage et à l’agrégation. Les interactions entre les composantes impliquées dans la structure du sol ont été prises en compte dans l'analyse des données compositionnelles. Les indices de compactage du sol ont été prédits à partir de la teneur en eau du sol, de la matière organique, des particules minérales du sol et des agents de cimentation minéraux. Les résultats ont démontré que les agents de cimentation minéraux étaient les principaux contributeurs aux indices de compactage du sol. Les oxydes de Si, Al, Fe et Ca ont fait augmenter la masse volumétrique apparente, le degré de compacité et la teneur en eau critique, mais ont réduit la densité apparente maximale. La méta-analyse a démontré les avantages de la culture sous semis direct par rapport aux pratiques conventionnelles dans la couche superficielle de 0 à 5 cm, qui augmentaient 10 à 16 ans après la mise en œuvre du semis direct. L'effet du semis direct était plus important dans les sols dont le pH était supérieur à 7 et avec des cultures annuelles continues. Les sols dont les agrégats montraient une perturbation maximale inférieure à 1,27 par rapport à la déstructuration bénéficiaient davantage du semis direct. L’analyse de redondance a montré que la macro-agrégation était étroitement liée aux agents de cimentation minéraux, et légèrement liée à l'argile et à la matière organique. Le limon et le sable fin étaient positivement reliés aux micro-agrégats. Nous avons construit des modèles reliant les agents de cimentation à la distance d’Aitchison et au log-ratios isométriques, qui pourraient servir d’indices pour la stabilité des agrégats. L’agrégation des sols dans les deux couches supérieures de sol dépendait de la matière organique et des ciments minéraux. L'agrégation du sol dans la couche inférieure a été stabilisée principalement par les particules de sol et les ciments minéraux. La richesse bactérienne était liée positivement aux micro-agrégats. L'indice de diversité phylogénétique présentait une corrélation positive avec les fractions 1-0,5 mm et 2-1 mm. En plus de la richesse et de la diversité bactériennes, la structure de la communauté bactérienne a été significativement affectée par le compactage du sol. Il y avait une richesse plus importante et une diversité bactériennes plus abondante dans les sites très compactés / Intensive agricultural practices cause soil compaction which influences most soil physical, chemical and biological properties and processes promoting soil aggregation. Soil microorganisms play a decisive role in soil structure. This work aims to (1) build models to predict soil compaction indices, (2) study the impact of tillage practices on soil aggregate, (3) build models to predict soil aggregation indices, and (4) analyze the response of soil bacterial diversity to aggregation and compaction. Gravimetric water content, bulk density, particle-size distribution, aggregate-size distribution, maximum bulk density, critical water content, organic carbon, total nitrogen, Si, Fe, Al, Mn, Mg and Ca analyzed from soil samples collected on 49 farm sites in Quebec in 2014 were used to elaborate compaction and aggregation models. The dataset on the impact of tillage practices on soil aggregate consisted of 94 paired conventional tillage and no-till experiments retrieved from 20 peer-reviewed papers. The dataset for the last objective includes bacterial diversity variables, soil compaction degree and aggregate size distribution analyzed in soil samples taken from 16 farm sites in Quebec in 2014. The interactions among soil components involved in soil structure were accounted for using compositional data analysis. Compaction indices were predicted from soil water content, organic matter, soil mineral particles and mineral cementing agents. Mineral cementing agents were shown to be the major contributors to soil compaction. The Si, Al, Fe and Ca oxides increased bulk density, degree of compactness and critical water content, but reduced maximum bulk density. Meta-analysis showed that the benefit of no-till over conventional practices predominated in the surface 0-5 cm layer and increased up to 10-16 years after implementing no-tillage. The effect size of no-till was larger in soils of pH > 7 and under continuous annual cropping systems. The soil group highly responsive to no-till (soil aggregation value from maximum disruption structure below 1.27) largely benefited from no-till in the long run. Redundancy analyze indicated that macro-aggregation was closely related to mineral cementing agents and slightly related to clay and organic matter contents. Silt and fine sand were strongly and positively related to micro-aggregates. We built models relating cementing agents to the Aitchison distance and isometric log-ratio which could be used as indices of aggregate stability. Soil aggregation in the upper two layers depended on organic matter and mineral cementing agents. Soil aggregation in the lower layer was stabilized mainly by soil particles and polyvalent cations. Bacterial species richness was positively related to micro-aggregation. The phylogenetic diversity index showed a positive correlation with the 1-0.5 mm and 2-1 mm fractions. Not only bacterial richness and diversity but also bacterial community structure was significantly affected by soil compaction. Larger bacterial richness and diversity were found in soils showing the highest degree of compaction.
596

The definition, function and operationalization of structure in five types of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic interviews

Beck, Stephen Matthew January 2006 (has links)
Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
597

A new paradigm for the folding of ribonucleic acids

Parisien, Marc 10 1900 (has links)
De récentes découvertes montrent le rôle important que joue l’acide ribonucléique (ARN) au sein des cellules, que ce soit le contrôle de l’expression génétique, la régulation de plusieurs processus homéostasiques, en plus de la transcription et la traduction de l’acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN) en protéine. Si l’on veut comprendre comment la cellule fonctionne, nous devons d’abords comprendre ses composantes et comment ils interagissent, et en particulier chez l’ARN. La fonction d’une molécule est tributaire de sa structure tridimensionnelle (3D). Or, déterminer expérimentalement la structure 3D d’un ARN s’avère fort coûteux. Les méthodes courantes de prédiction par ordinateur de la structure d’un ARN ne tiennent compte que des appariements classiques ou canoniques, similaires à ceux de la fameuse structure en double-hélice de l’ADN. Ici, nous avons amélioré la prédiction de structures d’ARN en tenant compte de tous les types possibles d’appariements, dont ceux dits non-canoniques. Cela est rendu possible dans le contexte d’un nouveau paradigme pour le repliement des ARN, basé sur les motifs cycliques de nucléotides ; des blocs de bases pour la construction des ARN. De plus, nous avons dévelopées de nouvelles métriques pour quantifier la précision des méthodes de prédiction des structures 3D des ARN, vue l’introduction récente de plusieurs de ces méthodes. Enfin, nous avons évalué le pouvoir prédictif des nouvelles techniques de sondage de basse résolution des structures d’ARN. / Recent findings show the important role of ribonucleic acid (RNA) within the cell, be it the control of gene expression, the regulation of several homeostatic processes, in addition to the transcription and translation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into protein. If we wish to understand how the cell works, we first need to understand its components and how they interact, and in particular for RNA. The function of a molecule is tributary of its three-dimensional (3D) structure. However, experimental determination of RNA 3D structures imparts great costs. Current methods for RNA structure prediction by computers only take into account the classical or canonical base pairs, similar to those found in the well-celebrated DNA double helix. Here, we improved RNA structure prediction by taking into account all possible types of base pairs, even those said non-canonicals. This is made possible in the context of a new paradigm for the folding of RNA, based on nucleotide cyclic motifs (NCM): basic blocks for the construction of RNA. Furthermore, we have developed new metrics to quantify the precision of RNA 3D structure prediction methods, given the recent introduction of many of those methods. Finally, we have evaluated the predictive power of the latest low-resolution RNA structure probing techniques.
598

A new paradigm for the folding of ribonucleic acids

Parisien, Marc 10 1900 (has links)
De récentes découvertes montrent le rôle important que joue l’acide ribonucléique (ARN) au sein des cellules, que ce soit le contrôle de l’expression génétique, la régulation de plusieurs processus homéostasiques, en plus de la transcription et la traduction de l’acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN) en protéine. Si l’on veut comprendre comment la cellule fonctionne, nous devons d’abords comprendre ses composantes et comment ils interagissent, et en particulier chez l’ARN. La fonction d’une molécule est tributaire de sa structure tridimensionnelle (3D). Or, déterminer expérimentalement la structure 3D d’un ARN s’avère fort coûteux. Les méthodes courantes de prédiction par ordinateur de la structure d’un ARN ne tiennent compte que des appariements classiques ou canoniques, similaires à ceux de la fameuse structure en double-hélice de l’ADN. Ici, nous avons amélioré la prédiction de structures d’ARN en tenant compte de tous les types possibles d’appariements, dont ceux dits non-canoniques. Cela est rendu possible dans le contexte d’un nouveau paradigme pour le repliement des ARN, basé sur les motifs cycliques de nucléotides ; des blocs de bases pour la construction des ARN. De plus, nous avons dévelopées de nouvelles métriques pour quantifier la précision des méthodes de prédiction des structures 3D des ARN, vue l’introduction récente de plusieurs de ces méthodes. Enfin, nous avons évalué le pouvoir prédictif des nouvelles techniques de sondage de basse résolution des structures d’ARN. / Recent findings show the important role of ribonucleic acid (RNA) within the cell, be it the control of gene expression, the regulation of several homeostatic processes, in addition to the transcription and translation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into protein. If we wish to understand how the cell works, we first need to understand its components and how they interact, and in particular for RNA. The function of a molecule is tributary of its three-dimensional (3D) structure. However, experimental determination of RNA 3D structures imparts great costs. Current methods for RNA structure prediction by computers only take into account the classical or canonical base pairs, similar to those found in the well-celebrated DNA double helix. Here, we improved RNA structure prediction by taking into account all possible types of base pairs, even those said non-canonicals. This is made possible in the context of a new paradigm for the folding of RNA, based on nucleotide cyclic motifs (NCM): basic blocks for the construction of RNA. Furthermore, we have developed new metrics to quantify the precision of RNA 3D structure prediction methods, given the recent introduction of many of those methods. Finally, we have evaluated the predictive power of the latest low-resolution RNA structure probing techniques.
599

Contribution à l'analyse des effets macroscopiques de l'interaction structure-sol-structure par modélisation simplifiée en éléments spectraux / Contribution to the analysis of macroscopic effects of Structure-Soil-Structure interaction through simplified modeling by spectral elements method.

Iqbal, Javed 08 December 2014 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse présente une contribution à l'analyse des effets dynamiques des interactions sol-structure sur le mouvement sismique du sol et des bâtiments. Il repose essentiellement sur une approche numérique qui utilise la méthode des éléments spectraux et une représentation simplifiée des bâtiments par des modèles « par blocs » dont la réponse est ajustée par comparaison à plusieurs jeux de données expérimentales. L'objectif principal est de définir un cadre permettant une modélisation réaliste des effets macroscopiques d'interactions sol-structure et structure-sol-structure dans le calcul du mouvement du sol et des bâtiments. Après une présentation du cadre théorique de l'interaction sol-structure et des principales méthodes utilisées pour sa modélisation, divers exemples, comprenant le site Euroseistest / Volvi (Grèce), les tours de l'Ile Verte à Grenoble et Anchorage (Alaska), sont étudiés en détail pour identifier les difficultés de modélisation et proposer une procédure d'ajustement des paramètres des modèles par blocs au comportement réel des structures. Cela inclue une discussion sur les caractéristiques dynamiques les plus importantes à reproduire (fréquence de résonance, amortissement et mouvement de bascule) et sur la façon d'adapter les propriétés fictives des modèles par blocs afin de reproduire le comportement dynamique de structures dont les propriétés mécaniques varient fortement sur des échelles spatiales beaucoup plus faibles. Une attention particulière est consacrée à la modélisation par blocs de bâtiments ayant des propriétés dynamiques non-isotropes et des réponses mêlant flexion et cisaillement (de type « poutre de Timoshenko ») via l'introduction de propriétés hétérogènes au sein des éléments spectraux, et sans modification de la section géométrique globale. Ce travail comprend également une comparaison détaillée des différences entre modèles 2D et 3D et une discussion de leur origine physique : pour des bâtiments ayant des rapports d'aspect (longueur sur largeur) inférieurs à 6, les modèles 2D sont non-conservatifs, dans le sens où ils surestiment de façon significative l'amortissement et le mouvement de bascule. Cette thèse comprend également une grande partie sur les effets de l'interaction de structure à structure au travers du sol. De nombreuses situations sont étudiées, depuis le cas de 2 bâtiments à 2D ou 3D jusqu'au cas de zones densément urbanisées en 3D, avec divers types d'excitations (« pull-out », source superficielle ou profonde). Les effets de la distance inter-bâtiments sont étudiés dans diverses gammes de fréquence. La tendance générale obtenue est une diminution du mouvement du sol et des bâtiments autour de la fréquence de résonance fondamentale et une augmentation autour de la fréquence du premier harmonique. Des effets significatifs de réduction de la sollicitation sismique apparente sont obtenus en raison de l'effet de bouclier joué par les bâtiments vis à vis des ondes de surface. / This work is a contribution to investigations on the effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction on the seismic motion of both ground surface and buildings. It is based mainly on a numerical approach using the spectral element method and a simplified representation of buildings with "block models", calibrated however on a comparison with various sets of instrumental data. One of the main goals is to set the frame for a relevant macroscopic modeling of SSI and SSSI effects on ground and structural dynamic response. After a presentation of the background theoretical framework of soil-structure interaction and the main modeling approaches, various examples from Euroseistest / Volvi (Greece), Grenoble Ile Verte towers (France) and Anchorage (Alaska) are investigated in detail to identify the main modeling issues and to propose a procedure to best tune the model and its parameters to the actual behavior. It includes a discussion on the main relevant macroscopic dynamic characteristics to fit (frequency, damping and rocking ratio), and on the way to use "block models", i.e., models consisting of blocks full of fictitious material, to satisfactorily reproduce the macroscopic response of actual buildings having highly variable slenderness ratios, with frames or shear walls. A special attention is devoted to the "block-modeling" of buildings with non-symmetrical dynamic properties and Timoshenko beam like behavior, through the introduction of material heterogeneities within the spectral elements of block models, while keeping unchanged the geometrical cross-section. It also includes a thorough comparison on the major differences between 2D and 3D models and their physical origins: for long buildings with aspect ratios (length over width ratio) lower than 6, 2D models are shown un-conservative, as they tend to significantly overestimate the damping and rocking ratios. This work also includes a large part on the effects of Structure-to-Structure interaction through the soil. Various cases are considered, from the 2 building case in 2D and 3D geometries to an idealized, densely urbanized 3D area, with various types of excitations (pull-out, surface or deep source). Effects of inter-building distance and frequencies are investigated. The general trend is a reduction of the ground and building motion around the fundamental frequency, with however opposite effects for the first higher mode. The reduction effects are found of particular importance because of the shielding effects of building clusters for surface waves.
600

High resolution electronic spectroscopy of transient species

Elks, John Marcus Francis January 2001 (has links)
No description available.

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